The activation of chemical reactions in living cells using ultraviolet (UV) light enables the interrogation of biomolecules in their native environment with photoreactive probes or crosslinking reagents. Although numerous photo-crosslinking approaches have been successfully employed, they often suffer from common limitations, including low reaction yields, the need for long exposure times, and irradiation-induced cellular damage from heat, desiccation, or side reactions. We recently showed that 365 nm light-emitting diodes enable rapid, biorthogonal protein-DNA crosslinking in living cells, incurring minimal photodamage. Here, we generalize this approach and demonstrate that high-intensity, longwave UV light reduces the irradiation time for in-cell photo-crosslinking reactions by up to 1000-fold, allowing protein-drug, protein-protein, protein-DNA, and protein-RNA interactions to be fixed within seconds. Benchmarking this rapid photo-activation for the analysis of RNA-interacting proteomes responding to RNA-binding drugs or UV-induced RNA damage, we demonstrate both qualitative and quantitative advantages of controlled, high-intensity UV irradiation, uncovering emergent experimental opportunities that were previously inaccessible to light-activated chemistry in intact cells and tissues.

Dynamic diels-alder reaction crosslinked metal-organic framework/poly (ionic liquid) composite solid electrolyte for lithium-metal batteries.

Ballast water is a major vector for the transport of aquatic non-indigenous species among ecosystems worldwide. To comply with the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, vessels on international voyages commonly rely on Ballast Water Management Systems (BWMS) to meet the D-2 performance standard, often using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as a key disinfection step. UV-light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) offer a mercury-free UV source with long lifespan and flexibility in wavelength selection; compared to conventional lamps, they are smaller in size and require no warm-up time. Yet, their effects on larger planktonic organisms (≥50μm) remain poorly understood. Here, we tested the effect of UV-C-LED (λ=265nm) on larvae of the invasive European green crab Carcinus maenas, assessing mortality, immobility, and respiration under three UV-C doses (40, 120, and 200mJ·cm-2). All UV-C treatments significantly reduced larval motility and respiration relative to controls, leading to increased mortality over time. Larvae required comparatively high doses (120-200mJ·cm-2) to reach substantial inactivation, relative to doses reported for bacterial and phytoplanktonic fractions. These results provide species- and life stage-specific UV-C thresholds for the ≥50μm size class and demonstrate the value of combining behavioural, lethal and physiological endpoints when validating UV-LED-based BWMS.

Objective: Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles provides an environmentally friendly approach in comparison with the chemical method. Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) have potential biomedical applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The goal of the current study was to synthesize FeONPs using the leaf extract of Plectranthus amboinicus and to assess the biological activities. Methods: FeONPs were prepared in a green reduction and stabilization method using aqueous extracts of P. amboinicus leaves. The formation of FeONPs was initially qualitatively identified through colorimetry and additionally identified using ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial testing was conducted against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Candida albicans using minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and time-kill methods. The antioxidant property of the synthesized FeONPs was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The anti-inflammatory property was analyzed by protein denaturation inhibition assays utilizing bovine serum albumin and egg albumin models. The cytotoxicity as well as the toxic properties of FeONPs were analyzed by brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality bioassays. Results: The emergence of a clear color transition from dark brown to light brownish-orange signified nanoparticle development, accompanied by a distinctive UV–Visible Spectroscopy absorption wavelength at 395 nm. XRD pattern verification demonstrated the nanocrystalline and phase-pure quality of FeONPs, measuring 10–12 nm. FTIR pattern matching further demonstrated surface modification by OH, aromatic, and phenolic moieties. The MIC range was 25–100 μg/mL, demonstrating broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, considerable antioxidant activity, and moderate anti-inflammatory activity. Cytotoxicity studies also exhibited moderate cell toxicity with LC50 = 8 μg/mL. Conclusion: Green-synthesized FeONPs using P. amboinicus demonstrated stability, multifunctional bioactivity, and promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, highlighting their potential for further in vivo biomedical applications.

Currently, the use of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. mainly focuses on its saponin-rich fruits. To expand the application fields of S. mukorossi, this study investigated the total flavonoid content in extracts from its leaves (L), flowers (F), and flower buds (B), using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The chemical constituents of flavonoids were then analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). In total, 44 flavonoids were identified. All three extracts exhibited strong inhibition effects against Escherichia coli (ATCC 8099), Staphylococcus aureu (ATCC 6538), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Anti-inflammatory assays further demonstrated that the three extracts significantly reduced levels of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated group (p < 0.01). These findings provide data supporting the potential application of S. mukorossi in medicine and daily chemicals, contributing to its comprehensive development and utilisation.

