Technological advances—and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic—have accelerated the growth of online purchasing, prompting a surge in empirical research on online consumer behavior. A substantial share of these studies rely on structural equation modeling (SEM) for data analysis. However, inadequate or improper application of SEM can produce unreliable results and misleading conclusions, undermining scientific progress and managerial decision-making. To address this critical concern, the present study provides, to the best of our knowledge, the first comprehensive assessment of SEM applications—encompassing both covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)— in online purchase intention (OPI) research. Our review covers 120 empirical articles published between 2000 and 2023 and reveals that methodological requirements of SEM are often overlooked, which risks invalidating both theoretical contributions and managerial implications. In response, we offer practical recommendations and a results-based guide to assist researchers and reviewers in enhancing the rigor, reliability, and decision-oriented value of SEM studies in this field. • E-commerce is growing rapidly, and likewise, empirical research on online purchasing • 120 articles in the last 24 years using SEM for data analysis are analyzed • Misuse of SEM could undermine the validity of theoretical and practical implications • The findings show that very often some SEM requirements are overlooked • A set of guidelines for correctly implementing SEM methodology is offered

The analysis of the environmental state as a socio-ecosystem, together with the understanding of the causal relationships that lead to its deterioration or recovery, is essential for the identification of effective conservation and sustainable development actions. Environmental indicators are an essential tool that allows us to monitor the human impact on the biophysical and socio-economic environment. However, there is currently a lack of methods that can relate and evaluate the effect of the direct and indirect causes of deterioration. Added to this is the fact that this task often fails to consider the role biodiversity plays in ecosystem functionality and, consequently, its impact on environmental services for human well-being. This article proposes some strategies to develop socio-ecological studies. Among these strategies is the use of the Pressure-State-Response model, which is an option to integrate indicators with a line of causality that reflects the problems of the ecosystem of interest and thus allows to coordinate and concentrate efforts for its preservation. On the other hand, we review the use of structural equation models (SEM) as a multivariate statistical tool to address socioecological studies on forests. This perspective shows that the use of SEM for this purpose constitutes a strategy with the potential to confirm the complex causal relationships of environmental deterioration. Only with an integrative vision will it be possible to address ecological problems and direct social actions in response to the different needs and responsibilities to maintain natural resources and the functioning of ecosystems.

Purpose Although hybrid workplace models are becoming more and more prevalent, little is known about how exactly they affect employee performance. The study intends to bridge the gap by investigating the impact of hybrid work models on job performance using perceptions from workplace flexibility theory (WFT) and self-determination theory (SDT), highlighting the mediating roles of technology fatigue, team cohesion and employee autonomy. Design/methodology/approach Through the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) and an online survey circulated via Google Forms, the study utilized a quantitative methodology to analyze data from 482 remote workers in IT companies located all over India. Findings The outcomes show that hybrid work considerably enhances job performance through the mediation of employee autonomy and team cohesion, which is consistent with SDT and WFT. While autonomy nurtured internal motivation that boosted job performance, team cohesion fortified fruitful collaboration. However, technological fatigue triggered in a decline in job performance. Practical implications The study underlines the value of independence and collaboration in shaping success in hybrid work, but it also draws attention to the possible problems related with technology fatigue. To make the most of hybrid models, organizations need to incorporate digital well-being, teamwork and flexibility. Originality/value The research chains WFT and SDT to scrutinize in a new way how technology fatigue, employee autonomy, team cohesion and hybrid workplaces influence job performance. It describes how to diminish tech fatigue and boost adaptability to enhance hybrid models' performance.

IntroductionNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent among prisoners and poses substantial challenges to prison management. This study examined the mechanisms linking adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to NSSI among male prisoners, with a focus on the serial mediating roles of sense of security and emotional problems.MethodsA sample of 1,205 male inmates from two Chinese prisons completed self-report measures assessing ACEs, sense of security, emotional problems, and NSSI. Responses from 398 incarcerated individuals were included in the subsequent analysis due to their engagement in NSSI behaviors.ResultsThe use of structural equation modeling revealed a significant association between ACEs and NSSI among prisoners, with the model providing robust support for the hypothesized predictive pathway. Sense of security and emotional problems sequentially mediated the relationship between ACEs and NSSI. Specifically, ACEs were associated with a diminished sense of security, which was in turn linked to more severe emotional problems; collectively, these factors predicted an increased risk of NSSI. While ACEs exhibited both direct and indirect associations with NSSI behaviors, its relationship with NSSI functions was fully mediated by the pathway involving sense of security and emotional problems.DiscussionThese findings highlight the importance of addressing early trauma, enhancing perceived security, and improving emotional regulation via correctional mental health interventions to reduce NSSI among incarcerated individuals.

