Use Of Toothpaste Research Articles

Preparation, evaluation and comparison of herbal toothpaste with marketed herbal toothpaste

In current scenario in oral dental care with use of herbal toothpaste containing natural ingredients are more acceptable in public belief than chemical based synthetic formulations due to their safety and efficacy in reducing dental caries, and preventing other dental issues to which this generation is prone to. In this formulation we utilizes aloe vera gel, clove oil, neem powder, pomegranate peel powder and trikatu which are not yet used by any other research work. These extracts possess many activities like anti-ulcer, anti-caries, anti- bacterial, wound healing along with which it imbibes certain special additional properties like anti-cancer and anti-fungal. Along with this herbal based formulation, a comparative study of previously marketed herbal toothpastes was done in order to get an idea of important physical parameters i.e. pH, stability, extrudability, spreadability, foamability, homogeneity to make a successful more efficacious and stable formulation. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the herbal toothpaste with marketed toothpaste. This study disseminate that our herbal based toothpaste formulation having natural ingredients is as good as in terms of results compare to marketed herbal formulations.

A Study on Favorability and Satisfaction after Using Natural Toothpaste among College Students

Objectives: Toothpaste, which is essential for toothbrushing, suppresses the formation of calculus to clean the oral cavity, prevent tooth decay and periodontitis, avoid dental plaque, and remove halitosis. However, numerous recent reports on the side effects and toxicity of the chemical compounds in toothpaste have led to active research aiming to develop oral hygiene products that contain safe substances, thereby increasing the development of and interest in natural materials. According to many studies, natural toothpaste has been made from Artemisia capillaris Thunberg, which has strong antibacterial effects throughout the human body; cinnamon, which is used as food and medicine, has a strong scent that helps control halitosis and suppress fungal growth. This study aims to evaluate the favorability of and satisfaction with the use of toothpaste that contains natural materials extracted from A. capillaris Thunberg and cinnamon. Methods: In the experiment, college students used natural toothpaste for five days, and their oral hygiene before and after use was assessed. For statistical analysis, a frequency analysis and a confidence interval test were run using the software SPSS WIN 25.0. Results: Most of the subjects used the rotation method, and 72.5% of them had no experience using natural toothpaste. The expected effect of the natural toothpaste was higher in halitosis reduction than in bacterial reduction. The use of the natural toothpaste also showed a reduction in oral resident bacteria. Conclusions: The favorability of and satisfaction with the use of natural toothpastes were determined. The natural toothpaste effectively removed oral resident bacteria.

Environmental impacts of healthcare and pharmaceutical products: Influence of product design and consumer behaviour

Healthcare and pharmaceutical products are used widely but their environmental impacts are still largely unknown. This paper provides an insight into the influence of product design and consumer behaviour on the environmental impacts of the use and end-of-life of some healthcare and pharmaceutical products, with the aim of identifying improvement opportunities. The influence of product design is assessed through two types of asthma inhaler: hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) and dry-powder devices. Consumer behaviour is examined by considering the use of toothpaste and consumption of nutritional drinks. The results indicate that the use and end-of-life stages contribute significantly (∼90%) to the carbon footprint of HFA inhalers, estimated at 26.9 kg CO2/100 doses. The carbon footprint of dry-powder inhalers is 10 times smaller (2.7 kg CO2/100 doses). Product design innovations to eliminate HFA propellants could save over 13 Mt CO2 eq./y globally. The use stage is also the main hotspot for most other environmental impacts across the products considered in the study. The contribution of end-of-life stage is significant for eutrophication and some toxicity-related impacts for inhalers and toothpaste. The impacts of toothpaste and nutritional drinks are highly influenced by consumer behaviour during the use stage. For example, using cold instead of warm water for teeth brushing and a tumbler instead of leaving the tap running would reduce the carbon footprint from the use of toothpaste by 57 times and water consumption by 20 times. These findings highlight that both design innovations and changes in consumer behaviour play a significant role in addressing global environmental challenges. Therefore, in addition to environmental improvements through product development and supply change management, healthcare companies should also focus on providing consumer guidance to help lower the environmental impacts of their products.