• Laser synthesis of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene decorated with TiO 2 -FeO x NPs • The initial structure of GO determines the functional properties of photocatalysts • Hybrid photocatalysts with different glycerol photoreforming activity The present study reports the versatile synthesis of photocatalysts composed of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (NrGO) flakes coated with TiO 2 -FeO x nanostructures using ultraviolet (UV) pulsed laser irradiation in a liquid environment. Different commercial graphene oxide (GO) sources were used, revealing a significant influence on the structural, compositional, and functional properties of the final photocatalysts. The H 2 production via water-splitting reaction using glycerol as sacrificial agent (photoreforming), ranged from 0.06 to 2.1 μmol H 2 /g in 3.5 h depending on the GO precursor used. The best photocatalysts were those that showed a reduction in the TiO 2 material with a Ti(IV)/Ti(III) atomic ratio about 2.0-2.4, as well as a reduction and N-doping of GO, with 20-23 at. % of C, and 4-6 at. % of N. The light-scattering nature of the photocatalysts also had a significant effect on the H 2 production yield.

Altered metabolism has been recognized as a core feature of cancer; however, spatiotemporal tracking of metabolic pathway-specific imaging in cancer cells remains a challenging task. Here we have successfully developed a photochromic fluorescent probe CM generated by coupling coumarin fluorophore and spiropyran (SP) to precisely monitor Cysteine (Cys) metabolic processes by remote light control. Cys was endogenously metabolized to produce SO2, equilibrating with sulfites (SO32–)/bisulfites (HSO3–). The dynamic dual-fluorescence signal was released only after endogenous production of SO2 by Cys and the light-triggered. Consequently, a novel strategy employing light-triggered, synchronized dual-fluorescence blinking was successfully used as a “double-check” assay for Cys metabolism, and the unique response of the probe to Cys/HSO3– in the different spectral behaviors were theoretically characterized using ultraviolet (UV)–visible (vis), fluorescence, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and 1H NMR. What more, the fluorescent imaging of using CM was achieved through the integrated mechanisms of the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). We further show that the in situ UV-activation strategy will significantly reduce interference from false-positive signals during probe transport within cells, thereby offering practical potential for accurate early cancer diagnosis.

Abstract Rejuvenating galaxies are important probes of galaxy evolution, yet identifying them observationally is challenging, as constraining recent star formation histories requires both photometric and spectroscopic data. We present a method for identifying rejuvenating galaxies in the local Universe using ultraviolet (UV) imaging and optical spectroscopy, building on a recent selection that identifies a system as rejuvenating if it is quenched in the near-UV (NUV; tracing ∼100 Myr timescales) but star-forming in H α (tracing ∼10 Myr timescales). Shortly after a star formation episode, however, the NUV is dominated by the same massive stars that power H α , so these indicators do not always trace distinct timescales. To address this, we derive a relation that predicts the NUV emission associated with the ionizing O-star population traced by H α , enabling us to isolate the NUV contribution from longer-lived stars (primarily B/A stars with M ≲ 20 M ⊙ ). Subtracting the predicted O-star NUV from the dust-corrected NUV yields a more reliable rejuvenation diagnostic. Using this method, we identify ∼10 4 rejuvenating galaxies in a sample of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies (∼4.5%). These galaxies have intermediate stellar masses and are found primarily in lower-density environments, becoming increasingly rare toward the centers of groups and clusters. Rejuvenating galaxies also exhibit systematically lower gas-phase metallicities, consistent with fueling by the accretion of metal-poor gas.

Impact of aging on nanoplastic aggregation and release from low-density polyethylene (LDPE).

Local cochlear delivery of berberine chloride hydrate via an injectable photo-crosslinked hydrogel for treating diabetes- induced hearing loss.

