User Experience Testing Research Articles

A new framework for Arabic recitation using speech recognition and the Jaro Winkler algorithm

Automated recitation plays an important role in improving self-learning. It is based on Speech/Text recognition. The research in Arabic speech recognition is very limited. The few existing applications are only based on the Holy Qur’an. This article proposed a new system (Samee’a - ) to facilitate memorizing any kind of text such that poems, speeches and the Holy Qur’an. Samee’a system is based on Google Cloud Speech Recognition API to convert the Arabic speech to text and Jaro Winkler Distance algorithm to determine the similarity between the original and converted texts. The system has been tested using 70 collected files ranging between 12 to 400 words and some chapters from the Holy Qur’an. The average similarity achieved 83.33% for the 70 files and 69% for the selected chapters of the Holy Qur’an. These results were enhanced to 91.33 % and 95.66% after applying preprocessing operations on the text files and the Holly Qur’an respectively. To validate the obtained results, two comparison studies were performed. The Jaro Winker distance was successfully compared to the cosine and the Euclidean distance. In addition, the proposed system outperformed the related work with an improvement of the similarity reaching 5% when using section 30 of the Holy Qur’an. Finally, the user experience testing was carried out by 10 users of different ages (between 5 and 50-year-old) using small texts and some small chapters of the Holy Qur’an. The proposed system proved its efficiency.

Integration of health information technology and promotion of personhood in family‐centered dementia care

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are leading causes of disability and often result in communication deficits that can complicate ADRD caregiving and clinical care. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices have been shown to provide assistance in communication for persons with ADRD, although many of these devices have been criticized for limited ability to customize content or design, and not addressing the impact of communication deficits on the larger family unit. This program of research has been informed by related theoretical frameworks: person‐centered (PCT) and family‐centered theories (FCT).MethodAn interdisciplinary team working with stakeholders are designing a novel information technology prototype with a touchscreen to promote communication and personhood for persons with ADRD. This improved ACC device is best described as an AAC Plus. The AAC Plus goes beyond traditional AAC in that it can be integrated into an existing healthcare delivery system and provide real‐time clinical data and health trends to the healthcare provider for early detection, intervention, and monitoring of clinical symptoms. In addition, the AAC Plus: (1) is designed to promote engagement and communication for interactions between the caregiver and person with ADRD using ubiquitous touchscreen technology; (2) facilitates tracking of behavioral and other clinical information about the person with ADRD, such as sleep and appetite; (3) has easily customizable interfaces for the caregiver and person with ADRD.ResultUsability and feasibility will be tested using common use case scenarios, user experience testing, alpha testing, and beta testing methodologies to evaluate ease‐of‐use and cognitive ergonomics for both caregivers and persons with ADRD. This will include evaluating the design layout, user flow, and integrated content for the device’s interfaces. Once usability and feasibility is established, the team will conduct a randomized trial of the AAC Plus, in collaboration with Memory Centers in the United States (R01 AG068572‐01).ConclusionThis presentation will provide content on the process of development and human‐computer interaction methodologies used to develop an evidence‐based, innovative technology for people with ADRD and their caregivers. Attention will also be given for developing technologies for ADRD care that integrate person and family‐centered design.

Game Plan, a Web-Based Intervention to Improve Adherence and Persistence to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Reduce Heavy Drinking in Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men: Usability and User Experience Testing.

BackgroundEncouraging consistent use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is essential for reducing HIV incidence, particularly among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM), and especially those who engage in heavy drinking. Although practice guidelines recommend providing adherence counseling to PrEP patients, clinics and providers may not have the resources or expertise to provide it. Internet-facilitated interventions have been shown to improve HIV prevention outcomes, including medication and care adherence. Game Plan is a website we created to help users make a tangible plan for reducing their HIV risk. We designed additional components of Game Plan to address key individual level barriers to PrEP use.ObjectiveThe aim of this mixed methods research is to test the usability and user experience of these components with intended users: GBM who drink heavily and are on PrEP.MethodsIn study 1 (usability), we completed a detailed individual interview in which participants (n=10) walked through a prototype of the website, thinking aloud as they did, and completed a follow-up interview and web-based survey afterward. Study 2 (user experience) involved providing participants (n=40) with a link to the prototype website to explore on their own and asking them to complete the same follow-up survey afterward. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data.ResultsUsers in both studies gave the website excellent ratings for usability, overall satisfaction, and quality, and most often described the site as informative, helpful, and supportive. Users also rated the site’s content and feel as respectful of them and their autonomy, empathetic, and they stated that it conveyed confidence in their ability to change. The study 1 interviews highlighted the importance of the website’s esthetics to the participants’ engagement with it and its credibility in prompting genuine reflection.ConclusionsGBM who reported heavy drinking and used PrEP generally found a website focused on helping them to create a plan to use PrEP consistently to be helpful. Adopting user-centered design methods and attending to the esthetics of mobile health interventions are important steps toward encouraging engagement and reducing at-risk behaviors.