Сравнительная характеристика эффективности зубных паст, имеющих в своем составе кальций и фтор

Today, the market has a huge selection of oral hygiene products and items, which makes it difficult for patients to choose what they need. Despite the fact that in modern paste composition includes the various active components and additives, all the maximum effect in the prevention of dental diseases is a compound of calcium and fluoride. The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of toothpastes containing calcium and fluoride ions in the prevention of dental diseases. The aim was to compare the effectiveness of toothpastes with calcium and fluoride in the prevention of dental diseases. The clinical and laboratory study involved 30 people aged 18-20 years. All participants in the experiment were divided into three groups. The first group used Clinpro ™ Tooth Creme (3M ESPE) treatment and prophylactic toothpaste. The second group was assigned paste SPLAT Active (SPLAT COSMETICS), (1000 ppm F¯, calcium glycerophosphate). Third – Colgate Strong teeth. Fresh breath (Colgate-Palmolive). We studied the effect of these toothpastes on indicators of the level of oral hygiene, the CFE index, caries resistance of enamel and the mineralizing potential of the oral fluid. Clinical and laboratory research data record good cleansing properties with a high level of anticaries and remineralizing effects. The use of toothpastes, which have calcium and fluorine in their composition, can affect not only the hard tissues of the tooth, but also the composition of the oral fluid. This provides an increase in the remineralizing properties of saliva and prevents a cariogenic situation in the oral cavity.

FACTORES ASOCIADOS A LA FLUOROSIS DENTAL EN NIÑOS Y JÓVENES DE LA CIUDAD DE MONTERÍA, COLOMBIA

Introduction: dental fluorosis is the hypomineralization of enamel produced as a result of fluoride intake for a prolonged period during enamel formation. The aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with dental fluorosis in children and teenagers from the city of Montería, Colombia. Methods: a quantitative, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in a sample of 136 dental fluorosis cases in schoolchildren aged 6, 12, 15 and 18 years reported to the Surveillance and Control System from January to December 2016. Results: there was fluoride exposure in 81.6% of schoolchildren covered by the subsidized health system—the mechanism by which the poorest population, with not enough resources to pay, can access health services through a subsidy offered by the state in Colombia—. 89% were from the municipal center, defined by Colombia’s National Administrative Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, DANE) as the geographical area bounded by an urban perimeter, where the administrative headquarters of a municipality are located. 47% of patients had cavities. Tooth brushing in a frequency higher than three times a day was predominant with 48.5%, and the use of toothpaste on more than 3/4 of the brush with 52%. 71.3% of patients said they did not swallow toothpaste, and 93.4% did not swallow mouthwash. 82.4% of patients did not receive topical fluoride in the last year. Conclusions: several factors are more highly associated with dental fluorosis, such as the amount of toothpaste during brushing, the habit of brushing three or more times a day, consumption of diet salt, and unintentional intakeof toothpaste at an early age. Most schoolchildren had a moderate degree of dental fluorosis.

Estomatite de contato a creme dental: importância do diagnóstico diferencial

Objetivo: o objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar 4 casos de estomatite de contato relacionada a cremes dentais com foco em sua apresentação clínica e a importância do diagnóstico diferencial com outras condições reativas, inflamatórias e potencialmente malignas da cavidade oral. Relato de caso: os 4 casos envolveram mulheres adultas e apresentaram-se clinicamente como manchas e placas brancas e vermelhas multifocais acometendo a língua, o assoalho de boca e a mucosa labial, associadas a discreta sensação de queimação e com evolução de 7 a 15 dias. Todas as pacientes relataram terem iniciado o uso de um novo creme dental poucos dias antes do surgimento dos sintomas e todas as lesões desapareceram em um intervalo de 5 a 7 dias após a suspensão do seu uso. Conclusão: estomatite de contato relacionada a cremes dentais deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das manchas e placas brancas e vermelhas da cavidade oral, e a história clínica detalhada é essencial para o diagnóstico final correto e precoce. Como o uso de novos enxaguatórios e cremes dentais, assim como de outros produtos de higiene oral, vem aumentando, dentistas clínicos devem estar atentos a possibilidade de reações locais orais associadas ao seu uso.

