Use Of Soybean Oil Research Articles

Effect of Frying on the Fatty Acid Composition of Silver Carp and Common Carp

The effects of deep frying in sunflower oil or pork fat on the fatty acids (FAs) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets were determined. The use of sunflower oil and pork fat for frying increased the proportion of polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFA), respectively, in the fish fillets. In the fried fish fillets, the linoleic acid content (C18:2n-6) increased after frying in sunflower oil, while n-3 PUFAs, in particular C20:5n-3 (EPA) and C22:6n-3 (DHA), decreased compared with their contents in raw fillets. The apparent retention values of n-3 PUFAs were higher in silver carp (69-78%) than in common carp (21-43%) when the fillets were fried in sunflower oil. After frying the fish fillets in pork fat, contents of SFAs, especially palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, were increased compared with the raw fillets. From the public health point of view, it is important to highlight that the ratio of n-6/n-3 in fillets of silver carp and common carp increased after deep frying in sunflower oil (2.61; 28.50), as opposed to frying in pork fat (1.20 7.99). Deep frying the fish fillets in sunflower oil increased the total fat content of silver carp fillets by about 85% and common carp fillets by about 343%, while frying in pork fat increased the total fat content of silver carp fillets by about 78% and common carp fillets by about 191%. The choice of culinary oils/fats affects the total FA contents and the fat composition of prepared, fried fish fillets.

Thermokinetics study of degradation process of soybean‐based polyurethane foams

ABSTRACTPolyurethane (PU) production with the use of soybean oil was greatly appreciated by researchers due to their low cost, easy availability, and nontoxic nature. The thermokinetics and degradation process of soybean oil‐based PU (SPU) were measured by differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectrum. Influence of various factors such as the NCO/OH molar ratio (1.5–2.0) and different heating rates on the thermodynamic properties and thermal stability during the degradation process were studied in detail. Moreover, the thermokinetics mechanism included activation energy, reaction rate, and kinetic parameters of the degradation process were evaluated using “AKTS‐Thermokinetics” software. The reaction rate ranged from 0.0005 to 0.0025 at the first stage (60–150 °C), then changed to values between 0.00025 and 0.0015 at the second stage (250–350 °C) and between 0.00025 and 0.0020 at the third stage (400–550 °C). It was observed that the degradation progress included with three‐ or four‐step degradation profiles. As the soybean oil content or NCO/OH molar ratio increase, the thermal stability of SPU increased. In addition, the activation energy and reaction rate increased with the increased soybean oil contents. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47357.

Proteomic Analysis of the Hepatopancreas of Chinese Mitten Crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) Fed With a Linoleic Acid or α-Linolenic Acid Diet.

As representatives of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, many studies have analyzed the use of soybean oil and linseed oil rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, LNA) as better substitutes for fish oil. In aquatic animals, different dietary ratios of LA and LNA could have significant effects on growth, lipid metabolism, immune response, and reproduction. To assess the nutritive value of these two fatty acids in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), we performed transcriptome analysis and label-free quantification proteomic analysis of the hepatopancreas from mitten crabs fed with LA or LNA diet. Parallel reaction monitoring was used to confirm the reliability of the proteomic analysis. A total of 186 proteins were differentially expressed with fold change ≥1.5 or ≤0.666. Among the 186 proteins, 116 were upregulated and 70 were downregulated in the LA than LNA. Most of these proteins participate in cellular process and metabolism process and have molecular functions such as binding and catalytic activity; the cellular component of these proteins are cell, cell part, membrane, and membrane part. A total of 18 proteins were identified to be related to lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and they mainly participate in digestive enzyme activities, fatty acid transport, and glycolysis. Our results provide new insights for further investigation into the replacement of fish oil from mitten crabs with vegetable oils and enable us to better understand the different roles and nutrition value of LA and LNA in mitten crabs.