This paper analyzes the dynamics of trade, tourism, and economic activity, as well as the factors that contribute to the development of these dynamics in European countries. The study aims to investigate the relationship between tourism, economic activity, trade, and several other factors that influence trade and economic activity, such as capital and logistics. This implies that the model used represents a "system of relationships", and when the focus of the study is on modeling a complex causal system, the use of structural equation modeling is very valuable. For this reason, this study uses structural equation modeling. The data for the variables used in the study pertains to European countries and is organized in cross-section. In the conclusion, we will see that the development of tourism would stimulate the economic activity of countries. The paper also highlights the importance of initiatives to improve infrastructure and capital in countries as factors that positively impact trade by promoting the development of economic activity.

Young adults are often taught to take part in public service activities inside and outside of school. By introducing the concept of public service motivation (PSM), this study attempts to explore the relative importance of young adults’ social capital and self-efficacy in promoting their subjective wellbeing (SWB). Surveying a large group of Chinese young adults from higher education institutions in four major cities in China, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen ( N = 710), this study reveals that SWB has a stronger association to social capital and self-efficacy than PSM. With the use of structural equation modeling, it is further found that social capital fosters SWB via the increase of self-efficacy instead of PSM. We also find that in addition to economic and monetary incentives, young adults in China can develop PSM through the construction of social capital, self-efficacy, and SWB. The implications for PSM studies, i.e. the social desirability issue and its dark side regarding mental health and life satisfaction will be discussed in a Chinese setting.

This study demonstrates that the medium of instruction significantly impacts students' academic performance, with English playing a central role in shaping their educational outcomes. The use of Structural Equation Modelling revealed that factors such as teacher support, student motivation, educational background, learning strategies, English communication skills, and attitude towards the English language are all positively associated with academic performance. However, language anxiety was found to negatively affect English communication, which in turn influences motivation and learning outcomes. All these factors were confirmed by using the confirmatory factor analysis. These findings are consistent with recent literature, confirming that English proficiency is not only a tool for academic achievement but also a driver of confidence and long-term educational engagement. Therefore, fostering an encouraging classroom environment, minimizing language anxiety, and enhancing teacher roles are critical for improving student performance in English-medium settings.

The article provides a theoretical foundation for the systemic interaction of HR analytics and leadership as key determinants influencing the formation of an innovative-motivational environment and the subsequent enhancement of employee effectiveness in enterprises under rapid digital transformation. The Aim of the article is the theoretical substantiation and construction of an integrated model of the influence of HR analytics and leadership on the formation of the innovative-motivational environment and the subsequent increase in enterprise personnel effectiveness. In the course of the research, three core functions of HR analytics are generalized (evaluative, predictive, and optimizing), defining its role as the informational foundation for strategic management. HR analytics is confirmed to be a crucial tool for transitioning from operational management to a strategic function, thereby enhancing the validity of personnel decisions and mitigating risks. Concurrently, the role of leadership is detailed as a value-behavioral factor that transforms analytical insights into motivational action. Leaders, utilizing data, ensure task personalization and create a sense of psychological safety, which is essential for cultivating an innovative culture. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the theoretical substantiation and construction of a four-element model of HR analytics and leadership interaction. In this model, the innovative-motivational environment is defined as the key intermediate behavioral factor, formed through a culture of trust and psychological safety, which serves as a necessary condition for realizing the employees' innovative potential. The developed scheme not only illustrates the logic of interaction between the informational (HR analytics) and behavioral (leadership) management circuits but also substantiates their synergy, which collectively ensures the sustainable enhancement of personnel effectiveness and enterprise competitiveness. Employee effectiveness is determined to be the ultimate result of the synergy between analytical precision and targeted leadership influence. The practical value of the obtained results lies in the possibility of using the proposed scheme as a basis for constructing an adaptive HR management system, improving HR strategies, and developing leadership programs aimed at increasing employee engagement and initiative. The prospects for further research involve the empirical verification of the proposed theoretical model, particularly through the use of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), as the key components of the model are measurable variables based on HR metrics.