Physical and sexual violence remains among the most prevalent crimes in contemporary society, with women and children comprising the majority of victims. In such cases, biological evidence—such as blood, semen, and saliva—plays a critical role in the investigation and resolution of criminal incidents. However, this evidence may be compromised, either unintentionally due to environmental exposure or intentionally by the perpetrator or victim, with the aim of concealing the crime. This study investigates the potential for DNA recovery from blood and semen stains that have been deliberately exposed to diluted sodium hypochlorite (bleach), a common household chemical used in attempts to destroy forensic evidence. Biological stains were deposited on various fabric types and subsequently subjected to washing with bleach and detergent at 90°C. The samples were then examined using ultraviolet (UV) light and luminol for preliminary detection, followed by DNA isolation and quantification procedures. The findings demonstrate that DNA recovery is possible even after exposure to bleach, thereby affirming the viability of forensic analysis under compromised conditions. This study underscores the potential for retrieving genetic material in scenarios where biological evidence has been subjected to intentional destruction, thereby contributing valuable insights to forensic science and criminal investigations.

Factors such as the depletion of natural resources in fuel production, the damage to the environment during their combustion, including the "greenhouse effect", etc. have created the need to study alternative energy sources.Since the use of alternative energies is more environmentally friendly, problems such as the study of their sources, ways of using them, their impact on nature, etc. are very relevant at the present time.One of the alternative energy sources is biodiesel, which is an environmentally friendly, relatively inexpensive diesel fuel produced from renewable biological raw materials such as vegetable and animal oils.In the research work, in order to save raw materials in the preparation of biodiesel as an alternative energy, the processes of obtaining oil from pomegranate seeds, which are waste products remaining after the production of various wines and fruit juices, were studied by various methods at "AZGRANATA" LLC, an agro-industrial enterprise operating in the Agsu region of Azerbaijan.Extraction and cold pressing methods with the participation of various solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone, hexane) were used to obtain oil from pomegranate seeds.Using the same ratio of hexane and acetone as solvents, 19.5% mass of oil was obtained.When the moisture content of the seeds decreased from 20% to 10% during the extraction of pomegranate seed oil by the cold pressing method, the oil yield increased from 7.5% to 10.3%.Various physicochemical parameters of the obtained oils were determined and their compliance with the international standard ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) was studied comparatively.The original composition of pomegranate seed oil was qualitatively analyzed using Ultraviolet (UV) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopic methods

Lipase can be used for biodiesel production, specifically in transesterification reactions. Nut C (NC) is a fungal isolate derived from palm kernels and palm kernel waste, capable of producing lipase. The objective of this study was to obtain a mutant mould with higher transesterification activity compared to its wild type counterpart (NC). The mutation process on NC mould was carried out using ultraviolet (UV) radiation followed by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). UV-induced mutation on NC produced four isolates, with m4.3NC1 exhibiting higher transesterification activity than the wild type, with an increment of 138.8% (from 0.121 U/mg to 0.168 U/mg). Subsequent EMS mutations of the mutant m4.3NC1 isolate, designated as m5.4NC, increased the transesterification activity from 0.168 U/mg to 2.048 U/mg (1119% increment as compared to the wild type). Molecular identification of the NC isolate showed 100% similarity with the Aspergillus fumigatus CMXY15837 strain. The highest specific enzyme activity of the NC mutant was observed at pH 6 and a temperature of 50 °C. This study showed that the mutation of NC mould using UV, followed by EMS, significantly enhanced its transesterification activity.