What Child Oral Health-Related Behaviors Can First-time Mothers Actualize? A Pragmatic Prospective Study.

First-time pregnant women are considered to be receptive to health information, rendering the prenatal period an opportune time to provide helpful information on the importance of child-related oral health. However, little is known about pregnant women's knowledge of child oral health-related behaviors (COHBs) during pregnancy and their implementation after birth. We sought to address this knowledge gap by a prospective investigation of intended and actualized oral health behaviors among first-time pregnant women. We examined relationships between intended and actualized COHBs and their correlations with changes in oral health knowledge, health literacy, general self-efficacy, and dental neglect in a cohort of first-time pregnant clients at Women, Infants, and Children sites in North Carolina-participants of a large community-based study. The COHBs were related to diet (i.e., frequency of fruit juice and sweet snacks consumption and nighttime bottle-feeding) and oral hygiene practices (e.g., performance of daily oral hygiene and use of fluoridated toothpaste). Analyses relied on descriptive statistics and bivariate tests (Student's t and McNemar's). Data were collected from 48 participants (White, 44%; African American, 40%; Native American, 17%) at baseline and again at least 12 months after the birth of their first child. On average, most mothers actualized 3 of 5 COHBs (range, 1 to 4). Significant differences between before and after birth were noted for frequency of sweet snacks consumption and putting the baby in bed with a bottle. No correlation was found between knowledge, literacy, self-efficacy, neglect, and sociodemographic characteristics and COHB actualization. Our findings suggest that first-time mothers in the studied population are likely to implement some but not all positive intended COHBs during pregnancy. Interventions are needed to assist women in implementing these practices. We support that, for prenatal interventional efforts to reap positive benefits, messaging should be personalized and include specific guidance on how to implement these recommendations. A knowledge gap exists in our understanding of the relationship between first-time mothers' intended and actualized child oral health behaviors, with implications in the optimal timing of infant and early childhood oral health messaging. Our findings suggest that first-time mothers are likely to implement some but not all positive behaviors that they intended to adopt during pregnancy. Interventions are needed to assist women in implementing these practices.

Bone quality in fluoride-exposed populations: A novel application of the ultrasonic method

BackgroundVarious studies, mostly with animals, have provided evidence of adverse impacts of fluoride (F-) on bone density, collagen and microstructure, yet its effects on overall bone quality (strength) has not been clearly or extensively characterized in human populations. ObjectiveIn this observational study, we assessed variation in an integrated measures of bone quality in a population exposed to wide-ranging F- levels (0.3 to 15.5 mg/L) in drinking water, using a novel application of non-ionizing ultrasonic method. MethodWe collected 871 speed of sound (SOS) measurements from 341 subjects residing in 25 communities, aged 10–70 years (188 males and 153 females). All subjects received scans of the cortical radius and tibia, and adults over the age of 19 received an additional scan of the phalanx. Associations between F- in drinking water and 24-h urine samples, and SOS as a measure of bone quality, were evaluated in bivariate and multivariable regressions adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and toothpaste use. ResultsWe found negative associations between F- exposure and bone quality at all three bones. Adult tibial SOS showed the strongest inverse association with F- exposure, which accounted for 20% of the variance in SOS measures (r = 0.45; n = 199; p < 0.0001). In adjusted analysis, a 1 mg/L increase in F- in drinking water was related to a reduction of 15.8 m/s (95% CI: −21.3 to −10.3), whereas a 1 mg/L increase in 24-h urinary F- (range: 0.04–39.5 mg/L) was linked to a reduction of 8.4 m/s (95% CI: −12.7, −4.12) of adult tibial SOS. Among adolescents, in contrast, weaker and non-significant inverse associations between F- exposure and SOS were found, while age, gender, and BMI were more significant predictors than in adults. ConclusionsThese results are indicative of a fluoride-induced deterioration of bone quality in humans, likely reflecting a combination of factors related to SOS: net bone loss, abnormal mineralization and collagen formation, or altered microarchitecture. The portable and low-cost ultrasound technique appears potentially useful for assessment of bone quality, and should be tested in other locations and for other bone-related disorders, to assess the feasibility of its more extensive diagnostic use in hard-to-reach rural regions.