Profile analysis of biodiesel producers in Brazil during 2005–2015

ABSTRACTPetroleum-derived fuels such as diesel, natural gas and coal have been the main sources of energy for the global energy matrix. Due to this, there is a necessity to implement new technologies to increase biofuel production from renewable sources, such as the use of soybean oil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of the companies that were established to produce B100 biodiesel in Brazil from 2005 to 2015. The research was developed using data from scientific articles, master's dissertations and PhD theses, statistical yearbooks, laws and decrees in force. It also used data collections published by the government agencies and representative entities from the biodiesel sector for the elaboration of a correlation matrix for average prices of biodiesel, diesel oil and soybean oil. The average B100 biodiesel prices between 2011 and 2015 have been lower than the average selling prices from soybean oil. Currently, the biodiesel unit comprises 71.14% large production units, 20.31% medium production units and 8.55% small production units of B100 biodiesel. The participation of transnational companies in the biodiesel market is responsible for a significant portion of the installed production capacity in Brazil.

Relating Chemical Structure to Toughness via Morphology Control in Fully Sustainable Sebacic Acid Cured Epoxidized Soybean Oil Toughened Polylactide Blends

The use of soybean oil or its derivatives to toughen polylactide (PLA) usually leads to limited toughening efficiency, due to the incompatibility between toughening agents and parent PLA. Herein, we report a dynamic vulcanization method to toughen PLA using sebacic acid cured epoxidized soybean oil (VESO), a fully sustainable and biodegradable component. A series of sebacic acid cured epoxidized soybean oil precursors (SEPs) were prepared with different carboxyl/epoxy equivalent ratio (R), which consequently dictates the chemical structure and the morphology of PLA/VESO blends after the dynamic vulcanization. We demonstrated that the chemical structure of VESO plays a critical role in the compatibility, morphology, and toughness of the PLA/VESO blends. By optimizing the R-value, supertoughened PLA blends can be obtained, as evidenced by the significant improvement in the tensile toughness (up to 150.6 MJ/m3) and the impact strength (up to 542.3 J/m). The results of the toughening mechanism from the morpho...

Water Deficit Modulates the Relationship between Temperature and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profile in Soybean Seed Oil

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], a major source of vegetable oil worldwide, contains unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) beneficial for human health, leading to the use of soybean oil in nutraceuticals. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of water deficit on relationships of soybean seed UFA with temperature and with solar radiation. The UFA profile was determined in harvested seeds of commercial cultivars grown in 76 environments in Argentina (29–38° S latitude). To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a differential response of oleic (Ol), linoleic (Li), and linolenic (Ln) acids and Ol/(Li + Ln) ratio to temperature during seed fill (TmR5R7) under different conditions of field water availability. This study is also the first showing that in environments without water restrictions, Ol, Li, and Ol/(Li + Ln) ratio exhibit a quadratic response to TmR5R7. In drought environments, rising TmR5R7 and water deficit caused linear increases in Ol and [Ol/(Li + Ln)] ratio and linear decreases in Li and Ln, with both climatic factors exhibiting additive effects on UFA. Cumulative solar radiation predicted UFA in both environments but was less robust than TmR5R7 and precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration during the reproductive period (pp − PETR1R7). Our results demonstrate that water deficit (estimated as pp − PETR1R7) modulates the relationship between TmR5R7 and soybean seed UFA under rainfed conditions.

Evaluation of Sunflower Oil as a Rejuvenator and Its Microencapsulation as a Healing Agent

AbstractSelf-healing microencapsulation in asphalt concrete is an emerging technology that would allow this particular material to resist cracking damage caused by vehicular and environmental loading. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of asphalt rejuvenators on asphalt binder, to select a suitable healing agent for asphaltic materials, and to develop a synthesis procedure for the production of microencapsulation of asphalt rejuvenators. Produced microcapsules were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the effects of preparation parameters on the size and morphology of the microcapsules. Based on the results of the experimental program, it was concluded that the use of sunflower oil as a rejuvenator was effective in reversing the aging of asphalt binder and to positively affect both the high-temperature and low-temperature grades of the binder. In contrast, the use of PennzSuppress as a rejuvenator was not effective in reversing the aging of asphalt binder...

