Use Of Toothpaste Research Articles

Does delayed toothbrushing after the consumption of erosive foodstuffs or beverages decrease erosive tooth wear? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of delayed toothbrushing in decreasing erosive tooth wear (ETW). The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of delayed toothbrushing on ETW. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA statement and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020200463). PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched with no publication year limits. Screening and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. In situ and in vitro studies comparing ETW after delayed and immediate toothbrushing following an erosive attack were included. Review Manager software 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) was used for statistical analyses. Heterogeneity was assessed with the Cochran Q test and I2 statistics. Of the 565 potentially relevant studies, 26 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Twelve articles were included in the systematic review, and 11 were included in the qualitative analyses. No significant difference in the ETW of human enamel was observed between delayed and immediate toothbrushing (P = 0.13), whereas significantly less ETW of bovine enamel was observed after delayed toothbrushing (P <0.001). No significant difference in the ETW of bovine dentin was observed between delayed and immediate toothbrushing (P = 0.34). Studies on human dentin were not available. Subgroup analyses revealed a significant contribution of the use of fluoridated toothpaste to decreasing the ETW of human enamel after erosion and toothbrush abrasion (P = 0.02). Bovine and human teeth behaved differently in response to erosion and toothbrush abrasion. Delayed toothbrushing after an erosive attack was not effective at decreasing the ETW of human enamel compared to immediate toothbrushing, whereas it was effective at decreasing the ETW of bovine enamel. Delayed toothbrushing alone after the consumption of erosive foodstuffs or beverages is not capable of preventing erosive enamel wear.

Hypersensitivity of teeth after orthodontic treatment in adolescence

Relevance.In adolescence, focal demineralization after orthodontic treatment is highly prevalent. This, in turn, leads to symptomatic hypersensitivity in the absence of other predisposing factors (recessions, exposure of cervical dentin, increased abrasion, etc.). Reviewed the mechanism for reducing hypersensitivity and remineralizing of calcium-sodium phosphosilicate, also the effectiveness of using a prophylactic toothpaste with this component in adolescents.Materials and methods.A single-center, non-comparative open study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sensodyne Restoration and Protection toothpaste at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, USMU for 4 weeks. 22 adolescents aged 14-16 years with focal demineralization of enamel in the stain stage after completion of orthodontic treatment participated in the study.Results.The use of toothpaste with calcium-sodium phosphosilicate after a month of use leads to a decrease in the hygiene index by 23.38%, a decrease in hypersensitivity according to the results of the Schiff air index by 56.94% (p ≤ 0.05), and a tendency to an increase in the level of mineralization and a decrease in areas of white spot lesions.Conclusions. Toothpaste with calcium-sodium phosphosilicate has a cleansing effect and reduces sensitivity and can be recommended for adolescents with focal demineralization against the background of orthodontic treatment.

CONTROLE DO BIOFILME SUPRAGENGIVAL E O USO DO FLUORETO ESTANHOSO COMO ADJUVANTE NO TRATAMENTO DA GENGIVITE: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Agentes químicos com capacidade de ação no biofilme dental e com propriedades anti-inflamatórias têm sido amplamente inseridos em produtos para uso caseiro na Odontologia. Esses podem representar um recurso adjuvante no tratamento da gengivite, de maneira a otimizar resultados clínicos de pacientes em tratamento. Diante da diversidade dos produtos disponíveis no mercado, faz-se necessário que o cirurgião-dentista conheça o desempenho clínico desses agentes a fim de prescrever, com propriedade, os mais adequados para cada paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi abordar o uso de dentifrícios contendo fluoreto estanhoso como alternativa terapêutica no tratamento da gengivite através de uma revisão de literatura. Para esse fim, foi realizada pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Google Acadêmico em busca de artigos que utilizaram os seguintes descritores: "stannous fluoride", "gingivitis control" e “antimicrobial dentifrices”, sem filtros para restringir período de tempo. De acordo com os artigos incluídos nesta revisão, pode-se afirmar que o uso de dentifrícios com fluoreto estanhoso possibilita uma redução significativa tanto nos índices de placa visível, quanto nos índices de sangramento gengival. Através da revisão de literatura realizada, pode-se afirmar que a indicação de dentifrícios contendo fluoreto estanhoso é segura e representa um bom recurso como controle coadjuvante do biofilme supragengival e no tratamento da gengivite.

