Slaughterhouse workers (SHWs) face occupational risk of zoonotic Campylobacter infection (ZCI) but exposure data are limited in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly Nigeria. This study assessed behavioral, educational, and infrastructural factors affecting Campylobacter exposure among 188 SHWs in Enugu, Nigeria. Data on socio-demographics, hygiene practices, knowledge of zoonotic transmission, and self-reported gastroenteritis symptoms were collected via a validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression identified determinants of risky practices, knowledge gaps, and symptoms. Overall, 56.4% of SHWs were classified as high-risk for Campylobacter exposure. Unsafe practices included non-use of personal protective equipment (PPE) (77.1%), washing multiple carcasses in the same bowl (54.8%), eating or drinking during processing (45.7%), and consuming raw or undercooked meat (36.7%). Non-potable water was used by 90.4% of respondents, with only 14.1% purifying it. Behavioral practices aiding ZCI were significantly associated with lack of hygiene training (OR=3.7, 95% CI: 1.7-8.0, p=0.001), low educational attainment (OR=2.8, 95% CI: 0.15-0.85, p=0.020), age≥45years (OR=2.1, 95% CI: 0.25-0.92, p=0.028), and urban slaughterhouse location (OR=2.4, 95% CI: 1.26-4.57, p=0.007). Knowledge gaps were common, with 28-57% unaware of transmission risks via meat, water, PPE, or eating during processing. Self-reported gastroenteritis symptoms were documented in 64.4% of SHWs, with 76% continuing work while symptomatic. Having <10years' work experience (AOR=2.84, 95% CI: 1.36-5.95, p=0.006), lack of training (AOR=2.74, 95% CI: 1.12-6.67, p=0.027), low knowledge of Campylobacter transmission dynamics (AOR=4.46, 95% CI: 2.02-9.87, p<0.001), and high-risk practices (AOR=6.98, 95% CI: 3.0-16.2, p<0.001) were independently associated with symptoms. These findings highlight critical occupational exposure, entrenched unsafe practices, and knowledge deficits. Targeted One Health interventions, including provision of potable water, mandatory use of PPE, and context-specific hygiene training are urgently needed to reduce zoonotic Campylobacter transmission risks and enhance food safety in the study area.

Danish solid-waste incineration workers may be exposed to dust, containing metals including lead. While negative implications of higher levels of lead and dust exposure are well established, the health effects of contemporary low-level exposure remain unclear. This cross-sectional biomonitoring study among 55 male incineration workers compared blood lead levels and FEV₁ between 31 dusty-task workers and 24 controls using multivariable regression. None of the participants had blood lead exceeding the Danish upper reference value (<0.53 µmol/L). Workers exposed to dusty tasks (n = 31) had higher blood lead and a 2.1-fold higher prevalence of blood lead ≥ 0.1 µmol/L compared to controls. FEV₁ was lower in exposed workers (3.5 L; 90% predicted) compared to controls (4.2 L; 102% predicted), but this difference was non-significant after adjustment for confounders. Findings indicate persistent low-level lead exposure in Danish solid-waste incineration settings, underscoring the need for continued exposure controls and proper use of personal protective equipment.

BackgroundPersonal Protective Equipment protects healthcare workers from harmful exposures, reducing the risk of illness and injury. However, adherence to its proper use is often low, increasing infection risks and lowering care quality. Consistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for safeguarding both healthcare workers and patients.ObjectiveTo assess utilization of personal protective equipment and its determinants among health care professionals in public hospitals in resource-limited settings, 2025.MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 health professionals selected by simple random sampling from four public hospitals. Data were collected using a pretested self-administered questionnaire. After data cleaning and entry into EpiData 3.1, analysis was performed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics were presented using tables and figures. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with PPE utilization, with statistical significance declared at p < .05.ResultA total of 416 respondents participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 98.6%, and the magnitude of personal protective equipment utilization was 51.7%, 95% CI [46.4%, 55.8%]. Higher PPE utilization was significantly associated with monthly income, working hours, knowledge, and attitude toward PPE. Participants earning more than 10,000 ETB (AOR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.31, 4.10), those working 40 hours or less per week (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.96), respondents with good knowledge (AOR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.30, 2.72), and those with a positive attitude (AOR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.58) had higher odds of utilizing PPE at a P-value < .05.ConclusionOnly about half of the health professionals regularly used personal protective equipment, indicating a considerable gap in adherence to safety practices. Higher income, reasonable working hours, good knowledge, and a positive attitude were key factors that enhanced utilization. Therefore, healthcare institutions and stakeholders should strengthen continuous training, ensure adequate availability of PPE, and promote supportive working conditions to encourage consistent utilization.