An organization's success depends on human resource management (HRM), which manages its most valuable resource: its employees. Effective HRM entails matching organizational objectives with HR strategies and recruiting, training, and retaining staff. Employee retention, satisfaction, and overall business success are all fuelled by this alignment, which makes it crucial. Human resource management (HRM) helps an organization achieve and sustain success in a competitive industry by fostering a positive research environment and maximizing human capital. With a focus on key procedures like efficient recruitment and selection (ERS), performance management systems (PMS), training and development investment (ITD), employee engagement (EE), compensation practices (CP), and employee satisfaction (ES), the primary goal of this research is to examine how various HRM practices affect organizational success (OS). These HRM practices (HRMP) are employed as independent variables, and the relationship between HRMP and OS is mediated by ES. To ensure balanced representation in terms of industries, positions, and demographics, a diverse sample of 566 participants was randomly selected from a wide range of organizations. This allowed for a more comprehensive and trustworthy analysis of the impact of HRM. The research makes use of structural equation modelling (SEM), a more advanced statistical technique for examining intricate correlations between variables. The results of the research demonstrate that HRMP significantly improves OS, with employee satisfaction acting as a key mediating factor in this relationship. Research specifically highlights that improved organizational performance is directly impacted by good hiring and selection procedures, a strong emphasis on employee development through training and learning programs, well-designed performance management systems, and employee engagement improvement tactics. This leads to increased motivation, profitability, and better employee retention, thereby enhancing productivity. It highlights the importance of strategic HRM practices and offers helpful insights for businesses looking to optimize the workforce management approach.

Type of the article: Research Article AbstractThis study aims to understand how affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior mediate the effect of quality of work life and organizational justice on turnover intention in Indonesia. A Likert scale questionnaire was employed in the survey procedure of the study, which took a quantitative approach. The research was conducted over two months (January–February 2025) and involved 385 Indonesian honorary teachers from Banten, Jakarta, and West Java. The use of structural equation modeling to analyze data was aided by correlation matrices and descriptive statistics. This study provides a novel empirical paradigm for comprehending the influence of work-life quality and organizational justice on teachers’ turnover intentions via affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Therefore, in order to lower the intention of teacher turnover, school management must simultaneously and consistently strengthen and enhance organizational justice, affective commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and work-life quality. While acknowledging the study’s limitations, academics might utilize the findings as a basis for future research and discussions with the same objective.

Post-traumatic stress disorder that applies after childbirth has become a problem that is growing not only on the basis of its clinical implications but also on the basis of its potential behavioral implications. The research on the connection between post- traumatic stress disorder and compulsive buying behaviour within the Stimulus Response framework is policy-based on the mediation in which the research study used emotional intelligence as the mediating factor among post- cesarean women. They were collected via a structured survey (n = 368) about post- cesarean women and analyzed using the assistance of the Statistical Package of Social Sciences and Smartpls 4 Partial Least Squares. Reliability and validity tests demonstrated the existence of strong psychometric properties and hypothesis-based relationships were tested with the use of structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that post-traumatic stress disorder is a very important factor in determining the likelihood of compulsive buying, indicating that excessive consumption may be acquired by women who experience more intense symptoms of trauma to manage them. However, emotional intelligence was established to have a negative predictive relationship with compulsive buying behavior that upholds the significance of emotional control in de-escalating the maladaptive purchasing behaviors. This mediation analysis also confirmed the findings that emotional intelligence partly mediates the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and compulsive buying behavior and therefore it is possible to mitigate the adverse behavioral outcomes of the trauma through enhancing emotional intelligence. This study contributes to the theory as it predicts the Stimulus-Organism-Response model to parental health and consumer behavior by showing how responses of emotional processes mediate responses of psychological distresses. In practice, the findings require health care policies that involve integration of psychological counseling, emotional intelligence training, and financial literacy training of post cesarean mothers. It is possible to correlate the policy recommendations with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 3 and Goal 5) because it will enhance maternal mental health and protect women against economic risks.

The purpose of this research is to examine how brand image and brand affinity impact customer retention, while considering consumer engagement as a moderating factor. Positive brand image becomes one of the important factors that can influence customer loyalty levels, while brand love creates strong emotional bonds between consumers and brands. Using quantitative methods, data was collected from 150 respondents who had used specific brands for more than one year. The use of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in data analysis revealed connections between various variables. The study findings shed light that a strong brand image greatly impacts customer loyalty, and this bond is further reinforced by brand affection. Additionally, consumer interaction helps regulate the connection between brand affection and customer commitment, as increased engagement enhances the favorable impact of brand affection on loyalty. These findings demonstrate the importance for companies to enhance brand image and build closeness with consumers to drive loyalty.