Awareness on oral hygiene practices among rural primary school teachers

Oral disease can be viewed as a general medical issue because of its high pervasiveness and huge social effect. Interminable oral ailment ordinarily prompts tooth loss and has a physical, psychological and monetary impact. This survey was done to assess the awareness on oral hygiene practices among rural primary school teachers. A closed-ended questionnaire, consisting of 10 components, was distributed among rural primary school teachers in the Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, India (n=127). The questionnaire elicited knowledge and practices of oral hygiene, their brushing habits, use of toothpaste, powder, use of mouth rinses, the practice of night brushing and tongue cleaning. The responses were collected and analysed. 100% of the respondents practice regular tooth brushing.42% of them brushed both during the morning and night and 58% brushed in the morning,96% used toothpaste and 4% used tooth powder.34% used mouth rinses.16% used tongue cleaners. The findings of the study indicated that the awareness and knowledge of oral hygiene among primary school teachers in the rural district of Salem was good. Teachers, nevertheless, need educational programs, workshops and symposiums on oral health issues to further empower them to educate the students.

Self-reported oral hygiene practices with emphasis on frequency of tooth brushing: A cross-sectional study of Mexican older adults aged 60 years or above.

The objective of the study was to characterize self-reported oral hygiene practices among Mexican older adults aged ≥60 years, and to measure the association between frequency of tooth brushing and a set of sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and dental variables.We conducted a cross-sectional study of 139 older adults aged ≥60 years in Pachuca, Mexico. A questionnaire and a clinical dental examination were administered to identify specific variables. We determined frequency of tooth brushing (or cleaning of dentures or prostheses) and use of toothpaste, mouthwash, and dental floss among respondents. Non-parametric testing was performed for statistical analysis and a multivariate logistic regression model was generated with Stata 11 software to determine frequency of tooth brushing.In our study sample, 53.2% of participants reported brushing their teeth at least once a day, 50.4% always using toothpaste, 16.5% using mouthwash and 3.6% using floss for their oral hygiene. In general, younger and female respondents used oral hygiene aids more than the others. Our multivariate model yielded an association (P < .05) between tooth brushing at least once daily and the following variables: having functional dentition (OR = 12.60), lacking health insurance (OR = 3.72), being retired/pensioned (OR = 4.50), and suffering from a chronic disease (OR = 0.43).The older adults in our sample exhibited deficient oral hygiene behaviors. The results suggest certain socioeconomic inequalities in oral health. The findings of this study should be considered when designing dental care instructions for older adults.

Impact of Lifestyle Variables on Oral Diseases and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children of Milan (Italy).

A large part of the Italian population doesn’t receive adequate information and support on how to maintain oral health. In this observational, cross-sectional, pilot study, we investigated how some lifestyle-related variables affect oral diseases and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children attending public-school summer services in Milan. A survey that included questions on children’s oral disease, OHRQoL and lifestyle-related factors (feeding habits, oral hygiene protective behaviors, dental coaching and socio-economic and educational status), was administered to the children’s caregivers. Data from 296 surveys were analyzed to assess the protective/negative effect of each variable on oral disease and OHRQoL. With respect to disease, the “never” consumption of fruit juice, the use of fluoride toothpaste, higher educational qualification and ISEE (equivalent family income) of those who filled out the form, resulted protective factors. Regarding OHRQoL, the “never” assumption/use of tea bottle, sugared pacifier and fruit juice as well as the use of fluoride toothpaste, a higher educational qualification and ISEE of those who filled out the form, resulted to have protective effects. In conclusion, protective behaviors and socio-economic status affect oral disease and OHRQoL in children of Milan.

Caries and fluoridated water in two Brazilian cities in the first decade of the 21st century