Infectious contamination of healthcare workers.

Basketball continues to gain popularity globally, but the patterns and effects of basketball-related facial trauma (FT) have yet to be well studied. Characterize the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of FT in collegiate and professional basketball and guide prevention strategies. A comprehensive literature search utilizing PRISMA guidelines identified articles on FT among collegiate and professional basketball players using Ovid Medline, Embase, and article reference lists. Of the 164 unique articles identified, 10 were included in our review. FT accounts for 3.9% of injuries in the NBA, and athletes have a 12.6% risk of FT per season. FT rates are increasing over time at the professional and collegiate levels. A total of 32.1% of NBA players sustaining FT were treated operatively. Although FT accounted for 255 missed games over 17 years and correlated with shorter careers, player performance was unaffected. Resistance to the use of personal protective equipment has been reported, despite the significant associated mitigation of FT risk. In collegiate and professional basketball, FT and its sequelae are common. Although facemasks and mouthguards have the potential to protect players from FT-related injuries, many players opt out of wearing these due to discomfort and league culture.

Contrary to the guidelines of International Labour Organisation and the World Health Organization (WHO), most deathcare facilities lacked appropriate and adequate engineering and administrative controls, as well as the personal protective equipment (PPE) necessary for the safe management of dead bodies. This review explored work practices of deathcare workers, focusing on work-related health and safety hazards and associated organisational and social support systems utilised by these workers. This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews and the JBI methodological guidelines for scoping reviews. A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases, including PubMed, Dimensions, Embase, ProQuest, Academia, Web of Science, WHO Global Index Medicus, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, CINAHL Complete, WorldWideScience, JSTOR, Mendeley Data, University of Minnesota Libraries, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, Cambridge Core, Journal of Death and Dying, and Google Scholar. Consistent with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, thorough screening and data extraction were performed. In addition, qualitative thematic analysis and synthesis were employed to present the findings. 64 peer-reviewed, full-text articles were included in this review. The findings identified physical or ergonomic, biological, chemical, and psychosocial hazards, as well as indoor air pollution, as common work-related risks faced by deathcare workers worldwide, with significant variations in exposure rates. Furthermore, safety controls and sociodemographic characteristics of workers influenced their participation in safety practices and the overall workplace safety climate. Inadequate engineering and administrative safety controls, inadequate supply and use of PPE, and improper adherence to donning and doffing protocols contributed to the high exposures among these workers. Unfortunately, deathcare facilities lacked clear social support systems and compensation schemes for their employees. Meanwhile, workers employed both positive and negative coping strategies to manage work-related hazards. The use of inappropriate working tools and equipment, insufficient training, lack of supportive monitoring and supervision, inadequate medical screening, inadequate vaccination, and absence of post-exposure prophylaxes negatively impacted deathcare workers' safety participation and the overall workplace safety climate. Robust policy interventions are necessary to ensure effective implementation of counseling services, compensation schemes, supportive monitoring and supervision, and the consistent supply and use of PPE by these vulnerable workers.