Currently, earthworm extracts and products derived from earthworms are aimed at improving ecosystem stability as well as discovering new therapeutic applications. This study aimed to isolate, characterise and assess the antimicrobial and antitumor properties of the earthworm (Lampito mauritii) extract against pathogenic microbes and cancer cells. Characterisation of the earthworm extracts was executed using Ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and ionexchange chromatography, accompanied by the evaluation of cytotoxicity, initially using MTT assay. The earthworm extracts were then evaluated for wound healing potential. Additionally, Acridine Orange (AO)/Ethidium Bromide (EB) and nuclear staining techniques were performed, followed by flow cytometry and gene expression analysis with MDA-MB231 cell lines. The antimicrobial assays of L. mauritii extract exerted a substantial increase in the zone of inhibition as perceived in terms of bactericidal and fungicidal activity. Earthworm extract’s diverse activities are attributed to bioactive signatures in the extract. It was found that earthworm extracts at a concentration of 10 μg/mL inhibited 50% of tumour cell growth (IC50). When exposed to IC50 concentrations of earthworm extract, excellent wound healing and cell migration were observed. These findings displayed promising antiproliferative, antimigratory and apoptotic effects on MDA-MB231 cells compared to untreated control, against a pan of malignant cells, which correlates with gene expression levels of key molecules like AKT involved in growth and proliferation. It is possible to develop an effective therapeutic molecule from L. mauritii extract for the treatment of breast cancer, pathogenic bacterial and fungal infections with further research. Major/Key findings: 1. Isolation and characterisation of earthworm extract; 2. Cytotoxicity of extract against MDA-MB231 cancer cell line; 3. Antimicrobial, proteolytic and wound healing activities of earthworm extract.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a 10% castor oil solution as a denture cleanser by comparing its ability to reduce Candida albicans counts and its effect on the surface roughness of thermoplastic nylon and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) denture base materials, relative to an alkaline peroxide cleanser. Methods: Thirty polished nylon and PEEK specimens (20 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) were sterilized using ultraviolet (UV) light for 5 minutes and inoculated with Candida albicans (ATCC 14053). Specimens were then immersed for 20 minutes in one of the following solutions (n = 5 per group): A – Nylon + distilled water, B – Nylon + alkaline peroxide, C – Nylon + 10% castor oil, D – PEEK + distilled water, E – PEEK + alkaline peroxide, F – PEEK + 10% castor oil, Adherent cells were suspended and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 37 °C for 48 hours, after which colonies were counted. Surface roughness (µm) was measured using a profilometer before and after 122 hours of immersion in alkaline peroxide, 10% castor oil, or distilled water. Results: Alkaline peroxide produced the lowest Candida albicans counts; however, 10% castor oil resulted in a significantly greater reduction than distilled water. One-way ANOVA showed a highly significant effect of cleansers on Candida albicans counts for both nylon and PEEK specimens (p &lt; 0.0001). For PEEK immersed in 10% castor oil, paired t-test analysis revealed no significant change in surface roughness (p = 0.061). Conclusion: The 10% castor oil solution effectively reduced Candida albicans counts and produced minimal changes in the surface roughness of PEEK denture base material. Castor oil shows promise as a biocompatible denture cleanser, with particularly favorable outcomes for PEEK-based dentures.

Objectives: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using phytochemical-rich extracts of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed) and Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), and to evaluate their biological efficacy and safety for biomedical applications. Methods: SeNPs were synthesized through a green method employing aqueous extracts of flaxseed and ashwagandha as reducing and stabilizing agents. Characterization was performed using ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine morphology, crystallinity, and functional groups. Biological activities were assessed through antioxidant assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, ABTS), anti-inflammatory tests (bovine serum albumin and egg albumin denaturation), and antimicrobial evaluations (agar well-diffusion and time-kill assay). Cytotoxicity and embryonic toxicology were analyzed using brine shrimp lethality and zebrafish embryo viability assays. Results: The UV-visible spectra confirmed nanoparticle formation with a characteristic peak at 270–280 nm. XRD and TEM analyses revealed crystalline SeNPs of ~25 nm stabilized by phytochemicals. SeNPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity (&gt;75% inhibition), anti-inflammatory efficacy comparable to diclofenac sodium, and significant antimicrobial zones of inhibition at 100 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity was minimal at therapeutic doses, whereas zebrafish embryonic studies indicated dose-dependent toxicity at higher concentrations. Conclusion: Green-synthesized SeNPs demonstrate potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, with good biocompatibility at therapeutic concentrations. Their eco-friendly synthesis and biological efficacy suggest strong potential as sustainable therapeutic agents, warranting further in vivo studies and clinical translation.

Background:Dental implant success depends on optimal osseointegration and soft tissue integration. Titanium surfaces experience biological aging over time, reducing their bioactivity. Photofunctionalization using ultraviolet (UV) light has been proposed to restore titanium surface properties and enhance clinical outcomes.Materials and Methods:A split-mouth study was conducted with 20 implants placed in 10 patients. Group I (n = 10) received non-photofunctionalized immediate implants, while Group II (n = 10) received photofunctionalized immediate implants. Soft tissue healing was assessed using intraoral scanning at days 0, 3, 6, and 15. Crestal bone levels were evaluated using radiovisiography at baseline, 2-, 4-, and 6-month postloading.Results:Photofunctionalized implants demonstrated significantly superior soft tissue healing (79.734% vs. 61.612% at day 15, P = 0.001). Additionally, photofunctionalized implants showed crestal bone gain (0.513 mm at 6 months), whereas non-photofunctionalized implants exhibited bone loss (–0.506 mm at 6 months), with statistically significant differences (P = 0.001).Conclusion:Photofunctionalization enhances soft tissue healing and promotes crestal bone gain, potentially improving long-term implant success rates.