Frying oils with high natural or added antioxidants content, which protect against postprandial oxidative stress, also protect against DNA oxidation damage.

Using sunflower oil as frying oil increases postprandial oxidative stress, which is considered the main endogenous source of DNA oxidative damage. We aimed to test whether the protective effect of virgin olive oil and oil models with added antioxidants against postprandial oxidative stress may also protect against DNA oxidative damage. Twenty obese people received four breakfasts following a randomized crossover design consisting of different oils [virgin olive oil (VOO), sunflower oil (SFO), and a mixed seed oil (SFO/canola oil) with added dimethylpolysiloxane (SOX) or natural antioxidants from olives (SOP)], which were subjected to 20 heating cycles. We observed the postprandial increase in the mRNA levels of p53, OGG1, POLB, and GADD45b after the intake of the breakfast prepared with SFO and SOX, and an increase in the expression of MDM2, APEX1, and XPC after the intake of the breakfast prepared with SFO, whereas no significant changes at the postprandial state were observed after the intake of the other breakfasts (all p values <0.05). We observed lower 8-OHdG postprandial levels after the intake of the breakfast prepared with VOO and SOP than after the intake of the breakfast prepared with SFO and SOX (all p values <0.05). Our results support the beneficial effect on DNA oxidation damage of virgin olive oil and the oil models with added antioxidants, as compared to the detrimental use of sunflower oil, which induces p53-dependent DNA repair pathway activation.

Dietary fat intake and its association with risk of selected components of the metabolic syndrome among rural South Indians.

Context:There is limited literature on the dietary fat intake of rural Indian populations, particularly in relation to the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS).Aim:This study aims to assess the dietary fat intake and analyze its association with the risk of selected components of the MS among rural population in the state of Tamil Nadu.Settings and Design:Adults (n = 27012) ≥20 years of age were recruited from the rural component of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study, a cross-sectional study conducted in 42 villages in Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu.Subjects and Methods:Using a validated food frequency questionnaire, data were obtained on the fat intake among 6907 adults. Anthropometric and clinical measures were collected using standard methods. The components of the MS assessed were abdominal obesity, hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose. All analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 20).Results:Prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose were significantly higher in the highest quintile of fat intake (33%, P < 0.001; 39%, P = 0.04, and 23.3%, P = 0.003, respectively). Highest intake of fat was also significantly associated with risk of abdominal obesity (P < 0.001), hypertension (P = 0.04), and impaired fasting glucose (P = 0.01). Sunflower oil as the main cooking oil was significantly associated with a higher risk of these components of the MS (P for trend <0.001) compared to traditional oils and palmolein.Conclusions:Higher dietary fat was significantly associated with risk of components of the MS and use of sunflower oil as main cooking oil increased metabolic risk in rural South Indians.

Physicochemical, Biochemical and Instrumental Attributes and Consumer Acceptability of Dry-Fermented Sausages Elaborated with Combined Partial Substitutions of Sodium Chloride and Pork Backfat

We performed 6 fabrications of dry-fermented sausages to investigate, at laboratory scale, the effects of combined partial substitutions of sodium chloride by potassium chloride and pork backfat by sunflower oil on key physical-chemical and biochemical parameters, instrumental colour and texture measurements, and the consumer acceptability of the end-products. Regarding the physical-chemical parameters, statistical analysis of results showed that final product weight loss was impacted by fat content and use of sunflower oil; final mean water activity value was only affected by salt level; and animal fat content impacted pH values, only at the end of drying. Regarding the biochemical parameters investigated, we statistically found a marked impact of partial substitution of NaCl by KCl on the proteolysis evolution, of fat level and sodium content on the end-product lipolysis, and finally, a significant effect of animal fat level and incorporation of sunflower oil on both protein and lipid oxidations. However, the new product formulations combining salt and fat substitutions lead to globally acceptable water loss and water activity values and similar rates of proteolysis, lipolysis and lipid oxidation, but less protein oxidation. From a practical point of view, the results clearly showed that sodium and animal fat contents in dryfermented sausages can be drastically reduced with no too marked adverse effect on colour, final textural properties or consumer acceptability. On the basis of these laboratory results, new healthier dry-fermented products can be manufactured by an industrial company in the near future.