Building on international research, which applies moral disengagement theory in sport, this study examined NCAA Division I coaches’ adherence to COVID-19 safety recommendations in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Medical Sport Playbook. These protocols included social distancing, sanitation, personal protective equipment (PPE), pre-participation exams, and daily screening. Coaches (n = 179) across 29 sports completed a survey regarding compliance with this guidance. The following research questions guided the analysis: RQ1: What is the relationship between win/loss records and compliance with COVID-19 safety protocols? H1: Teams with sustained winning records (≥ 80% win rate) were expected to demonstrate higher compliance with COVID-19 safety protocols. RQ2: What is the relationship between team gender and compliance with these protocols? H2: Women's teams were expected to demonstrate greater compliance with COVID-19 protocols. Guided by Bandura's moral disengagement theory, we explored how competitive pressure and coaching identity may rationalize noncompliance with public health mandates. Regression analyses revealed that teams with higher win rates were significantly less likely to comply with sanitation and daily screening protocols, while women's teams demonstrated significantly greater adherence to social distancing. Compliance with PPE use and pre-participation exams was inconsistent across all teams. Overall, high-performance programs were less likely to follow COVID-19 safety protocols, highlighting the influence of moral disengagement, gendered expectations, and performance culture on health-related decision-making. These findings extend understanding of how performance culture, moral disengagement, and gendered leadership norms influence health compliance in elite sport environments worldwide.

Confined spaces present a unique set of hazards due to their limited entry and exit points, poor ventilation, and potential presence of toxic or flammable substances. This project focuses on the systematic identification of hazards, risk assessment, and the implementation of effective control measures to enhance safety in confined space operations. The primary objective is to apply the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) methodology to various confined space scenarios commonly encountered in industrial environments, such as tanks, silos, manholes, and underground chambers. Through site observations, incident report analysis, and worker interviews, key hazards such as oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment, heat stress, and mechanical entrapment are identified. Each hazard is then assessed using a risk matrix to determine the severity and likelihood of occurrence. Based on the HIRA findings, this project proposes a structured framework of control measures, including engineering controls (e.g., forced ventilation, gas detection systems), administrative controls (e.g., confined space entry permits, training programs), and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Special emphasis is placed on implementing a comprehensive Permit-to-Work (PTW) system and emergency rescue procedures. A case study approach is employed to evaluate the effectiveness of these control measures in a real-world confined space task. Performance indicators such as incident rates, compliance levels, and worker feedback are analyzed before and after implementing the control measures. The project concludes that a well-structured HIRA process, combined with multi-layered control strategies, significantly reduces the risk associated with confined space work. Recommendations are made for continuous improvement, including the integration of real-time monitoring technologies and periodic safety audits. This study aims to contribute to safer confined space practices and raise awareness among safety professionals, workers, and management teams.

Studies have shown that levels of fungal contamination and mycotoxin concentrations in oil-producing seeds vary across regions. In addition, extreme exposure to seeds dust particulate matter can lead to respiratory health problems. In Ethiopia oil-seeds processing factories workers exposure to particulate matter and magnitude of its respiratory symptoms have not been widely explored. To determine particulate matter concentration exposure levels and identify factors associated with respiratory symptoms among oil-seed processing factories workers. Using cross-sectional study design, 14 factories and 716 participants were selected through simple random sampling. Qualitative data were collected through checklist-based observation, in-depth interviews & FGDs and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Direct particulate matter concentrations were measured using PATS + , Dylos DC1900, and Laser PM2.5 Meter-5800D/5800E devices. Descriptive statistics were used for data summarization, and analysis was conducted using STATA version 16.1. Binary logistic regression &multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to identify associated factors, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Among 716 participants, 49.9% were female. The mean PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations in oil-seeds processing factories were 19.72 ± 11.8µg/m3 and 55.24 ± 14.5µg/m3, respectively. Respiratory symptoms and bronchitis were reported by 25.28% of workers. Wheezing (23.2%), phlegm (22.5%), dyspnea (22.3%), and occupational asthma (12.57%) were the most common symptoms. Significant predictors included particulate matter exposure [AOR = 18.6, 95% CI: (9.12, 37.43)], not PPE use [AOR = 18.3, 95% CI: (2.39, 39.39)], use of wood as an energy source [AOR = 15.47, 95% CI: (4.25,36.4)], and inadequate ventilation [AOR = 14.29,95% CI:(3.01-26.70)]. Workplace exposure to oil seeds PM2.5 and PM10 among oil-seeds processing factories workers exceeded WHO guideline limits. Respiratory and asthma symptoms were highly prevalent, with greater risk among workers exposed above WHO standards. Oil seeds particulate matter exposure, not personal protective Equipment use, energy source, insufficient ventilation, and training were significant factors associated with respiratory symptoms. Necessary measures are needed to limit particulate matter exposure, including effective occupational health and safety programs that emphasize source-level dust control, routine supervision, engineering controls (e.g., adequate ventilation), administrative actions (such as training and risk assessment), and appropriate personal protective equipment use. Future study of personal measurement with case control is desirable.