Tooth brushing and fluoride levels in toothpaste used by peruvian children under 12 years old

Secondary analysis of data on 41,330 children aged one to 11 from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) carried out in 2018. The frequency of brushing and the use of toothpaste were reported according to the level of fluoride (no brushing, adequate, inadequate, did not show/did not use toothpaste, and illegible), according to socioeconomic and geographical variables. The evaluation showed that 7.8% of children did not brush their teeth; there were significant percentage differences (p <0.001) in the use of toothpaste with inadequate fluoride concentration between the extreme categories of the variables: age (12.3%), use of dental services (7.7%), educational level of the person responsible (20.4%), wealth index (17.8%), geographical domain (11.3%), and area of residence (9.1%). A considerable percentage of Peruvian children do not brush their teeth; in addition, a large number of children who brush use toothpastes with a fluoride content that has no preventive effect.

Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment.

Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment.

Impact of toothpaste on oral health-related quality of life in people with dentine hypersensitivity

BackgroundDentine hypersensitivity can impact functional status and everyday activities such as eating and talking. This study aimed to assess changes in oral health-related quality of life measures in individuals with dentine hypersensitivity following long-term use (24 weeks) of a commercially available toothpaste marketed for dentine hypersensitivity relief.MethodsThis study was conducted across two sites and enrolled 75 adults with ≥2 non-adjacent sensitive teeth. Participants were assigned to twice-daily brushing with toothpaste containing 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride (1100 ppm fluoride). Every 4 weeks, participant-reported outcomes were assessed using the Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire (DHEQ), a condition specific oral health-related quality of life scale that has five domains and includes questions on social and emotional impact, restrictions, adaptations and effect on life overall. Responses to a clinically applied evaporative (air) stimulus were assessed using the examiner-observed Schiff sensitivity scale and Labelled Magnitude Scales (LMS), which included dentine hypersensitivity-specific descriptors of intensity, duration, tolerability and descriptive qualities of the participant’s response.ResultsParticipant-reported outcomes demonstrated reduction of the impact of dentine hypersensitivity over time on health-related quality of life, as measured by the DHEQ. This reached statistical significance from Week 8 onwards (p < 0.0001 versus baseline) for the Total DHEQ score, with scores continually decreasing at each timepoint. Most domain scores followed a similar pattern. Statistically significant reductions were also detected for the examiner-observed Schiff Sensitivity Scale scores at all timepoints (including at 4 weeks) (p < 0.05), which were mirrored by LMS responses. The toothpaste was generally well-tolerated.ConclusionsThese results show that long-term use of a sensitivity toothpaste containing 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride has a beneficial, ongoing, impact on the oral health-related quality of life of people with dentine hypersensitivity.Trial registrationThis study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02752958) on April 27, 2016.

Relationship of Halitosis Concern with Oral Health Behaviors and Knowledge Among Myanmar People

Objective: The objective of this study was to access the relationship of halitosis concern with oral health behaviors and knowledge among Myanmar people. Methods: This survey was conducted on 257 samples (93 males and 164 females) with the age range from 16 to 65 years old, in Yangon, Myanmar. All the participants filled a questionnaire focusing on halitosis concern, oral health behaviors, and oral health related knowledge. The correlation between halitosis concern and demographic factors, oral health behaviors, and knowledge were analyzed. Results: 91.8% (n=236) of the sample population with the average age of 32-year-old expressed concern about halitosis, and 65.4% have encountered another person’s bad breath. The participants that reported a concern about halitosis were married people (p&lt;0.05). There is a significant relationship between halitosis concern and oral hygiene practice such as regular toothbrushing, use of toothbrush and toothpaste, less use of any form of tobacco and high oral health knowledge (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that a person who concerns halitosis had better oral hygiene behaviors and oral health knowledge than those who do not a concern. The prevalence of halitosis concern was high, and there is a need to recommend taking proper halitosis measurements by professionals and to improve public knowledge about halitosis. It is essential to support best practices and empowerment for effective self-care.