Economy of a utility boiler power plant fueled with vegetable oil, biodiesel, petrodiesel and their prevalent blends

The economy of a boiler (operating costs) which was fueled with petrodiesel and its prevalent alternatives (soybean oil (SBO), soybean oil methyl ester (SOME), and two blends 5% (B5) and 20% (B20) by volume of SOME in petrodiesel) is studied by a cost-based function over the years 2000 to 2015. The price of fuels, regulated (CO, CO2, NOX, and SO2), non-regulated emissions (PM) and their contribution to the boiler total expenditure are studied at the optimum equivalence ratios of the combustion. Among all kinds of fuels, B5 and B20 can make good economical substitutes for petrodiesel in the selected boiler since the use of these fuels in the boiler leads to annual cost savings of about 1155 and 752 US$ even when these fuels are considered non-renewable, i.e., the price of CO2 is considered in boiler external costs. The operation of the boiler with SOME is not economical even when it is considered renewable. The use of SBO fuel leads to annual saving of 2712 US$ in the boiler when it is considered renewable and when it is not considered renewable the operation of the boiler is not economical.

Flaxseed oil supplementation during lactation change the oxidative balance at adulthood.

We have reported several changes in neonate or adult offspring after the maternal use of whole flaxseed or its components during lactation. We aimed to evaluate the effects of high maternal intake of flaxseed oil during lactation upon body composition, lipid profile and oxidative stress at adult offspring. Lactating rats were divided into: control (C, n=10), 7% soybean oil; (2) hyper 19% soybean oil (HS, n=10); and (3) hyper 17% flaxseed oil + 2% soybean oil (HF, n=10). After weaning,the offspring received a standard diet until PN180, when they were killed. HS and HF offspring presented no changes in body weight and food intake. HF male presented higher total body (+38%) and visceral (+44%) fat mass, serum VLDL-c (+56%) and triacylglycerol (+57%). The HF presented higher plasmatic catalase activity (CAT, +79%) and higher hepatic superoxide dismutases - SOD (+19%) and antioxidant total capacity (+16%). In the adipose tissue we observed lower SOD (-55%), higher malondialdehyde content (+49%) and protein oxidation (+17%). The HS offspring presented higher protein oxidation (+17%) and malondialdehyde content (+7%) in liver. Our results, suggested that the higher intake of flaxseed oil during lactation did not caused oxidative damage in liver, as observed with the use of soybean oil. This could be explained by the higher antioxidant enzymes activity (CAT and SOD) in the HF. However, HF offspring still have a higher oxidative damage in the visceral adipose tissue. The maternal flaxseed oil intake program for changes in body composition, lipid profile and in oxidative balance in the adult progeny. Thus, the mothers should limit their intake of flaxseed oil during lactation.

Milk fatty acid composition, rumen microbial population, and animal performances in response to diets rich in linoleic acid supplemented with chestnut or quebracho tannins in dairy ewes