Residential construction projects involve diverse activities that expose workers to multiple hazards, making systematic risk management essential for ensuring safety and project efficiency. This study focuses on Evaluating and Mitigating Risk in Residential Construction Projects: A HIRA Approach, emphasizing the application of Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) as a structured method to recognize, assess, and control hazards across various stages of construction. The project identifies key risks associated with excavation, masonry, carpentry, electrical works, roofing, and material handling, all of which significantly contribute to workplace injuries and delays. Through site observations, worker interviews, and analysis of previous incident data, this study categorizes hazards based on likelihood and severity to determine overall risk levels using a standard HIRA matrix. The findings highlight that falls from height, electrical hazards, poor housekeeping, and unsafe use of tools are among the most frequent high-risk factors in residential projects. The study emphasizes that applying effective mitigation strategies such as engineering controls, administrative measures, regular safety training, and proper use of personal protective equipment can drastically reduce accident rates. Integrating HIRA into daily site operations encourages proactive safety culture and supports continuous improvement in risk management. The HIRA approach proves to be a practical and efficient framework for minimizing risks, improving safety performance, and enhancing operational reliability in residential construction projects.

Background-aimLandfill workers face a range of occupational exposures that can adversely affect their health and overall quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess cadmium and lead concentrations in the blood of workers employed at sanitary landfill sites, while documenting additional health indicators. Another objective was to explore potential associations between exposure levels and demographic factors, occupational history, working conditions.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among employees working at four landfill sites in Northern Greece. Participants completed a questionnaire and underwent clinical examination. Blood samples were collected for hematological, biochemical analyses, and the determination of lead and cadmium concentrations. Statistical analyses were performed to identify differences in the examined parameters across occupational exposure groups and to identify predictors of lead and cadmium levels.ResultsA total of 147 employees were recruited (76.9% males, n = 113), with a mean age of 48 ± 7.6 years. Blood lead levels were significantly higher in males compared to females (2.26 μg/dL vs. 1.40 μg/dL, p = 0.001), while no sex differences were observed for cadmium (p = 0.438). Increasing age was associated with higher lead levels (p = 0.001), but not with cadmium (p = 0.382). Cadmium levels increased with higher BMI, whereas lead levels decreased (normal weight: 2.24 ± 1.67 μg/dL and 1.25 ± 1.33 μg/L; overweight: 2.05 ± 1.33 μg/dL and 1.41 ± 1.97 μg/L; obese: 1.88 ± 1.15 μg/dL and 1.45 ± 1.89 μg/L, respectively). Smoking was a significant determinant of both metals, with higher levels observed among smokers (lead: 1.61 ± 0.98 μg/dL; cadmium: 0.50 ± 0.71 μg/L). Significant predictors of cadmium and lead levels included smoking, duration of employment, work position, occupational site and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Highly exposed workers had significantly higher cadmium (2.12 ± 2.38 μg/L) and lead levels (2.69 ± 1.61 μg/dL) compared to moderate and low exposure groups (p ≤ 0.016).ConclusionBlood cadmium and lead levels among landfill workers were associated with occupational exposure intensity and individual factors such as age, BMI, and smoking. Although overall concentrations were relatively low, cumulative exposure influenced by both workplace conditions and lifestyle factors is evident. These findings underscore the need for ongoing occupational health monitoring and targeted preventive measures to reduce exposure and protect worker health.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented surge in the use of disposable personal protective equipment (PPE), contributing to a substantial increase in medical waste and environmental pollution. While Level 3 disposable PPE is widely used to protect healthcare workers, its environmental sustainability remains a growing concern. Reusable PPE systems, such as the Surgeons of Universitas Sebelas Maret Protective Equipment (SUNS Proque), have been developed as alternatives to mitigate environmental impacts while maintaining adequate protection. Objective: This study aimed to compare the environmental sustainability of reusable SUNS Proque PPE and conventional Level 3 disposable PPE used in COVID-19 isolation wards. Methods: An observational analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr Moewardi Hospital in Indonesia. A total of 56 healthcare workers (physicians, nurses, and sanitation staff) who had experience using both PPE types participated. Environmental sustainability was assessed using a validated 10-item Likert-scale questionnaire covering recyclability, reusability, waste volume, material characteristics, waste segregation, and circular economy principles. Statistical analyses included Chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and Eta correlation analysis. Results: SUNS Proque PPE demonstrated significantly higher overall environmental sustainability compared with Level 3 PPE (p &lt; 0.001). Significant differences were observed in recyclability (p = 0.025), design for reuse (p = 0.002), waste volume reduction (p = 0.017; Eta = 0.772), and waste segregation (p = 0.013). Waste volume emerged as the strongest determinant differentiating the two PPE systems. Other indicators, including material toxicity and non-incineration processing, showed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Reusable SUNS Proque PPE offers superior environmental sustainability compared with conventional disposable Level 3 PPE, particularly through substantial waste reduction. Integrating reusable PPE into hospital infection control strategies may support environmentally sustainable healthcare systems without compromising occupational safety.

