User's Hand Effects Research Articles

ENVELOPE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF A TWO-PORT MIMO TERMINAL ANTENNA UNDER UNIFORM AND GAUSSIAN ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM WITH USER'S HAND EFFECT

ENVELOPE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF A TWO-PORT MIMO TERMINAL ANTENNA UNDER UNIFORM AND GAUSSIAN ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM WITH USER'S HAND EFFECT

User Impact on Phased and Switch Diversity Arrays in 5G Mobile Terminals

In this paper, a mobile terminal phased array at 28 GHz with different scan angles is compared with a switch diversity antenna array at 28 GHz in the case of antenna beams pointing at the user’s body. In the switch diversity antenna array, there is only one element out of eight operating each time. The paper is carried out in data mode with a standing user, which includes both body blockage and user hand effects. The metrics of coverage efficiency, antenna shadowing power ratio, and isotropic antenna shadowing power ratio are utilized in the investigation. It is found that the scan angle of a phased array higher than 90° is not necessary for this scenario, because the user body will contribute to the total radiation at large angles by scattering the radiated energy around the body. For the linear phased antenna arrays on the edge of the mobile device ground plane, it can be concluded that in order to achieve the highest coverage efficiency and lowest user shadowing it is more beneficial to use a phased array instead of a switch diversity array. However, if the losses of the phase shifters and the feeding network from the phased array are higher than 5 dB, the switch array can be used, which will also decrease the complexity of a system.

Small‐size dual‐wideband IFA frame antenna closely integrated with metal casing of the LTE smartphone and having decreased user's hand effects

ABSTRACTA small‐size frame antenna based on the inverted‐F antenna (IFA) structure to cover 824∼960 and 1710∼2690 MHz for the LTE operation in the metal‐casing smartphone is presented. The antenna uses a short frame section of 53 mm (about 0.16 wavelength at 900 MHz) along the short edge of the metal casing as the IFA's radiating strip. The short frame section is closely integrated with the metal casing with a 2‐mm uniform gap and is easily fit within the short edge thereof. The frame section is connected to a feed circuit board (FCB), on which the IFA's shorting strip, feeding strip and matching network are disposed, to achieve the desired dual‐wideband operation. The FCB does not occupy the planar space on the metal casing and the system circuit board as well. In this regard, the occupied space of the antenna including the radiating frame section and the FCB in the smartphone is minimized. With the proposed antenna structure, effects of the user's hand on the antenna performance are also minimized, mainly because the small size of the antenna leads to no gaps along two long side edges of the metal‐casing smartphone. Details of the antenna structure and its working principle are addressed, and experimental results of the antenna are presented and discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2853–2858, 2016

Ground Plane With Loop Structure for Reducing User's Hand Effect

A half-wavelength loop structure on the ground plane for mobile handset applications is proposed to mitigate the user's hand effect on antenna radiation efficiency. The proposed loop structure makes a major portion of electric field distribution on the ground plane shift away from the user's hand. This considerably improves the antenna radiation efficiency compared to an antenna without a loop structure under the influence of the user's hand.

Very small size printed monopole with embedded chip inductor for 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN laptop computer antenna

AbstractA very small size planar two‐strip monopole printed on a thin (0.4 mm) FR4 substrate for 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz triple‐band WLAN operation in the laptop computer is presented. With the aid of an embedded chip inductor of 5.6 nH in the longer strip of the printed monopole, a much reduced strip length for obtaining the resonant mode at about 2.4 GHz is obtained, thereby leading to a much reduced size of the antenna for the desired WLAN operation. When the antenna is mounted along the top edge of the display ground, it shows a height of 9 mm and a length of 6 mm only, which is about the smallest among the triple‐band WLAN laptop computer antennas that have been reported. Details of the proposed antenna are described. Results of the fabricated prototype, including the user's hand effects on the antenna performances, are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 171–177, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24843