Design and user experience testing of a polygenic score report: a qualitative study of prospective users

BackgroundPolygenic scores—which quantify inherited risk by integrating information from many common sites of DNA variation—may enable a tailored approach to clinical medicine. However, alongside considerable enthusiasm, we and others have highlighted a lack of standardized approaches for score disclosure. Here, we review the landscape of polygenic score reporting and describe a generalizable approach for development of a polygenic score disclosure tool for coronary artery disease.MethodsWe assembled a working group of clinicians, geneticists, data visualization specialists, and software developers. The group reviewed existing polygenic score reports and then designed a two-page mock report for coronary artery disease. We then conducted a qualitative user-experience study with this report using an interview guide focused on comprehension, experience, and attitudes. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes identification to inform report revision.ResultsReview of nine existing polygenic score reports from commercial and academic groups demonstrated significant heterogeneity, reinforcing the need for additional efforts to study and standardize score disclosure. Using a newly developed mock score report, we conducted interviews with ten adult individuals (50% females, 70% without prior genetic testing experience, age range 20–70 years) recruited via an online platform. We identified three themes from interviews: (1) visual elements, such as color and simple graphics, enable participants to interpret, relate to, and contextualize their polygenic score, (2) word-based descriptions of risk and polygenic scores presented as percentiles were the best recognized and understood, (3) participants had varying levels of interest in understanding complex genomic information and therefore would benefit from additional resources that can adapt to their individual needs in real time. In response to user feedback, colors used for communicating risk were modified to minimize unintended color associations and odds ratios were removed. All 10 participants expressed interest in receiving a polygenic score report based on their personal genomic information.ConclusionsOur findings describe a generalizable approach to develop a polygenic score report understandable by potential patients. Although additional studies are needed across a wider spectrum of patient populations, these results are likely to inform ongoing efforts related to polygenic score disclosure within clinical practice.

User Experience Research, Experience Design, and Evaluation Methods for Museum Mixed Reality Experience

Wearable Mixed Reality (MR) technology is a tool that gives people a new enhanced experience that they have not encountered before. This study shows the process of designing new museum experiences while considering how this technology changes previous museum experiences, what those experiences are, and what people should feel through these experiences. This process was systematically conducted according to the UX design process of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. In the analysis step, six types of museum artifact viewing experiences were defined: knowing, restoring, exploring, expanded scale, encountering, and sharing experience through research and user surveys related to the museum experience. In addition, through research analysis related to MR technology, presence, flow, and natural interaction were defined as three essential factors that users should feel in the MR experience. In the synthesis stage, optimized wearable MR experiences were designed and implemented by applying the necessary experience types and essential factors according to the characteristics of each artifact. In the evaluation stage, user experience evaluations such as user experience tests for essential factors in the MR experience, User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) tests for interaction products, and the Visual Aesthetics of Websites Inventory (VisAWI) test for visual experiences from various perspectives were conducted on the developed results. Through these evaluations, users gave positive scores to the design results based on the experience types and essential factors defined in this study. When applying new media technologies such as wearable MR technology, improved technology implementation is important, but an understanding of the applied field must first be obtained, and user analysis must first be thoroughly conducted. This study will be a guide to the systematic development process to be followed when applying wearable MR technology to other fields.