Introduction: The increasing use of fluoroscopy-guided procedures raises concerns about occupational radiation exposure, underscoring the need for effective radiation protection (RP) practices among healthcare professionals. The primary objective was to evaluate compliance with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and dosimeters, and to identify factors influencing safety behaviors among exposed workers. Methods: A cross-sectional, exploratory quantitative study was conducted at a hospital centre using a self-administered questionnaire in fluoroscopy-guided operating and interventional settings. The questionnaire collected sociodemographic and professional data, information on RP training, compliance with personal and collective protective equipment, and dosimeter use, as well as perceptions of occupational risk. Results: The study included 52 workers. Compliance with PPE use varied across professions, with radiographers reporting significantly higher use of lead aprons/skirt-coats and thyroid shields than other professionals (p < 0.05). The RP training was significantly associated with compliance with PPE and dosimeter use (odds ratios: 4.2–8.9). Older age groups reported lower compliance with PPE use. Overall, risk perception of radiation-related diseases was low (46.2%), and no statistically significant association was found between risk perception and reported PPE use. Regarding protection practices, 67% reported appropriate use of the apron/skirt-coat, 65% of the thyroid shield, and 62% of the dosimeter. The main barriers to PPE use were discomfort, weight, and inadequate cleaning, while forgetfulness was the most reported reason for not using the dosimeter. Conclusions: Inconsistent use of protective equipment and dosimeters may lead to unnecessary exposure and underestimation of occupational radiation doses, whereas RP training is a key determinant of compliance and a strong safety culture.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a scenario of physical, social, and emotional illness that significantly increased the need for spiritual care, particularly in hospital environments, where individuals were more vulnerable, fragile, and anxious. In this context, the hospital chaplain played a strategic role within the multidisciplinary care team for hospitalized patients, serving as the primary provider of spiritual care. This article presents an experiential report of the role of hospital chaplains in providing spiritual support to the multidisciplinary team, patients, and their families in a nonprofit, religiously affiliated hospital in the Brazilian Amazon during the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of the coronavirus in the hospital led to decisions that reoriented care routines to ensure quality services and the safety of both patients and staff, significantly impacting the chaplaincy service's provision of spiritual support. Like other healthcare professionals, chaplains adapted their practices. Notable changes included restricted access to patients and family members, the elimination of physical contact, continuous use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and strict adherence to hygiene protocols. Visits became shorter and required greater preparation, aiming to ensure safety for all. The chaplaincy's collaboration with the multidisciplinary team was essential in providing emotional and spiritual assistance. Through worship services, prayers, active listening, and a welcoming presence, chaplains supported professionals in facing fear, exhaustion, and grief, thereby strengthening resilience. Ultimately, spiritual care became a key pillar for collective recovery, fostering hope, meaning, and daily renewal amid the crisis.