Purpose Universities are increasingly encouraging students to join LinkedIn, a professional networking site (PNS), to enhance their employability prospects. Our study explores the double-edged sword of LinkedIn use among university students with a focus on its contrasting psychological impacts of stress and well-being. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on self-determination theory (SDT), conservation of resources theory (CORT), and recent social media research, this study proposes a theoretical model to explain users’ motivations for LinkedIn use, their experiences of LinkedIn-induced stress and well-being and how users deal with these experiences. Our model was tested via a survey of 221 undergraduate students and the use of structural equation modeling. Findings Results indicate that LinkedIn-induced well-being, stemming from the digital support of students’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, belongingness and competence, enhances their intrinsic motivation to engage with the platform. However, LinkedIn is also found to generate stress – driven by excessive demand and privacy threats – which undermines intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, LinkedIn well-being is found to be a personal resource that students leverage to manage this stress. Originality/value This study examines students’ experiences on LinkedIn, a PNS that has received less scholarly attention than hedonic social networking sites. Using SDT and CORT, we highlight the coexistence of stress and well-being on non-compulsory, utilitarian PNSs like LinkedIn. We further demonstrate how LinkedIn-derived well-being helps students manage LinkedIn technostress, addressing a key research gap, as few studies explore how social media users mitigate stress through positive mechanisms.

This analysis aims to see publication trends regarding the use of structural equation modeling in the field of education. By using predetermined keywords, researchers obtained 433 documents that had gone through the PRISMA method and analyzed using the R Program. From the analysis results, it can be concluded that research using the Structural Equation Modeling approach in the field of education shows a positive trend from 1984 to 2024, with an annual growth rate of 11.58%, and the peak publication is expected to occur in 2024 with 80 documents. The country with the highest number of publications is China (Asia), with 54 publications (12.50%) and a total of 1,286 citations (12.27%). Jambi University from Indonesia is ranked first with the highest number of publications, namely 14 publications (3.24%). Sustainability Journal (Switzerland) was ranked first with an h-index of 9, recording 387 citations and 19 publications. Researcher Tsai Chin-Chung from National Taiwan Normal University was ranked first with an h-index of 8. The article with the highest number of citations was (Scherer et al., 2019) with 955 citations. The keyword "Structural Equation Modeling" is the most frequently used in research, with a total of 72 times, while the keywords "Confirmatory Factor Analysis" and "self-regulated learning" are also worthy of being a focus in further research.

In this digital era, technology has become an integral part of education, transforming the way students learn and teach- ers assess their progress. One powerful tool that has gained significant popularity in educational settings is Google Forms. Originally designed as a survey tool, Google Forms has evolved into a versatile platform that can be effective- ly used for educational assessment purposes. The study highlights the benefits of using Google Forms, such as flexi- bility, user-friendly interface, variety of question types, immediate feedback, data analysis capabilities, engagement, and time efficiency. However, potential limitations and challenges related to security, technical issues, and technology access are also mentioned. The study aims to provide insights and recommendations for educators and institutions to effectively use Google Forms as an assessment tool and promote successful language learning outcomes for EFL learners. The problem statement addresses the need to further investigate EFL learners' perception, attitudes, experi- ences, challenges, and contextual factors that may influence their perception of Google Forms. The methodology out- lines the use of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis to examine the rela- tionships and collect data from EFL learners with the sample of about 100 respondents. The findings revealed the effectiveness and usefulness of Google Forms in the EFL context. Overall, this study contributes to the existing knowledge on the use of Google Forms as an assessment tool in English language learning. It underscores the signifi- cance of learners' perception and highlights the potential of technology-enhanced assessment tools in promoting effec- tive language learning experiences.