Abstract Background Despite health policies must be shaped by scientific evidence, there is no data to prove that water fluoridation increases preventive benefit to dental caries in addition to that provided by the widespread use of fluoride toothpaste. Methods A double census population survey was conducted in two Brazilian small cities, differentiated only by exposure or not, for at least 5 years, to fluoridated water, in 2014. The magnitude and experience of caries were assessed using the dmft (at 5-6-year-old; N = 233), DMFT (at 11-12-year-old; N = 312) and SiC (at 11-12-year-old; N = 105) indexes. Associations were tested by Pearson's chi-square statistics and prevalence ratio (PR) between unexposed (NE) and exposed (E) to fluoridated water. Results Deciduous dentition: Although caries experience (dmft≥1) was not associated with exposure to fluoridated water (chi-square=2.77, p = 0.96, α = 5%), there was a significant difference in the magnitude which the disease reached the population: the mean dmft were 2.74 in those exposed and 4.17 in unexposed. PR (NE/E) was 1.21 indicating that exposure to fluoridated water corresponded to a 21% lower prevalence rate, compared to those unexposed. Permanent dentition: Although caries experience (DMFT≥1) was not associated with exposure to fluoridated water (chi-square=1.78; p = 0.18; α = 5%), a significant difference was observed in the magnitude with which the disease reached the population: the means of DMFT were 1.76 in those exposed and 2.60 in unexposed and the means of SiC were 4.04 and 6.16, respectively. PR (NE/E) was 1.13 indicating little expressiveness in prevalence difference. Conclusions Exposure to fluoridated water implied a lower mean value of the dmft, DMFT and SiC indexes at a level of 50%, although in the presence of concomitant universal exposure to fluoridated dentifrice. The maintenance of water fluoridated in Brazil and other countries as an effective public health measure is strongly supported by this research results. Key messages This research is in the interest of all countries to decide whether, even with access to fluoridated toothpastes, it is worth adding fluoride to the waters that supply their populations. The study's approach is unprecedented and describes innovative possibilities of using cross-sectional studies to evaluate the results and impacts of public oral health policies.

Is it necessary for children to receive professional fluoride in addition to regular fluoride toothpaste? Protocol for a systematic review

IntroductionRegular toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste is a fundamental intervention for caries prevention. Professional fluoride application (PFA) is widely considered a beneficial supplement to the routine use of fluoride toothpaste. However,...

Retrospective study on risk factors for repeated dental treatment of children under general anaesthesia.

This retrospective study aimed to evaluate potential risk factors predicting repeated dental treatment of children under general anaesthesia. Children below 12 years of age receiving at least one dental treatment under general anaesthesia between 03/2010 and 10/2018 were analysed (n = 935, mean age: 4.6 ± 2.4). Dental records were analysed retrospectively for anamnestic, demographic, oral health and treatment factors. Kaplan-Meier statistics was used to estimate the time to second dental treatment under general anaesthesia. Potential risk factors for repeated dental treatment underwent univariate analysis using log-rank tests and were then submitted to a multi-variate Cox-regression analysis (a = 5%). One hundred fifteen children (12.3%) received or were planned to receive repeated dental treatment under general anaesthesia. In children receiving repeated dental treatment, the time intervals between first and second general anaesthesia and second and third general anaesthesia amounted to 22 ± 18 and 23 ± 20 months, respectively. The use of fluoridated toothpaste (HR: 0.28, p < 0.01) and attending 2 or more recall appointments per year (HR: 0.6, p < 0.01) significantly decreased the risk for repeated dental treatment under general anaesthesia in the multivariate model. Adherence to preventive recall appointments and to oral hygiene recommendations is essential to maintain oral health and avoid repeated dental treatment under general anaesthesia.

Dental caries and associated factors among adolescents aged 12 to 15 in Jiangxi Province, China.

The purpose of this survey was to examine the association of general characteristics, oral health knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and dental caries status among adolescents in Jiangxi Province and to provide a basis for future prevention of dental caries among middle school students. A total of 8,160 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years were invited to participate in this survey by a stratified random cluster sampling method from 30 schools in five counties in Jiangxi Province. A self-administered questionnaire was used to understand their basic characteristics, including oral health behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes. Chi-square tests were used to compare dental caries status and general characteristics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to study the effects of oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on dental caries. The prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth was 25.8 percent, and the mean DMFT score of 12- to 15-year-old adolescents was 0.48 ± 1.04. The prevalence in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (P < 0.001). The prevalence was higher in girls than in boys (P < 0.001). No significant age differences were observed (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of dental caries. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the variables associated with dental caries were tooth brushing frequency, use of toothpaste, frequency of sugary milk intake, smoking, and oral health attitudes. This study revealed that adolescent oral health behaviors and attitudes were associated with dental caries. It is important to implement targeted oral disease prevention and control measures among adolescents.