Bloodstream infections due to repeated vascular access (VA) puncture and circuit connections remain major concerns in hemodialysis. Therefore, we examined current practices for glove, disinfectant, and personal protective equipment (PPE) use according to VA type in national university hospitals in Japan. Two questionnaire surveys were conducted between 2019 and 2022, with responses obtained from all 42 hospitals. All facilities used disposable gloves for cannulation and VA connection. Nonsterile gloves were more frequently used than sterile gloves for arteriovenous fistula (AVF), arteriovenous graft (AVG), subcutaneously fixed superficial artery, noncuffed catheters, and cuffed catheters. In 2019, nonsterile gloves were reported in 67% of facilities for AVF, 60% for AVG, 71% for subcutaneously fixed superficial arteries, 74% for noncuffed catheters, and 73% for cuffed catheters. In 2022, rates were 81%, 60%, 67%, 64%, and 67%, respectively. Disinfectant selection differed by VA type. In 2019, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) was most commonly used for AVF, povidone-iodine (PI) for AVG and subcutaneously fixed superficial arteries, and alcohol for both noncuffed and cuffed catheters. In 2022, CHG-alcohol predominated for AVF, while PI remained a common disinfectant for AVG and subcutaneously fixed superficial arteries. PPE use increased from the first to the second survey. Infection control practices during VA cannulation and connection varied even among national university hospitals. Further studies evaluating associations with infection outcomes are needed.

Controlling hazards in the work environment can be done through various means, but technical control is the top priority. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is considered the application of a safe way of working. This study aims to determine the relationship between compliance with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and efforts to prevent occupational diseases in nurses at Pertamedika Ummi Rosnati Hospital Banda Aceh. This type of research is quantitative with an analytic design with a cross-sectional study approach. Data collection was carried out from June 13 to 20, 2025, at Pertamedika Ummi Rosnati Hospital. The population in the study was all nurses in the inpatient room of Pertamedika Ummi Rosnati Hospital Banda Aceh, totaling 59 people with sampling techniques using total sampling. Data analysis using the chi-square test, where the results showed there was a relationship between knowledge (p = 0.001), attitude (p = 0.036), and compliance using PPE (p = 0.015) with efforts to prevent occupational diseases. The conclusion of this study found that there is a relationship between compliance with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and efforts to prevent occupational diseases in nurses at Pertamedika Ummi Rosnati Hospital Banda Aceh. It is recommended that nurses increase efforts to prevent occupational diseases by continuing to use PPE even though sometimes it is not provided in hospitals, such as masks.

Infection prevention and control (IPC) in family medicine is a fundamental aspect of primary healthcare, playing a key role in reducing the transmission of infectious diseases in community settings. This narrative review explores current IPC practices in outpatient and family medicine settings, identifies major challenges, and discusses future directions for improvement. A structured literature search was conducted using major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, focusing on studies related to IPC, antimicrobial resistance, and primary care infections. The review highlights that family medicine clinics face a high burden of infectious diseases, particularly respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin infections. Core IPC measures such as hand hygiene, standard precautions, environmental cleaning, safe injection practices, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment remain the foundation of infection control. However, their implementation is often inconsistent due to resource limitations, training gaps, infrastructural constraints, and behavioral factors. The review also emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial stewardship and vaccination as integrated components of IPC. Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic further underline the need for preparedness, telemedicine integration, and stronger infection control systems in primary care. Overall, strengthening IPC in family medicine requires coordinated efforts at clinical, organizational, and policy levels to improve patient safety and reduce the burden of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance globally.