A Prototype of Web-based Picture Cards Matching Video Game for Memory Improvement Training

This study aims to design an action-arcade web-based picture card matching video game for memory improvement. Picture cards to be matched are animals that usually exist in zoos and farms, like monkey, cow, dog, pig, chicken, zebra, elephant, owl, and mouse. This research uses the prototyping process model with the communication stage, quick planning, modeling, construction, and launching. The results of this study are web-based video games for memory improvement training. From the results of the user experience testing, 68% of respondents informed that they felt it was easier to remember.
 Index Terms—video game; action-arcade; picture cards matching; prototyping; memory improvement training

Accessibility of environmental data for sharing: The role of UX in large cyberinfrastructure projects

Incorporating user experience (UX) testing when creating research cyberinfrastructure is often overlooked, but if left too late, the cost of retrofitting is considerable, and the very clients the cyberinfrastructure was built to serve may be lost. Successfully integrating UX testing into the product development cycle can be difficult but rewarding. This paper describes how UX evaluations were incorporated over ten years of operation of DataONE (www.dataone.org), a multi-sector science research cyberinfrastructure project created to support the discovery, access, and sustainability of data about life on Earth and the environment that sustains it. The diverse stakeholders in DataONE include data creators and users such as researchers and government workers across the broad scope of the earth and environmental sciences as well as those who hold and manage data such as libraries and data repositories. Between 2009 and 2019 DataONE members designed and constructed data management tools and services to fulfill the DataONE objectives. To assist in achieving its goals, a participatory design approach was used by establishing several largely volunteer and stakeholder-representative working groups, including the Usability and Assessment Working Group. This Working Group conducted over forty UX evaluations to assess the usability of DataONE products and websites at various stages of the development process. In addition to improving the usability of DataONE products, the UX evaluations fostered community involvement by building trust and engagement with the products being developed. The DataONE UX experience yields several important lessons which will improve the success of other projects. It is our conclusion that UX testing should be a mandatory part of the design of any cyberinfrastructure project.

EVALUATING USER EXPERIENCE WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

ABSTRACT: User Experience (UX) is a key factor and an opportunity for improvement in digital interfaces. Traditionally, it has been evaluated retrospectively through surveys and interviews. However, this is not always the optimal approach, as it does not measure UX at the moment of human-machine interaction and is therefore prone to human error due to inaccurate recall. Thus, physiological monitoring is emerging as a promising technique to assess UX during interactions. This paper aims to identify UX case studies carried out with physiological monitoring by means of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The results of the 33 UX case studies reviewed show that interest in incorporating physiological technologies in UX studies is growing and expanding into different fields. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was found to be the most used physiological tool, and the most used set of tools was the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) with the electrocardiogram (ECG). In addition, the average number of participants was obtained depending on the physiological tool used. The research opportunities identified are: 1) the combination of different methods and tools in the assessment of UX, and 2), the validation of a sample size for UX tests performed with physiological monitoring Keywords: User Experience (UX), evaluation, Systematic Literature Review (SLR), physiological monitorization

User Experience on BM Year 2 Mobile-based Learning Application for Alpha Generation

<p>This paper reports the ongoing project related to the development of mobile-based learning application particularly for Alpha Generations who studies in international school. Due to the advancement of digital technologies, Alpha Generations tend to interact with mobile device compared to conventional environment as they were born in the century of digital age. This includes their learning activities. In Malaysia, expert in language literacy particularly Malay language is compulsory for all including foreigner students who learn in international school. As the mobile-based learning application could provide attractive and interactive interaction compared to conventional teaching method, providing children with additional mobile-based learning tool could facilitates them to have their own active learning experience. This study found that this is the research gap that should be fill in to ensure children in international school able to literate in Malay Language similar to mainstream student. Therefore, mobile-based learning application called BM Year 2 has been developed and evaluated. The proposed application also has been discussed in the previous paper which involves expert evaluation. To ensure the proposed application could fulfill the actual users’ needs, user experience testing has been carried out and discusses in this paper.They are tested in terms of layout and design, functionality, and user’s satisfaction. A set of questionnaires has been set up and distributed to the actual users upon they use the proposed mobile-based learning application BM Year 2. Overall, the empirical findings found that theBM Year 2 able to evokepositive learning experience to the actual users. <strong></strong></p>