Study of a uniplanar printed internal WWAN laptop computer antenna including user's hand effects

AbstractA uniplanar monopole antenna to be printed on a thin (0.4 mm) and small‐size FR4 substrate and capable of GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS penta‐band WWAN operation for thin‐profile laptop computer application is presented. The antenna is formed by a direct‐fed shorter radiating strip for upper‐band operation at about 1900 MHz and a coupled‐fed longer radiating strip which is also short‐circuited to the antenna ground for lower‐band operation at about 900 MHz. Note that the two radiating strips are fed using different excitation mechanisms. With the coupling excitation and short‐circuiting, which functions as an internal printed matching circuitry, the longer radiating strip can provide a wide dual‐resonant lower band at around 900 MHz for GSM850/900 operation. A wide upper band can also be generated at about 1900 MHz for the antenna to cover GSM1800/1900/UMTS operation. The antenna is studied in the article, and the user's hand effects on the performances of the antenna are analyzed. The obtained results are useful for the antenna employed in the laptop computer with a touch panel. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2341–2346, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24614

Internal planar WWAN laptop computer antenna using monopole slot elements

AbstractA planar WWAN (wireless wide area network) antenna comprising two monopole slots operated at their quarter‐wavelength modes for GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS operation in the laptop computer is presented. With the use of monopole slot elements, the antenna can be easily printed on an inexpensive FR4 substrate and show a planar structure for promising applications in the thin‐profile laptop computer. The antenna can provide two wide operating bands at about 900 and 1900 MHz to cover all the five operating bands for WWAN operation and yet occupies a small area of 10 × 75 mm2 in the narrow spacing between the display and the laptop computer casing. The user's hand effects on the antenna performances when the touch panel or touch screen is used for the laptop computer are also studied. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1274–1279, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24336

Triband Compact Antenna for Multistandard Terminals and User's Hand Effect

A novel compact wideband triband antenna for mobile terminals based on PIFA element is proposed. The antenna operates at the following frequency bands: Wireless-LAN 802.11 b, g, a and WiMAX 3.5 GHz. The antenna was studied by means of numerical simulations as well as the ground plane dimensions and user's hand effects. The overall size of the radiating element which is mm makes it suitable for use in terminals and appropriate to integrated as an internal laptop antenna. The measured bandwidths show that the proposed antenna can cover three bands (2.39–2.48 GHz), (3.36–3.76 GHz), and (4.7–6.3 GHz) and the total efficiency is better than 90%. The radiation patterns of the antenna were carried in an anechoic chamber and are given to demonstrate the antenna's performance.

Design concept of a mobile handset antenna to mitigate user's hand effect

AbstractA meandered loop antenna with the modified ground plane in conjunction with the balanced structure is proposed to mitigate the degradation of antenna performance when the handset is directly held by the user's hand. The antenna efficiency for a dual frequency band (AMPS and PCS) is studied under the influence of the user's hand. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2696–2698, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23715

A Compact Wideband Planar Diversity Antenna Covering UMTS and 2.4 GHz WLAN Bands

A novel compact wideband planar diversity antenna for mobile terminals is proposed. It has a -10 dB impedance bandwidth from 1.904-2.504 GHz including UMTS (1.920-2.170 GHz) and 2.4 GHz WLAN (2.400-2.484 GHz) bands. The mutual coupling of the diversity antenna is below -15 dB in the whole band (about -20 dB in most of the band). The diversity performance is also evaluated by calculating the correlation coefficient and the diversity gain. The user's hand effects on both the bandwidth and the mutual coupling have been analyzed by simulation with a simple hand model and measurement.