First Permanent Molar Caries and Oral Health Practices in Saudi Male Teenagers: Inequalities by Socioeconomic Position.

Objectives Caries remains a problem in high-risk groups aggravated by socioeconomic inequalities. The study aimed to investigate (1) oral health practices associated with caries in the 1st permanent molars in Saudi male teenagers and (2) the impact of socioeconomic position (SEP) on caries control using these practices. Methods A cross-sectional study targeted 1137 male teenagers in intermediate schools in Khobar and Dammam, Saudi Arabia, in 2016. Caries was examined using the World Health Organization criteria and plaque was assessed using the plaque index of Loe and Silness. A questionnaire assessed SEP (parental education, employment, and home ownership) and oral health practices (using fluoridated toothpaste twice daily, regular dental visits for check-ups, and avoiding daily sugary snacks). Regression models analysed the association of these factors with caries presence and the mean number of decayed 1st permanent molars. Stratification was used to assess differences between SEP levels. Results The response rate was 81.7%. Caries prevalence and mean (SD) number of decayed 1st permanent molars were 50.4% and 1.08 (1.31). The use of fluoride toothpaste was associated with lower odds of caries and fewer decayed molars (OR = 0.50 and regression coefficient = −0.35). Differences in the relationship between caries and toothpaste were observed by SEP levels with stronger associations in less advantaged groups. Conclusions Brushing twice daily using fluoride toothpaste was associated with less caries in Saudi male teenagers with stronger association observed in groups with lower SEP. The use of fluoride toothpaste helps in reducing health inequalities associated with SEP.

Effect of fluoride agents on surface characteristics of NiTi wires. An ex vivo investigation

AimTo analyze the degree of corrosion of nickel titanium arch wires in patients with and without exposure to fluorides. Material and methodsThis was an ex vivo study comprising of 60 subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Group 1(controls) comprised of 30 sets of new unused NiTi wires and unused 11, 15 brackets, Group 2(patients) comprised of 30 sets of non fluoridated NiTi wires and 11, 15 brackets and Group 3(patients) had 30 sets of fluoridated NiTi wires and 11, 15 brackets. NiTi wires were used over 6 months of treatment(0.014″,0.016″, 16 × 22”, each wire was used for 2 months and replaced with the next size). All wires were retrieved, stored and analyzed. At 6 months, brackets from 11 to 15 were debonded in both treatment groups. Archwires and brackets in 3 groups were subjected to SEM analysis at 500 and 1000X to observe differences. Additionally, EDX Spectroscopy was undertaken to evaluate surface elemental compositional differences in groups. ResultsSignificant differences among groups were evident in brackets and archwires tested. Maximum degradation, cracks and dark spots were seen in wires and brackets exposed to fluoride agents. EDX spectroscopy revealed least Ni% in fluoridated wires and brackets. ConclusionsIncreased leaching of metal ions was evident when wires and brackets are exposed to fluoride agents during treatment. Use of non fluoridated mouthwash and toothpastes may be considered in orthodontic patients without risk of caries to mitigate such effects

Evaluation of efficacy of a herbal dentifrice on dentinal hypersensitivity: A clinical study

Background: Dentinal hypersensitivity is a one of the leading dental problems and herbal based formulations have been in use recently for the same. Objective: This study was conducted for the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a novel herbal toothpaste in reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity in vivo. Materials and Methods: A total of12 subjects were randomly taken into consideration as a single group. Brushing instructions were given for 7 days use of toothpaste to all subjects. Sensitivity scores for tactile, air stimulus and cold water were recorded at baseline, 3rd and 7th day for the study subjects. Results: There was a significant reduction seen in the clinical parameters evaluated in all subjects at the end of the period of use of the toothpaste compared to baseline. Conclusion: The novel herbal dentifrice can be recommended for treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Keywords: Dentinal, Herbal dentifrice, Hypersensitivity.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Nine Brands of Toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans Isolated from the Mouth of Students in Veritas University, Abuja