The aim of the study was to evaluate milk fatty acid (FA) profile, animal performance, and rumen microbial population in response to diets containing soybean oil supplemented or not with chestnut and quebracho tannins in dairy ewes. Eighteen Comisana ewes at 122±6 d in milking were allotted into 3 experimental groups. Diets were characterized by chopped grass hay administered ad libitum and by 800 g/head and day of 3 experimental concentrates containing 84.5 g of soybean oil/kg of dry matter (DM) and 52.8 g/kg of DM of bentonite (control diet), chestnut tannin extract (CHT diet), or quebracho tannin extract (QUE diet). The trial lasted 4 wk. Milk yield was recorded daily, and milk composition and blood parameters were analyzed weekly. At the end of the experiment, samples of rumen fluid were collected to analyze pH, volatile fatty acid profile, and the relative proportions of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus in the rumen microbial population. Hepatic functionality, milk yield, and gross composition were not affected by tannin extracts, whereas milk FA composition was characterized by significant changes in the concentration of linoleic acid (CHT +2.77% and QUE +9.23%), vaccenic acid (CHT +7.07% and QUE +13.88%), rumenic acid (CHT −1.88% and QUE +24.24%), stearic acid (CHT + 8.71% and QUE −11.45%), and saturated fatty acids (CHT −0.47% and QUE −3.38%). These differences were probably due to the ability of condensed versus hydrolyzable tannins to interfere with rumen microbial metabolism, as indirectly confirmed by changes in the relative proportions of B. fibrisolvens and B. proteoclasticus populations and by changes in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids. The effect of the CHT diet on the milk FA profile and microbial species considered in this trial was intermediate between that of QUE and the control diet, suggesting a differential effect of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins on rumen microbes. Compared with control animals, the presence of B. fibrisolvens increased about 3 times in ewes fed CHT and about 5 times in animals fed QUE. In contrast, the abundance of B. proteoclasticus decreased about 5- and 15-fold in rumen liquor of ewes fed CHT and QUE diets, respectively. The use of soybean oil and a practical dose of QUE or CHT extract in the diet of dairy ewes can be an efficient strategy to improve the nutritional quality of milk.

Effect of Frying on Nutrients Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Muscles of Selected Freezing Seafoods

Shellfish are low in fat content. They are especially low in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), but are rich in omega-3 FA. Because heat processing and oil additive could change the FA profile, we determined the effect frying of frozen seafood on the content of nutrients, FA composition and some lipid indices. Analyses were conducted on tissues of clams, Japanese squid, white shrimp and octopus. Frozen octopuses were characterized by a low content of monoenic (MUFAs - 11.8%) and a high polyunsaturated (PUFAs - 54.3%) and FAs of the n-3 family compared to shrimps, squids and clams. The seafood’s were fried in a sunflower oil (170±5°C, 6–8 min). Frying decreased SFAs and n-3 FAs and increased PUFAs and n-6 FAs contents, which corresponds to a significant increase in n-6/n-3 ratio, which we attribute to the use of sunflower oil for frying, since it is a rich source of these acids. A decrease was noted in atherogenic and thrombogenic FA indices, and a significant increase in h/H ratio, beneficial from the nutritional point of view.

Effect of frying oils on the postprandial endoplasmic reticulum stress in obese people.

The addition of antioxidants to frying oil reduces postprandial oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. ER stress may trigger both inflammation and oxidative stress processes. We aimed to determine the biological effects of the intake of four models of frying oils on postprandial ER stress in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Twenty obese people received four breakfasts following a randomized crossover design, consisting of muffins made with different oils (virgin olive oil (VOO), sunflower oil (SFO), and a mixture of seed oils (SFO/canola oil) with either dimethylpolysiloxane (SOD) or natural antioxidants from olives (SOP) added), which were previously subjected to 20 heating cycles. ER stress was assessed by measuring the mRNA levels of sXBP1, BiP, CRT, and CNX in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our study showed that the intake of the muffins made with SFO induced the postprandial increase of the mRNA levels of the ER stress-sensor sXBP1, and the ER stress related chaperones BiP and CRT (all p-values <0.05). The harmful effects associated with the use of SFO as frying oil, in terms of inflammatory response and postprandial oxidative stress, may be partially mediated by the induction of postprandial ER stress.

Lamb performance, milk production and composition from ewes supplemented with soybean oil partially replaced by fish oil blend