A crossectional investigation of the relationship between complementary health insurance and frequency of dental visits in 15 to 64\u2009years old of Tehran population, Iran, a secondary data analysis (urban HEART-2)

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between complementary health insurance and frequency of dental visits.MethodsThe present study was performed using the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART). A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran (Iran) to assess inequalities in health status among different socioeconomic and ethnic groups, genders, geographical areas, and social determinants of health. Out of 20,320 records retrieved from the original study with dental information, 17,252 had both dental insurance and dental visit information. Complementary health insurance as the main independent variable had three categories (i.e., basic insurance, with complementary medical coverage, and with dental coverage). The frequency of dental visits during the last year as a dependent variable had also three categories (i.e., no visit, one, and two, or more dental visits in the last year). In this study, in addition to investigating the relationship between complementary health insurance and frequency of dental visits, potential covariates that may affect the mentioned relationship were evaluated in the regression model. Statistical analyses included simple and multiple multinomial logistic regression considering the sampling method and sampling weights.ResultsThe meanage of 17,252 participants (Tehran citizens) was 39.36 years; 49.4%were women, 86.0%hadonly basicinsurance, 7.2% had complementary medical insurance, and 6.8% had complementary dental insurance. Of all subjects, 43.8% reported no dental visit, 26.1% reported one, and 30.1% reportedtwoor more dental visits during the lastyear. The frequency of dental visits was lower in people who had basic insurance than others such that that odds ratio (OR) was 0.73 (p-value < 0.001) for one visit and 0.68 (p-value< 0.001) for two or more visits in the last year. The frequency of dental visits was also positively associated with dental brushing, toothpaste use, high educational level, being married, having more than 20 teeth, and having dental pain.ConclusionHaving dental insurance increases the frequency of dental visits but the association between dental insurance and dental visits was independently influenced by other predictors.

Three randomized studies of dentine hypersensitivity reduction after short‐term SnF2 toothpaste use

AimTo evaluate effects of a 0.454% stannous fluoride test toothpaste on dentine hypersensitivity (DH) applied by fingertip, then 3 days’ brushing, versus a sodium monofluorophosphate‐based control.Materials and MethodsIn three randomized clinical studies, DH was assessed using evaporative (Schiff scale) and tactile (Yeaple probe) stimuli. Participants applied toothpaste to two sensitive teeth by fingertip (60 s each); DH was re‐assessed, prior to brushing. Test treatment participants brushed their sensitive teeth, with all participants then brushing all teeth for ≥60 s, twice daily for 3 days. DH was re‐assessed. Data were analysed by study and then pooled.ResultsIn two studies, test treatment significantly reduced DH versus control treatment after fingertip application and 3 days’ brushing (both measures). In one study, both treatments significantly reduced DH without between‐treatment differences. Mean Schiff differences (95% confidence intervals) for fingertip/3d were as follows: Study 1: −0.09 (−0.280, 0.092)/ −0.18 (−0.442, 0.072); Study 2: −0.72 (−0.839, −0.610)/ −1.02 (−1.150, −0.882); and Study 3: −0.26 (−0.387, −0.123)/ −0.92 (−1.055, −0.793). Pooled analysis indicated test treatment significantly reduced DH versus control (both timepoints, both measures). Toothpastes were generally well‐tolerated.ConclusionStudies indicated that single, fingertip application of a SnF2 toothpaste reduced DH versus a control. DH relief increased over 3 days.

Awareness of the Benefits and Risks Related to Using Fluoridated Toothpaste Among Doctors: A Population-Based Study.

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the awareness of dentists and non-dental doctors regarding the benefits and risks of using fluoridated toothpaste.Material/MethodsA self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information in this study. Multistage cluster sampling method was used to enroll doctors in 5 districts or counties in Chongqing, China. A total of 403 doctors (160 dentists and 243 non-dental doctors) completed the questionnaire.ResultsThe awareness of the anti-caries efficacy and the usage of fluoridated toothpaste in dentists was significantly higher than those of non-dental doctors (P<0.001). Most (about 60%) dentists and non-dental doctors had concerns about fluoridated toothpaste. Only 31.3% of dentists and 25.9% of non-dental doctors had a good understanding of the benefits and risks of use of fluoridated toothpaste in children under 3 years of age to 49.4% of dentists and 73.3% of non-dental doctors did not understand the benefits and risks in children 3~6 years old, and 40.0% of dentists and 67.5% of non-dental doctors did not understand the risks and benefits in individuals living in high-fluoride areas. Most dentists (76.3%) and non-dental doctors (87.3%) did not understand the benefits and risks in pregnant women.ConclusionsDentists and non-dental doctors were concerned about the potential risks of use of fluoridated toothpaste, and they lacked adequate knowledge about the benefits and risks of use of fluoridated toothpaste. Health education is needed to improve doctors’ knowledge about use of fluoridated toothpaste.