Dental caries is an infectious microbiological disease of the teeth that end up in the destruction of dental hard tissues. The use of toothpaste has been used to reduce the bacterial load in the mouth because they contain antimicrobial properties such as triclosan, fluoride, and so on. The study aimed to determine the effect of nine brands of toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans isolated from the mouth of students in veritas university. Following the isolation of Streptococcus mutans from samples collected from the mouths of Veritas students’, the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of the dentifrices was determined by modified agar well diffusion method. In this method, Muller Hinton agar plates were seeded with a loop full of 24-hour cultures of the bacterial isolate. A sterile 8 mm cork-borer was used to cut one central and five wells at equidistance in each of the plates. 0.3 ml of the dentifrice dilutions was introduced into each of the five wells while the same amount of sterile distilled water was introduced into the first well as control. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition (in mm). The diameter in which the bacteria were inhibited was indicative of the toothpaste’s antibacterial potential. The zones of inhibition on the growth of the test strain were defined by the location where visible growth had been inhibited. All the plates were made in triplicates and the experiments repeated twice. The result showed that Mentadent-P was the most effective dentifrice with an inhibition zone of 2.8 mm, Pepsodent had inhibition zone of 2.6 mm, Oral B with 2.3 mm, Close up with 2.2 mm, followed by Colgate with a diameter of 1.9 mm, Special Lucky with a diameter of 1.6 mm, Darbur Promise with a diameter of 1.6 mm, Maclean’s with a zone of inhibition of 1.5 mm, and MY- MY with the least effective toothpaste with a zone of inhibition of 1.0 mm in diameter. The results also showed that toothpaste containing fluoride as their main antimicrobial agent proved more effective against streptococcusmutans than other toothpaste not containing fluoride as their main antimicrobial agent.

Hypersensitivity reaction of the gingiva to chlorhexidine: case report and literature review

The aim of this case report was to document a case of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of the gingiva to chlorhexidine and review the literature on oral mucosal hypersensitivity reactions associated to chlorhexidine-containing oral hygiene products. A 58-year-old man presented with a well-demarcated erythematous area on the right upper anterior gingiva. Incisional biopsy was performed. Postoperatively, chlorhexidine digluconate gel was prescribed twice a day, but the patient did not use it because he experienced intense burning immediately after the first application. The microscopic diagnosis was nonspecific mucositis. Hypersensitivity reaction was suspected. The patient reported use of 0.004% chlorhexidine digluconate-based toothpaste twice a day in the past few years. A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to the toothpaste was hypothesized, and its use was discontinued. Chlorhexidine, the common ingredient of both the toothpaste and the gel, was considered the allergen. The literature was reviewed on chlorhexidine-induced oral hypersensitivity reactions. Two weeks after cessation of toothpaste use, complete remission of the lesion was observed without additional intervention. Four years later, no recurrence has been reported. The literature review yielded 7 studies reporting 20 patients with intraoral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions associated with chlorhexidine-containing oral hygiene products. Clinicians should be aware that oral hygiene products containing even low concentrations of chlorhexidine might induce hypersensitivity reactions.

Efficacy of an anhydrous stannous fluoride toothpaste for relief of dentine hypersensitivity: A randomized clinical study.

AimTo compare efficacy of an anhydrous 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride/sodium fluoride toothpaste (Test) versus a sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste (Negative control) and a stannous chloride/sodium fluoride toothpaste (Positive control) for dentine hypersensitivity relief after 8 weeks’ twice‐daily use.Materials and MethodsIn this randomized, examiner‐blind, stratified, parallel study, primary and secondary efficacy variables were mean changes in Schiff score (evaporative [air] sensitivity) and tactile threshold (Yeaple probe), respectively, from baseline to Week 8 between Test (n = 62) and Negative control (n = 62). Test and Positive control (n = 61) comparisons were exploratory objectives.ResultsAll groups significantly improved from baseline on both dentine hypersensitivity measures (p < .0001). Difference between adjusted mean changes from baseline in Schiff sensitivity scores at Week 8 for Test versus Negative control groups was 0.19 (95% CI 0.002, 0.374), in favour of the Negative control (p = .0476; 12.57% difference). Difference in tactile threshold was −7.20 g (95% CI −16.376, 1.975), and this was not statistically significant (p = .3715; −21.83% difference). Test group showed no significant difference versus Positive control for either measure. Toothpastes were generally well tolerated.ConclusionWhile twice‐daily use of Test toothpaste significantly reduced dentine hypersensitivity from baseline, there was no significant advantage over negative or positive controls. Study registration: Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03310268.

Caries preventive practices and dental caries among boys aged 6-15 in Saudi Arabia.