Industrial toxicology is a branch of science that plays a crucial role in identifying, analyzing, and controlling the impact of chemical exposure on worker health, particularly in the manufacturing and hospital sectors, which have high risk levels. Exposure to chemicals such as organic solvents, heavy metals, disinfectants, and cytotoxic drugs can cause both acute and chronic health problems if not managed properly. This study aims to examine the role of industrial toxicology in controlling chemical exposure and the application of Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) principles to minimize worker health risks. The method used is a literature review by analyzing various national and international journals from the last five years that are relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that effective control of chemical exposure must refer to the hierarchy of control, including elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative control, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). In addition, the implementation of a structured OHS management system, continuous worker training, and routine monitoring of the work environment have been proven to reduce exposure levels and the risk of occupational diseases. These findings confirm that the integration of industrial toxicology with a comprehensive OHS system is not merely a formality, but a fundamental necessity for creating a safe, healthy, and productive work environment. Without disciplined controls, long-term risks to workers will continue to be overlooked, leading to a decline in the quality of human resources.

In November 2020, an alert for a "mysterious disease" among fishermen was issued. Fishermen are particularly subjected to dermatoses due to their constant contact with seawater, fish, crustaceans, and fishing equipment that may contain harmful agents. The study aimed to examine the alert, identify the causative agent and suggest preventive and control measures. This was a cross-sectional study of dermatoses in Dakar (Senegal) from October 11 to November 30, 2020, using quantitative and qualitative methods within a 'One Health' approach." The investigation included bacterio-virological, anatomopathological and toxicological examinations. Data were analyzed using Epi info and QGIS (case mapping), We observed all confidentiality measures during the study. A total of 555 cases were diagnosed with an attack rate of 5.4% among fishermen and no deaths were reported. There was a delay in epidemic detection and notification. The epidemic was most prevalent among people from coastal areas. Average age of cases was 22 ± 9 years, and all were male and artisanal fishermen by profession. Patients presented with fever (16%), cutaneous pain (100%) and mucocutaneous lesions (100%) consisting of vesicles, papules and ulcerations localized on exposed areas of the body, external genitalia and oral mucosa, with severe cases (8%). Toxicology revealed the presence of a toxic alga (V. rugosum) in marine equipments. The notion of a sea trip in the 24-48 hours before the onset of the disease was found in 92%. Majority of cases (74%) did not have full personal protective equipment (PPE). The proportion of people without full protection was 83% among those who developed severe forms. People without full protection were more exposed to severe forms than those with full PPE; (OR = 1.818; 95% CI [0.829 - 3.988]). The investigation has linked the epidemic to a probable algal origin. We need to promote the use of personal protective equipment and improve the early warning and notification system.

Construction sites are among the most hazardous work environments, where workers face risks from falling objects, heavy machinery, electrical hazards, and exposure to dangerous materials. Ensuring proper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as helmets, safety vests, gloves, boots, and masks is critical to minimizing accidents and injuries. Traditional PPE compliance monitoring relies heavily on manual supervision, which is prone to human error, delayed responses, and limited coverage, especially on large-scale construction sites. To overcome these challenges, this project proposes a context-aware PPE detection system for construction site safety using the enhanced YOLOv11 deep learning model. The system is capable of real-time detection and classification of multiple PPE categories, even in complex site conditions involving occlusions, varying lighting, and crowded scenes. By automating monitoring, the framework ensures continuous vigilance, significantly reducing the dependence on manual checks and enhancing workplace safety standards. The proposed system not only identifies compliance violations instantly but also provides immediate alerts through SMS and mobile notifications, allowing supervisors to take corrective actions without delay. Integration with real-time video feeds enables proactive risk management, data-driven insights, and improved regulatory compliance for site managers. Moreover, the system’s advanced object detection capabilities facilitate accurate monitoring of multiple workers simultaneously, ensuring consistent adherence to safety protocols across the construction site. By combining real-time surveillance with automated notifications, this solution fosters a culture of safety consciousness, minimizes accidents due to negligence, and supports efficient safety management, ultimately creating a safer and more compliant work environment for all personnel on site.