The objectives of these experiment were to evaluate the effects of small amounts of fish oil blend supply in partial replacement of soybean oil on dry matter intake (DMI), lactation performance and milk fatty acid composition of ewes and also on performance of their lambs. Fifty Santa Inês lactating ewes (63±6kg of initial BW; mean±SD) were penned individually and used in a randomized complete block design with 10 blocks and 5 treatments. The oils were added to a basal diet that contained 700g/kg DM of concentrate and 300g/kg DM of forage (fresh sugarcane bagasse). The treatments were as follows: (1) basal diet without added oil (CONT); (2) 40g/kg DM of soybean oil (0FO); (3) 2.5g/kg DM of fish oil blend+37.5g/kg DM of soybean oil (25FO); (4) 5g/kg DM of fish oil blend+35g/kg DM of soybean oil (50FO); and (5) 7.5g/kg DM of fish oil blend+32.5g/kg DM of soybean oil (75FO). All diets were isonitrogen (140±4g/kg DM of CP). Once a week, from the second to the eighth week of lactation (weaning time), ewes were separated from their lambs, stimulated by a 6-IU intravenous oxytocin injection, and milked to empty the udder. After 3h, milk production was obtained after the same procedure. DMI (kg/d; % of BW and g/kg BW0.75) was higher for ewes fed the control diets vs. fat-supplemented. However, no effect was observed on DMI when fish oil blend inclusion in the diets increased. Nevertheless, milk production increased linearly when fish oil blend replaced soybean oil. As a consequence, the preweaning average daily gain (ADG) of lambs increased linearly. Milk fat concentration was similar for all diets. Milk protein and total solids concentrations decreased linearly when fish oil blend addition increased. Lactose milk concentration was higher for ewes fed the fat-supplemented diets vs. the control. Stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and CLA cis-9, trans-11 showed higher concentrations in milk of animals fed diets containing soybean oil and fish oil blend compared to the control diet. Vaccenic acid, CLA trans-10, cis-12, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased linearly with fish oil blend inclusion. Small amounts of fish oil supplementation does not exert an additional effect on the concentration of CLA C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 as compered to exclusive use of soybean oil. However, the addition of 7.5g/kg DM of fish oil blend mixed with 32.5g/kg DM of soybean oil is recommended, because it increased the concentration of EPA, DHA and C18:1 trans-11 in the milk, as well increasing the performance of the ewes and their lambs.

Soybean Opportunity as Source of New Energy in Indonesia

These last few years, the name of soybeans soared as a source of biodiesel. Soy biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from soybean oil. Soybean potential as an alternative renewable energy source because it is expected to have the highest energy content compared to other alternative fuels. Opportunities to develop biodiesel using soybean oil in Indonesia is quite large, considering the soybean is a commodity that is already known and widely cultivated almost in all over Indonesia. In addition, the use of soybean for biofuel feedstock is expected to motivate farmers to cultivate soybeans, so their use is not limited to non-energy raw materials. Soybean varieties that have a high oil content as well as high yield is a source of major biodiesel feedstock. From 73 soybean varieties that have been released in Indonesia, has an average oil content of 18%. Varieties with high oil content can be used as raw material for biodiesel. Research on the use of soy as an ingredient of energy crops (biodiesel) have been carried out. In fact, soybean oil is the vegetable oil feedstock for most of the biodiesel being produced in the United States today. With the potential for soybean crops in Indonesia, both in terms of availability of land and varieties, the use of soybean oil for biofuel development in Indonesia is the flagship prospective materials for bio fuel substitute than other plants in the future.

Growth, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and meat fatty acid profile of lambs fed soybean oil partially replaced by fish oil blend