MyAbility: A Web Portal for Students with Challenge based on Web Content Accessibility Guideline 2.0

Statistic of people with challenge in Malaysia has been gradually increased. People with challenge are those who have certain impairments such as physical, visual, hearing, learning, speech, mental and multiple challenges that may hinder their effective interaction and participation in society. This also includes the students with challenge in higher learning institution (i.e. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia). Based on the interview, it was reported that there is lack of proper platform for students with challenge to interact and access the information particularly related to university, since their requirements on the facilities provided are different with general students. Thus, higher learning institution including Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia has come out with a policy regarding students with challenge based on five (5) principles which are inclusivity, accessibility, equity, flexibility and equivalence to bridge the gap between the students with challenge, facilities and the communities in the university. To fulfil the policy, technology should be used as a medium for students with challenge to get greater opportunity to interact and access the information. Therefore, this project aims to develop a web portal for students with challenge which focus on accessibility principle. Web Development Life Cycle (WDLC) methodology has been utilized to complete the development of web portal, which is based on the standard of Web Content Accessibility Guideline (WCAG) 2.0. User experience testing has been carried out in terms of the functionality provided by the developed web portal to the students with challenge. It was found that the accessibility elements provided in the developed web portal are well function. Hence, this study concludes that a proper design and development of a web portal could bridge the gap between students with challenge, communities as well as facilities provided in university.

Effort-Optimized Intervention Model: Framework for Building and Analyzing Digital Interventions That Require Minimal Effort for Health-Related Gains.

The majority of digital health interventions lean on the promise of bringing health and self-care into people’s homes and hands. However, these interventions are delivered while people are in their triggering environments, which places competing demands on their attention. Individuals struggling to change or learn a new behavior have to work hard to achieve even a minor change because of the automatic forces propelling them back to their habitual behaviors. We posit that effort and burden should be explored at the outset and throughout the digital intervention development process as a core therapeutic mechanism, beyond the context of design or user experience testing. In effort-focused conceptualization, it is assumed that, even though goals are rational and people want to achieve them, they are overtaken by competing cognitive, emotional, and environmental processes. We offer the term effort-optimized intervention to describe interventions that focus on user engagement in the face of competing demands. We describe design components based on a 3-step process for planning an effort-optimized intervention: (1) nurturing effortless cognitive and environmental salience to help people keep effort-related goals prominent despite competition; (2) making it as effortless as possible to complete therapeutic activities to avoid ego depletion and self-efficacy reduction; and (3) turning the necessary effortful activities into sustainable assets. We conclude by presenting an example of designing a digital health intervention based on the effort-optimized intervention model.

The Design of Recognition System of Children Basic Activities Based on Virtual Reality

An early introduction to children’s basic activities, including brushing teeth, washing hands, and eating a meal using a spoon, is deemed important. Many methods can be used to introduce these activities, one of which is by using video. The development of Virtual Reality technology provides a new experience in interacting and using computer-based applications. Users can feel the sensation of being in the real world when using the application. This paper discusses designing a recognition system for children’s basic activities through VR technology. The method in the design process used the HCD (Human Center Design) method. System testing was emphasized on the user experience (UX) aspect of the application with the teachers at the early childhood education and kindergarten level as the target respondents. UX testing was conducted by taking the parameters of Attractiveness, Perspicuity, Efficiency, Dependability, Stimulation, and Novelty. The results obtained showed 1.41 points for attractiveness, 1.80 points for perspicuity, 1.28 points for efficiency, 1.80 points for Dependability, 1.49 points for stimulation, and 1.39 points for novelty. So that this application can be used as a medium in introducing basic activities to children.

An open source machine learning framework for efficient and transparent systematic reviews

To help researchers conduct a systematic review or meta-analysis as efficiently and transparently as possible, we designed a tool to accelerate the step of screening titles and abstracts. For many tasks—including but not limited to systematic reviews and meta-analyses—the scientific literature needs to be checked systematically. Scholars and practitioners currently screen thousands of studies by hand to determine which studies to include in their review or meta-analysis. This is error prone and inefficient because of extremely imbalanced data: only a fraction of the screened studies is relevant. The future of systematic reviewing will be an interaction with machine learning algorithms to deal with the enormous increase of available text. We therefore developed an open source machine learning-aided pipeline applying active learning: ASReview. We demonstrate by means of simulation studies that active learning can yield far more efficient reviewing than manual reviewing while providing high quality. Furthermore, we describe the options of the free and open source research software and present the results from user experience tests. We invite the community to contribute to open source projects such as our own that provide measurable and reproducible improvements over current practice.