Measuring fluoride in human saliva and water

Background and objective: Fluoride is used to prevent dental caries, and it has been one of the most effective and widespread agents. Fluoride level has been shown in saliva, plaque, and oral soft tissues after use of fluoridated toothpaste that persists at potentially active concentrations for hours. This study aimed to evaluate how fluoride in toothpaste intake can affect the salivary fluoride and test fluoride in tap water in the different places of Erbil city. Methods: Forty five volunteers were examined. In the morning after overnight fasting before brushing teeth, the saliva of the subjects (healthy non-smoker adults) was taken before brushing teeth, which was a baseline. After 10 and 20 minutes of washing mouth with water (after brushing), saliva was taken and then the cotton pad was held under the tongue for 5 min. Saliva samples were frozen at -20 Co for later analysis. Tap water samples in different places in Erbil city were analyzed. Results: Toothpaste significantly (P = 0.002) increased salivary fluoride after brushing teeth. The fluoride concentration of tap water in Erbil city was very low at the places that use groundwater. Conclusion: This research indicates that salivary fluoride significantly increases after brushing teeth. The fluoride concentration naturally occurring levels in the tap water in the places where the source is groundwater are not enough.

Fluoride Revolution and Dental Caries: Evolution of Policies for Global Use

Epidemiological studies over 70 y ago provided the basis for the use of fluoride in caries prevention. They revealed the clear relation between water fluoride concentration, and therefore fluoride exposure, and prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and dental caries. After successful trials, programs for water fluoridation were introduced, and industry developed effective fluoride-containing toothpastes and other fluoride vehicles. Reductions in caries experience were recorded in many countries, attributable to the widespread use of fluoride. This is a considerable success story; oral health for many was radically improved. While previously, water had been the only significant source of fluoride, now there are many, and this led to an increase in the occurrence of dental fluorosis. Risks identified for dental fluorosis were ingestion of fluoride-containing toothpaste, water fluoridation, fluoride tablets (which were sometimes ingested in areas with water fluoridation), and infant formula feeds. Policies were introduced to reduce excessive fluoride exposure during the period of tooth development, and these were successful in reducing dental fluorosis without compromising caries prevention. There is now a much better understanding of the public perception of dental fluorosis, with mild fluorosis being of no aesthetic concern. The advantages of water fluoridation are that it provides substantial lifelong caries prevention, is economic, and reduces health inequalities: it reaches a substantial number of people worldwide. Fluoride-containing toothpastes are by far the most important way of delivering the beneficial effect of fluoride worldwide. The preventive effects of conjoint exposure (e.g., use of fluoride toothpaste in a fluoridated area) are additive. The World Health Organization has informed member states of the benefits of the appropriate use of fluoride. Many countries have policies to maximize the benefits of fluoride, but many have yet to do so.

Factors Associated with Dental Root Caries: A Systematic Review.

The objectives of this review were to identify the factors associated with root caries and to describe their relationship with the presence and extent of root caries. A search was carried out on the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases for articles published between January 1990 and October 2018. Information was extracted on the factors associated with the presence or extent of decayed or filled root surfaces and/or decayed root surfaces. Factors were sorted into 6 categories: social-demographic background, general health, health behaviors, fluoride exposure, oral health habits, and oral health condition. The quality of the 127 identified relevant papers was assessed, and those of low methodological quality were excluded. Finally, 44 articles reporting on 40 cross-sectional studies were included. The total sample size comprised 78,183 participants from different countries around the world. Positive correlations were detected between root caries and age, gingival recession, and use of tobacco, while negative correlations were found for social position, use of fluoride toothpaste, and oral hygiene status. Mixed findings were reported for association with the number of teeth and dental visit behaviors. This systematic review found a number of factors in different categories to be associated with root caries. People who are older, of lower socioeconomic status, or tobacco users and those with more gingival recession and poorer oral hygiene have higher risk of root caries. This systematic review found a number of factors associated with root caries, including age, social position, exposure to fluoride, and oral hygiene status. This information helps dental public health workers and clinicians identify the groups at high risk of caries and the factors to act on for more effective prevention and management of root caries (e.g., use fluoride toothpaste and improve oral hygiene).