Internal shorted planar monopole antenna embedded with a resonant spiral slot for penta‐band mobile phone application

AbstractAn internal shorted planar monopole antenna embedded with a resonant spiral slot for GSM850/900/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone is presented. The planar monopole is printed on an FR4 substrate of small size 10 × 45 mm2, and a spiral slot of length 108 mm is embedded therein. The planar monopole is then placed above and perpendicular to the top edge, with a small distance of 7 mm, of the system ground plane of the mobile phone to operate as an internal antenna. A coupled feed printed on the top no‐ground portion of the system circuit board is used to excite both the planar monopole and the spiral slot to generate two wide bands covering GSM850/900 and DCS/PCS/UMTS operation, respectively. The antenna is also suitable to integrate with the associated electronic components, such as the speaker, to achieve a compact integration of the antenna inside the mobile phone. Experimental and SPEAG SEMCAD‐X simulation results of the proposed antenna are presented. The user's hand effects on impedance and radiation characteristics of the antenna are also analyzed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 529–536, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23126

Internal Compact Dual-Band Printed Loop Antenna for Mobile Phone Application

A novel dual-band printed loop antenna very promising for application in mobile phones as an internal antenna is presented. The antenna comprises an outer loop strip and an inner inverted-L strip connected to and enclosed by the outer loop strip. The antenna occupies a compact area of 15 times 50 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> only, yet generating three resonant modes to form two wide bands at about 900 and 1800 MHz for the Global System for Mobile Communication/Digital Communication System operation. Detailed design considerations of the three excited modes are described in the paper. When a shielding metal case is placed close to the antenna, small effects on the antenna's impedance matching are seen, allowing compact integration of the antenna with nearby conducting elements or electronic components. The antenna is also found to result in small excited surface current distributions on the system ground plane of the mobile phone. This behavior is expected to lead to reduced user's hand effects on the radiation efficiency of the antenna

Internal Patch Antenna With a Thin Air-Layer Substrate for GSM/DCS Operation in a PDA Phone

A thin dual-band internal patch antenna for Global System for Mobile Communication, 890-960 MHz/Digital Communication System, 1710-1880 MHz (GSM/DCS) operation in a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) phone is presented. The antenna can generate two wide resonant modes for GSM (890-960 MHz) and DCS (1710-1880 MHz) operation, yet it requires an air-layer substrate of thickness 4 mm only, which is among the thinnest internal mobile phone antennas that have been reported. The antenna's top patch comprises a resonant narrow strip supporting a longer resonant path for GSM operation and a resonant subpatch supporting a shorter resonant path for DCS operation. By including a suitable widened end portion for the narrow strip and a suitable tapered end portion for the subpatch, increased bandwidths for the proposed thin internal mobile phone antenna are obtained. Detailed design considerations of the proposed antenna are described. In addition, the user's hand effects on the performances of the proposed antenna are studied

Study of an L‐shaped EMC chip antenna for UMTS operation in a PDA phone with the user's hand

AbstractA new L‐shaped foam‐base chip antenna having an electromagnetic compatibility property for UMTS operation is presented. With the L‐shaped structure, the proposed chip antenna is very suitable to be placed at the corner of the system ground plane of a mobile phone or PDA phone. With the electromagnetic compatibility property, the antenna can be placed close to or in direct contact with the possible nearby conducting elements, with negligible effects on the antenna performances. The proposed L‐shaped chip antenna can be with various aspect ratios and provide a wide operating bandwidth for UMTS (1920 ∼ 2170 MHz) operation. Further, in this study, the user's hand effects on the performances of the proposed antenna are also analyzed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1746–1749, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21759

User's hand effects on EMC internal GSM/DCS dual-band mobile phone antenna

User's hand effects on an electromagnetic-compatible (EMC) internal dual-band mobile phone antenna for GSM/DCS operation are studied. The EMC internal antenna can be placed in direct contact with nearby conducting elements, without degradation in the antenna performances. Experimental and simulation studies are conducted to analyze the user's hand effects on this EMC antenna. Obtained results indicate that the user's hand affects not only the impedance matching of the antenna, but also the radiation characteristics including radiation patterns and efficiency. Effects of different positions of the user's hand holding the mobile phone are also analyzed and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1563–1569, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21699