Smart Culture Lens: An Application That Analyzes the Visual Elements of Ceramics

The Smart Culture Lens developed in this study is an application developed by utilizing the visual element classification system of ceramic and AI technology. The user can analyze the visual elements of the ceramic photo taken with a smartphone and search for similar ceramics related to each visual element. For this development, as a first step, visual elements such as color, form, material, and pattern were defined as criteria for classifying ceramic appearance, and the visual element classification system of ceramics was organized. In the second step, 19,610 images of 7,346 ceramics were collected through museum visit photography and web, and a database was built by annotating these images with a visual element classification system. In the third step, representative object detection models, Faster R-CNN and Mask R-CNN were trained based on a ceramic classification system. Through those trained object detection models, visual elements and masks of the input image were recognized, and representative colors of the area were extracted using the k-means algorithm through the recognized masks. The performance of the trained object detection models (Average precision of Form / Material / Pattern 1st-level category = 0.87 / 0.89 / 0.72) shows that the amount of collected data and the established classification system are useful. Finally, by applying the above development results, a mobile application called 'Smart Culture Lens' was developed, and the usefulness of this application was confirmed through a user experience test. This study combines AI technology into cultural heritage so that people can intuitively explore artifacts from a new perspective, which differs from traditional artifact exploring methods. All the detailed processes of this development will be a guide to how to apply AI technology to the cultural heritage.

Istraživanje publike u javnim bibliotekama - studija slučaja Gradske biblioteke u Novom Sadu

This paper is a proposal for a methodologically based monitoring of the changes in habits and needs of library audiences, i.e. changes in access to library services, in the circumstances of the changed communication models caused by the wide use of information and communication technology. It presents audience research in the context of strategic planning in libraries, and points out terminological categories that could serve as a starting point for further research. Using the case study method of Novi Sad City Library, the paper categorizes the audience in two groups which proved to be right for quantitative and qualitative monitoring: according to the preference of the audience for certain content - permanent, occasional, potential and inaccessible audience types are defined, and according to the methods of addressing - users of funds and services, audiences in the narrow sense and online users are defined. Young people turned out to be a strategically relevant target group. The research has shown that the youth are the widest digital media consumers and that their primary goal is infotainment - a combination of a low percentage of information in highly entertaining packages. Members of young population do not recognize the library as a place of interest, so it is necessary to develop adequate channels of communication with them, in a way typical for this group. The paper shows how the model of the Novi Sad Library can be applied as a strategically based audience research in other public libraries, and gives an example of a user experience testing model (UX) and its final result - designed library services. Previous researches by Leo Appleton and Gina De Alwis were used in the paper. At the core of the designed service is participation, as a model of creating instead of consuming the prepared content.

User experience testing of a pediatric forearm power prosthesis using pneumatic artificial muscles

User experience testing of a pediatric forearm power prosthesis using pneumatic artificial muscles

The Evaluation of User Experience Testing for Retrieval-based Model and Deep Learning Conversational Agent

The use of a conversational agent to relay information on behalf of individuals has gained worldwide acceptance. The conversational agent in this study was developed using Retrieval-based Model and Deep Learning to enhance the user experience. Nevertheless, the successfulness of the conversational agent could only be determined upon the evaluation. Thus, the testing was performed in the quantitative approach via questionnaire survey to capture user experience upon the usage of the conversational agent in terms of Usability, Usefulness and Satisfaction. The questionnaire survey was tested via statistical tool for reliability and validation test and proven to be carried out. The test results indicate positive experience towards the usage of the conversational agent and the outcome of the testing showed promising results and proof the success of this study, with immense contributions to the field of conversational agent.