Abstract As part of Germany’s LuFo 6 program ’WOTAN’, Rolls-Royce Deutschland (RRD) investigated direct H 2 combustion in Rich-Quench-Lean (RQL) mode. Two H 2 -injectors, previously tested under atmospheric conditions, were evaluated at elevated pressures and preheat temperatures in the High-pressure Optical Triple Sector (HOTS) at DLR’s HBK1 facility. These tests served as a safety check for the following full-annular test at take-off operating condition. Both injectors were tested at 7% take-off load, with variations in air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) to examine the effects of stoichiometry on flame characteristics and NO x emissions. Flame imaging was conducted using ultra-violet (UV)-, near-infrared (NIR)-, and visible spectrum diagnostics to visualize OH*, water vapor and flame luminosity. Exhaust gas measurements were performed downstream of the combustion chamber’s convergent section. Both injectors demonstrated stable combustion across all test conditions, maintaining consistent flame position and shape despite changes in pressure, temperature and AFR. However, significant differences in NO x emission index (EI) were observed between the injectors. The injector with higher NO x emissions exhibited flame anchoring at the injector exit, while the other maintained a lifted flame, reducing thermal NO x formation. Additionally, AFR variation revealed different sensitivities of EI NO x , attributed to distinct fuel placement and local stoichiometry. One injector developed a second heat release zone in the inner recirculation region at higher AFRs, further contributing to elevated NO x .

Objective: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize sinapic acid-incorporated Fe₂O3 nanoparticles (NPs) and to evaluate their antimicrobial mechanism of action against key oral pathogens. Methods: Fe2O3 NPs were synthesized using cinnamon extract and subsequently functionalized with sinapic acid. The nanoformulation was characterized using ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm particle formation, surface functionalization, and morphology. Antimicrobial activity was assessed through agar well diffusion, time-kill curve, protein leakage, and cytoplasmic leakage assays against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Results: UV–visible spectra showed a characteristic absorption peak near 350 nm, confirming NP formation, while FTIR spectra indicated the presence of phenolic functional groups stabilizing the surface. TEM analysis revealed quasi-spherical NPs with an average size of ~20 nm. The nanoformulation displayed concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity, with S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. showing inhibition zones &gt;40 mm at 150 μg/mL. Time-kill assays demonstrated rapid reduction of microbial load, while leakage assays confirmed significant protein and cytoplasmic efflux, indicative of membrane disruption. Conclusion: Sinapic acid-incorporated Fe2O3 NPs exert antimicrobial activity through a dual mechanism involving membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Their nanoscale size, stability, and functionalization enhance efficacy compared to plain Fe2O3 NPs. These findings highlight their potential for applications in oral healthcare formulations and localized antimicrobial therapies, though further validation of ROS mechanisms and cytotoxicity is recommended.

Abstract Piezoceramics are smart materials widely used in industry for ultrasonic applications and precise micromotion. However, the widespread use of standard two-dimensional geometries (disks, rings, plates) can limit their efficiency. Optimizing the geometries of piezoceramic transducers could potentially improve their performance. The goal of this study is to enhance piezoceramic slurries for three-dimensional (3D) printing using ultraviolet (UV) light. This will allow for the production of complex geometric, high-density piezoceramic components. The primary objective is to develop a low-viscosity, high curing depth ceramic slurry that maximizes piezoceramic concentration. The methodology involves formulating a slurry containing 76.7 wt.% ( $$\sim$$ 45 vol.%) potassium sodium niobate (KNN) piezoceramic powder, combined with two monomers with high refractive indices that were selected for their excellent curing properties and compatibility with 3D printing. The study details the selection of materials, preparation of the slurry and the 3D printing process. It is then followed by the characterization of the quality of the manufactured parts, the sintered microstructure, and the performance metrics. The results demonstrate that the developed slurry efficiently prints high refractive index ceramics in 3D, which could potentially offer improved transducer performance compared to conventional two-dimensional geometries. This work provides a foundation for qualitative comparisons with existing piezoceramic manufacturing techniques.