Evaluating the change in Streptococcus mutans in plaque around orthodontic brackets using fluoride toothpaste, probiotic curd, and recaldent - A comparative in-vivo study

Introduction: Enamel demineralization is still a problem associated with orthodontic treatment, leading to the formation of white spot lesions;this is a grave concern to orthodontists and patients. Various methods are now employed to reduce the incidences of demineralization.Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of Fluoride toothpaste, Probiotic curd, and Recaldent on Streptococcus mutans colonies inplaque around orthodontic brackets in different groups of patients. Further, the three agents were compared and assessed for regular useby orthodontic patients for reduction of decalcification.Materials and methods: This study consisted of 60 randomly selected patients having orthodontic treatment in the Department oforthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics. The study protocol was approved by the institutional Ethics committee of MCE Society,Azam Campus, Pune. Group A: The patients were given fluoride containing toothpaste (ParodontaxTM Daily Fluoride toothpasteGlaxoSmithKline). Group B: The patients were asked to brush twice daily with recaldent containing tooth mousse (Dentsply ToothMousse- GC). Group C: Patients were given probiotic curd(Nestle Acti Plus). Samples were collected twice, once initially, seven days afterbonding at the start of the study and secondly, after 30 days. After DNA extraction PCR analysis was done to evaluate the colonies ofS. mutans as colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) in the plaque specimens. RealPlex software programme was used to plot theresults of the colonies detected in the sample.Results: Streptococcus mutans colonies around the brackets after 30 days post use of Fluoride toothpaste, probiotic curd and Recaldentwas reduced by 44.5 %, 0.86 % and 41.8% respectively.Conclusion: The regular use of fluoride toothpaste and Recaldent will help in reducing decalcification during orthodontic treatment.Further research is needed to establish the advantages of probiotic curd in reducing white spot lesions.

КЛИНИКО-ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ВЫБОРА ЗУБНЫХ ПАСТ НА ОСНОВАНИИ МОНИТОРИНГА СОСТАВА РОТОВОЙ ЖИДКОСТИ У ЖИТЕЛЕЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ НЕБЛАГОПРИЯТНЫХ РАЙОНОВ

The inhabitants of industrial areas are influenced by anthropogenic factors. Harmful chemicals enter the body from the air, drinking water, food and are found in the oral fluid, hard tooth tissues, dental deposits, biopsy of tissue structures and contribute to the development of caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases. Toothpastes and mouthwashes are used for prevention of major dental diseases. The toothpastes contain a variety of abrasives: silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, calcium bicarbonate, hydroxyapatite, which can act as adsorbents of heavy metal compounds. Biomonitoring using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allows to determine the micro-quantities of metals in blood, urine, human milk, hair and oral fluid. The study of oral hygiene products showed that toothpastes and mouthwashes, used by patients for prevention and treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases, have an adsorption activity for metal ions. The article evaluates the adsorption efficiency of medical and preventive toothpaste relative to the metal ions (chromium, manganese, cadmium, lead, etc.) in the oral fluid of the inhabitants of industrial areas. The use of adsorption-effective toothpaste twice a day for two weeks showed a significant decrease in the concentration of metal ions in the mixed saliva of the inhabitants which are under the influence of unfavorable environmental factors. When using a toothpaste containing silicon and titanium oxides, the concentration of manganese, chromium, arsenic, lead and cadmium ions in the oral fluid decreases within 2 weeks. The modern method of ISP-MS is advisable to use for high-precision monitoring of the oral fluid ion composition in patients living in the industrial areas.