Care Me Too: A Mobile App for Engaging Chinese Immigrant Caregivers in Self-Care and Its User-Experience Testing

Caregiving and self-care are challenging for Chinese immigrants in the U.S. due to limited accessible support and resources. The team developed a Care Me Too app for engaging Chinese immigrant caregivers in self-care and conducted a user-experience test to assess its usability and acceptability. The aims of this paper are to report the testing results and develop guidelines to support mHealth app design for immigrant caregiver populations. Twenty-two Chinese caregivers participated in the test, which consisted of two parts: in-lab testing and one-week at-home testing. In-depth face-to-face interviews and follow-up phone interviews were used to test the app’s usability and acceptability and solicit participants’ feedback for app design and functions. Directed content analysis was used to analyze testing transcripts. Participants reported uniformly positive ratings of usability and acceptability of the app and provided detailed suggestions for app improvement. We generated some mHealth app design guidelines, including weighing flexibility vs. targeting majority preferences, increasing text sizes, using colors effectively, providing engaging and playful visual designs and functions, simplifying navigation, simplifying login process, design functions to cater to the population’s context, etc. We concluded that culturally and linguistically appropriate mHealth apps are appealing to immigrant caregivers for health promotion.

Care Me Too, a Mobile App for Engaging Chinese Immigrant Caregivers in Self-Care: Qualitative Usability Study.

BackgroundCaregiving and self-care are challenging for Chinese immigrants in the United States due to limited accessible support and resources. Few interventions exist to assist Chinese immigrant caregivers in better performing self-care. To address this gap in the literature, our team developed the Care Me Too app to engage Chinese immigrant caregivers in self-care and conducted a user experience test to assess its usability and acceptability.ObjectiveThis paper aims to report the results of the app’s usability and acceptability testing with Chinese immigrant caregivers and to solicit participants’ feedback of the app design and functions.MethodsA total of 22 Mandarin-speaking Chinese caregivers participated in the study, which consisted of 2 parts: the in-lab testing and the 1-week at-home testing. In-depth face-to-face interviews and follow-up phone interviews were used to assess user experience of the app’s usability and acceptability and to solicit feedback for app design and functions. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data.ResultsAmong the 22 participants, the average age was 60.5 (SD 8.1) years, ranging from 46 to 80 years; 17 (77%) participants were women and 14 (64%) had an associate degree or higher. Participants reported uniformly positive ratings of the usability and acceptability of the app and provided detailed suggestions for app improvement. We generated guidelines for mobile health (mHealth) app designs targeting immigrant caregivers, including weighing flexibility versus majority preferences, increasing text sizes, using colors effectively, providing engaging and playful visual designs and functions, simplifying navigation, simplifying the log-in process, improving access to and the content on the help document, designing functions to cater to the population’s context, and ensuring offline access.ConclusionsThe main contribution of this study is the improved understanding of Chinese caregivers’ user experiences with a language-appropriate mHealth app for a population that lacks accessible caregiving and self-care resources and support. It is recommended that future researchers and app designers consider the proposed guidelines when developing mHealth apps for their population to enhance user experience and harness mHealth’s value.

Instagram User Experience in Learning Graphic Design

<span lang="EN-US">Mobile phone technology offers new opportunities to integrate face-to-face learning also other models of learning. Instagram is mostly only used for business and public figure exposure. But we see a tendency to use Instagram that students use in learning graphic design as a way to access content, publish work and learning outcomes using mobile phone. The purpose of this study is to find out the comparison of the average value of In-diagram assisted creative learning and measure the user experience (UX) of Instagram in learning graphic design. This study uses a quantitative approach with a pseudo experiment of non equivalent control group de-sign to find a comparison of the average value of student learning outcomes in the Statistical Test with MANOVA and to find out the average value of UX with UEQ Instagram benchmarks for learning graphic design. The results of the study there are significant differences (real) the average value between the experimental class group and the control class group. UX test results are on four scales that are categorized as ex-excellent, namely the scale of Attractiveness, efficiency, dependability, stimulation. One perspicuity scale is above average and the novelty scale is good, the mean range is 1.33-2.00 according to the UEQ benchmark interval. The implication of this research is that Instagram through mobile phone technology is effectively used for the creative learning of graphic design lessons and needs to be developed as a medium for the development of teaching materials on all subject matter.</span>