Antecedents of electricity saving intentions and behaviour of generation Y and Z of India – a combined use of structural equation modeling and necessary condition analysis

This paper explores the adoption of green production technology within the framework of Pakistan–China agricultural cooperation under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. The research focus is on how farmers’ green values (FGVs) and energy use reduction (EUR) affect the adoption of green production technology (AGPT), mediating through green production willingness (GPW), with environmental regulation and eco-innovation as moderators. The study conducts an analysis based on the use of structural equation modelling (SEM) and random forest regressor (RFR), wherein the drivers of sustainable agricultural practice are discussed. For this primary quantitative study, data were gathered via the survey method from 366 rural farmers, and SEM was performed to test hypotheses. SmartPLS software was used for this purpose. The results obtained show that both FGV and EUR have significant impacts on AGPT. However, ER insignificantly influences GPW. The mediation of GPW was significant in the association between FGV and AGPT (p < 0.05). However, it was insignificant in the relationship between EUR and AGPT (p > 0.05). The sequential mediation of GPW and AGPT was also found to be insignificant (p > 0.05), whereas AGPT has a significant impact on green supply chain performance (GSP). The moderation of environmental regulation was also insignificant (p > 0.05), while the moderation of eco-innovation was significant (p < 0.05). The RFR model also supported the impact of FGV and EUR on GSP. This insight indicates the critical role of environmental regulations, technological advancements, and the enhancement of supply chain performance through AGPT. This study fills an important literature gap regarding cross-national cooperation for sustainable agriculture in developing countries by integrating behavioural, regulatory, and technological perspectives.

Objective: Identification of the impact of job satisfaction on employee loyalty. Research Design &amp; Methods: A quantitative approach was applied. Critical analysis of literature and an expert panel was used to identify variables. A questionnaire study was carried out online on the sample of 419 administrative and office employees. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the existence of the assumed relationship. Findings: It has been proved that job satisfaction is a multidimensional construct. It is composed of three elements: 1) career development including the possibilities of training, development, realisation of passions and non-pay benefits, 2) physical job conditions including ventilation, bathrooms, social back office, noise and temperature level, as well as ergonomic standards of equipment, aesthetics of the workplace and 3) interpersonal relations covering relations with co-workers and supervisors, as well as social communication in the workplace. Each of these dimensions turned out to impact employee loyalty and this impact is statistically significant on a level α = 0.001. The strongest impact occurs in case of the two intangible factors: career development (1.024), then interpersonal relations (0.902). For physical working conditions the impact is noticeably weaker (0.211). Implications / Recommendations: It turned out that employee loyalty is strongly impacted by the intangible factors of the work environment. This observation may constitute an important human resources management tool for managers and in particular in the process of motivating the employees. Contribution: Confirming the assumed relationship between the revealed dimensions of job satisfaction and employee loyalty with the use of a sophisticated multidimensional statistical analysis.

Addressing the major challenges in India’s education system, particularly the disparities in school performance and student outcomes, remains a critical concern. Despite considerable progress in school access and enrolment, Indian schools face significant hurdles, including the varying quality of education, resource constraints and uneven teacher training standards. This study is pivotal in tackling these issues by proposing a model to identify key determinants of school performance and factors influencing students’ academic outcomes. It employs confirmatory factor analysis to create composite school performance indices across more than 670 districts, offering an in-depth view of the diverse influences on school effectiveness, which focuses on the longer-term outcomes and impacts of these inputs on the student community. Additionally, the use of structural equation modelling to identify key subjects impacting academic outcomes represents a novel approach in the context of Indian education. The study’s novelty lies in its comprehensive analysis of diverse factors ranging from teacher qualifications to student motivation and its large-scale application across various districts. The main takeaways underscore the importance of recruiting professionally trained teachers, enhancing student enrolment rates and boosting student motivation through initiatives such as incentives and midday meals for improved academic performance. These findings are crucial for policymakers and educational institutions in India, guiding them towards targeted interventions for elevating educational quality and equity.

PurposeSafety voice behavior can play a crucial role in the actual operation of organization safety management. How to motivate employees in high-risk industries to actively provide safety voice and improve the company’s safety performance is an important but under-addressed question.Design/methodology/approachThis research builds a hypothesis model based on social information processing theory, introducing safety motivation and psychological contract as mediating variables, in order to investigate the mechanism of the role of safety-transformational leadership on construction workers’ safety voice behavior. 902 construction workers completed a questionnaire in order to test the research hypotheses through the use of structural equation modeling, correlation analysis, and the Bootstrap test.FindingsAccording to the research, (1) safety-transformational leadership affects both prohibitive and promotive voice in an advantageous manner; (2) The psychological contract plays a mediating role between safety-transformational leadership and safety voice (promotive voice and prohibitive voice); (3) Through safety motivation, safety-transformational leadership indirectly supports the prohibitive and promotive voice of construction workers.Originality/valueThis research expands the theoretical research of safety voice, helps construction enterprises to provide ideas and methodological support for accident prevention from the perspective of safety voice.