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean oil by fish oil on dry matter intake (DMI), growth, carcass characteristics, and meat fatty acid profile of feedlot lambs. Fifty Santa Ines male lambs with 17.1±2.8 of initial body weight (BW) were individually penned and used in a randomized complete block design with 10 blocks and 5 treatments. Dietary treatments, dry matter (DM) basis, consisted of: (1) control diet (CONT) with a 10:90 of forage to concentrate ratio, (2) control diet supplemented with 40g/kg of soybean oil (0FO), (3) control diet supplemented with 2.5g/kg of fish oil blend+37.5g/kg of soybean oil (25FO), (4) control diet supplemented with 5g/kg of fish oil blend+35g/kg of soybean oil (50FO), and (5) control diet supplemented with 7.5g/kg of fish oil blend+32.5g/kg of soybean oil (75FO). Diets were mixed once daily and fed ad libitum. At the end of the 84-day feeding trial, all animals were slaughtered for carcass characteristics evaluations and meat fat acid profile determination. Animals fed soybean oil had reduced DMI compared to control; however, the average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE) and final BW were not affected. The animals fed fish oil had similar DMI, ADG, FE and final BW to those receiving the control treatment. The DMI, ADG, FE and final BW were not affected by the increasing substitution of soybean oil for fish oil. Most carcass characteristics were not affected by treatments. The shrink after chilling was lower for the 50FO diet. Short, medium, and long-chain fatty acids were similar for all diets. Stearic acid concentration was higher for lambs fed the fat diets vs. control. However, stearic acid concentration decreased linearly when fish oil replaced soybean oil. Vaccenic acid concentration was higher for lambs fed fat diets vs. control. In addition, vaccenic acid increased linearly with fish oil inclusion. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 showed higher concentration in meat of animals fed diets containing fish oil compared to control, but it was not affected by soybean oil inclusion. Feeding small amounts of fish oil blend plus soybean oil does not exert an additional effect on the concentration of CLA C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 in relation to the exclusive use of soybean oil. However, the mixture of 7.5g/kg DM of fish oil blend with 32.5g/kg DM of soybean oil is recommended, because it improves the lipid profile of the meat by increasing the concentration of vaccenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Additionally, supplementing 7.5g/kg DM of fish oil blend mixed with 32.5g/kg DM of soybean had no negative effect on the feed intake, ADG, FE and carcass characteristics of the lambs fed high concentrate diet.

Qualitative characteristics of meat from confined crossbred heifers fed with lipid sources

Lipids have been used in ruminant feed to replace high amounts of grain for increasing the diet energy density, performance and meat quality. This study evaluated the qualitative characteristics of meat from feedlot heifers fed with sources of lipid supplements. Twenty-one crossbred heifers (1/4Nelore × 1/4Santa Gertrudis × 1/2Braunvieh) were used. Each heifer received 60 % forage with a base of corn silage and 40 % concentrate, resulting in 5.8 % lipid content in the total diet. The following sources of lipids were used: soybeans, protected fat and soybean oil. There were no differences on physical characteristics of meat samples from heifers fed with the lipid sources. Soybeans increased the concentration of linoleic acid, content of polyunsaturated fatty acid and activity of the Δ9-desaturase C16 enzyme in the Longissimus muscle. The use of soybean oil in the diet increased the oleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, total cis- and trans-fatty acids (C18:0) and the activity of the Δ9-desaturase C16 enzyme in the subcutaneous fat. Diets with soybean grain had greater deposition of linoleic and linolenic acids than diets with fat protected and greater presence of these essential fatty acids are associated to a better composition and meat quality.

Effects of dietary alpha tocopherol acetate and soybean oil on growth performance and meat oxidative stability of broiler chicks

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of dietary soybean oil and alpha tocopherol acetate on growth performance and meat lipid peroxidation and acidity after slaughter in broilers. 405 one day old Ross-308 were used in this experiment. The study was done in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement include 3 levels of soybean oil (0, 1.5 and 3%) and 3 concentrations of alpha tocopherol acetate (0, 0.02 and 0.04) with three replicates under each treatment and 15 chicks per each pen. Growth performance parameters such as weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and energy efficiency ratio were recorded weekly during 1 to 42 days. In the end of training two birds per each pen were weighed and slaughtered. Then, carcass characteristics were measured. Thigh samples of these birds were collected and stored to meat quality analysis. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) for day one after slaughter and thigh meat acidity were determined as meat quality traits. The results of this experiment suggested that effects of dietary treatments on broilers growth performance were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Thigh percentage was influenced by dietary soybean oil (P 0.05). The results of meat quality study indicated that thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number was affected by dietary soybean oil (P 0.05). Thigh meat acidity were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). In conclusion, the use of soybean oil and alpha tocopherol acetate in broiler diets had no negative effects on growth performance. Key words: Broiler, alpha tochopherol acetate, fatty acid, performance.