The aim of the present study was to assess caries preventive practices and dental caries among boys aged 6-15 in Saudi Arabia. The present cross-sectional study included a sampling frame of all male school students aged 6-15 years in a subpopulation of Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was developed to collect information from mothers on the use of recommended caries preventive practices (RCPP) by the child. Children were examined clinically for dental caries status using DMFT index. A total of 722 children and respective mothers participated in the study. The mean DMFT scores were significantly greater in children with no RCPP than those who used at least a single RCPP and a combination of RCPP (p<0.05). Regression analysis revealed that all RCPP were significantly associated with dental caries (p<0.05). Children not using any RCPP tool had higher risk of developing dental caries (OR 8.69; 95% CI 6.38-11.83). Brushing teeth at least twice a day, use of fluoridated toothpaste and consumption of sugary snacks less than once a day have significant influence in occurrence of dental caries. Using all RCPP tools were more effective in caries prevention than used individually.

Implementation of a behavioural change intervention to enhance oral health behaviours in elite athletes: a feasibility study

BackgroundPoor oral health of elite athletes is common and is associated with negative performance impacts. There is a need for oral health promotion strategies that are effective within the elite...

Global application of oral disease prevention and health promotion as measured 10years after the 2007 World Health Assembly statement on oral health.

ObjectivesThe WHO World Health Assembly established in 2007 a Resolution (WHA60.17) on oral health, which called upon countries to ensure that public health actions for disease prevention and health promotion are established. The objective of the present survey undertaken 10 years later (2017‐2018) was to measure the application of such programmes for key population age groups in low‐, middle‐ and high‐income countries.MethodsOral health focal points of ministries of health worldwide (n = 101) answered a structured questionnaire on existing national oral health systems and the actual public health activities. The response rate was 58.4%. The questionnaire was used to collect information about structural factors, country workforce, financial models, provision of preventive services and promotion for oral health, school health programmes, administration of fluoride, national oral health targets and oral health surveillance. The countries were classified by national income for analysis of data.ResultsCoverage of population groups by primary oral health care and emergency care varied by national income. The gap between countries in delivery of preventive care was strong since low‐income countries less often reported preventive activities than middle‐income countries and particularly when compared to high‐income countries. School oral health programmes were less frequent in low‐income than other countries. Moreover, population methods of fluoridation and use of fluoridated toothpaste were unusual in low‐income countries. Health education, mass communication and community events were often essential elements in health promotion. In disease prevention, many countries considered the link between oral health and general health conditions and intervention towards shared risk factors of NCDs. The health concern for the consumption of tobacco, unhealthy diet and sugars was particularly emphasized by high‐income countries but less highlighted by low‐income countries. Finally, while national oral health targets for children and surveillance systems were frequently reported by countries, similar systems for adolescents, adults and older people were rare.ConclusionsThe inequities between countries in oral disease prevention and health promotion were substantial. Limited financial resources for preventive care and health promotion; inadequate workforce for oral health, and insufficient coverage in primary health care were observed in low‐resource countries. The results of the survey demonstrate the need for building effective oral health systems oriented towards oral disease prevention and health promotion.

Electron microscopy evaluation of mineralization on peritubular dentin with amorphous calcium magnesium phosphate microspheres

Dentin hypersensitivity can be reduced by the use of a remineralization agent to hinder movement of fluids within the dentin tubules. Penetration of particles into the tubules and a continuous release of Ca2+ and phosphate ions can induce the mineralization of a material mimicking the mineral component of dentin, sealing the tubules. In this work, we have used complementary electron microscopy techniques to investigate the ultrastructure of dentin and crystallization and occlusion effects when using amorphous calcium magnesium phosphate (ACMP) microspheres on extracted human molars. Application of the particles in a gel intended for at-home use resulted in intra-tubular mineralization of a carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite (HA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that crystallization was initiated on the peritubular dentin (PTD) with undirected crystal growth leading to the formation of a porous material. We additionally investigated the effects from using a fluoride toothpaste to potentially improve the remineralization and anti-cariogenic properties of the ACMP microspheres. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) using TEM in scanning mode (STEM) showed that fluoride incorporation resulted in an increase in aspect ratio of the crystals, crystal growth directed towards the center of the tubule lumen and densification of the mineralized material. Thus, ACMP microspheres are promising alternatives as occluding agents and the efficacy of the particles could be further improved with the complementary use of a fluoride toothpaste.