Use Of Nonverbal Cues Research Articles

The Use of Non-Verbal Cues in Expressing Anxiety during Oral Presentation: A Qualitative Study of ESL Speakers

The Use of Non-Verbal Cues in Expressing Anxiety during Oral Presentation: A Qualitative Study of ESL Speakers

Challenges Tambach Student Teachers of Kiswahili Encounter in the Use of Non-Verbal Cues in Classroom Teaching in Selected Primary Schools in Uasin Gishu and Elgeyo Marakwet Counties, Kenya

Challenges Tambach Student Teachers of Kiswahili Encounter in the Use of Non-Verbal Cues in Classroom Teaching in Selected Primary Schools in Uasin Gishu and Elgeyo Marakwet Counties, Kenya

The effect of non-verbal cues on pupil participation during the teaching of Kiswahili by Tambach Trainee-Teachers

The main objective of this study was to analyze the effect of non-verbal cues on pupil participation during the teaching of Kiswahili by trainee-teachers. The research adopted a descriptive survey design, based on the Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) theory, and involved Kiswahili teachers, teacher-trainees of Kiswahili language and pupils of selected primary schools in Uasin Gishu and Elgeyo Marakwet, Kenya. A purposive sampling technique was used to single out Kiswahili tutors for a Focus Group Discussion. Stratified random sampling method was then used to select 234 trainee-teachers and 210 learners. Questionnaires, observation schedules and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to collect the data which was then analyzed using SPSS to form descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentages. Lastly, the data was presented descriptively and graphically as tables, graphs and charts. The findings uncovered that the use of non-verbal cues actively encourages student interaction and draws their attention into the subject matter being addressed. Hence, this research is anticipated to help improve the teaching and performance of Kiswahili, build a suitable teacher-student bond in the language classroom, further develop the cognitive abilities and heighten the learning capabilities of pupils by using non-verbal communication.

Medical students’ experience and learning outcomes of overseas community involvement project: a qualitative study

BackgroundMedical students in Singapore engage in short term medical missions, locally known as Overseas Community Involvement Projects (OCIPs). Little is known about the learning outcomes of an OCIP and how this complements their medical education back home. Understanding this can help the medical educators structure the OCIP to optimise its learning value.ObjectivesThis study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences and learning outcomes of the medical students who participated in the OCIP.MethodsThis was a qualitative study involving Singaporean students from one medical school travelling to Nepal. Data was collected from reflective journals, overall group reflections and two focus group discussions. The data was thematically analysed using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical (ACGME) core competencies for medical professionals.ResultsThe data could be classified under various themes within the six domains of the ACGME framework. The study revealed themes of: humanism, socioeconomic and cultural determinants of health under the domain of patient care, application of medical knowledge, investigating and evaluating the needs of a population and feedback to drive improvement under the domain of practice-based learning and improvement, use of non-verbal cues and communicating across language barriers under the domain of interpersonal and communication skills, healthcare systems and delivery, resourcefulness and adaptability, health equity and accessibility under the domain of systems-based practice, ethics, role-modelling, teamwork and leadership skills, interprofessional skills and resilience under the domain of professionalism. Understanding the students’ motivations, utilising reflections, and following the patients’ journey facilitated attainment of these outcomes.ConclusionsThis OCIP experience translated to learning outcomes aligned with the ACGME framework. There is great potential for the experiential learning from a well-structured OCIP to help with personal and professional development and global health education.

Communicating in English as a Second Language Aboard a European Cruise Line: An Autoethnographic Sketch

Working aboard an international cruise ship that travels to Europe is an exciting adventure with the many wonderful ports of call to visit, exquisite dining experiences, and a multitude of crew members who come from different countries. Because they have to serve foreign guests, crewmembers speak English frequently. This paper is an autoethnographic sketch of a pianist who works in an international cruise line and befriends a Polish musician who has English language issues such as inability to pronounce correct English words and phrases, excessive use of non-verbal cues in communication, and a generally low English comprehension level, but with an inquisitive spirit to learn the second language, the two communicators manage to foster a mutual understanding. Narratives are drawn from self-reflections, analyzed and interwoven as a self-culture assemblage of cross-cultural communication. Results of the study reveal that interpersonal communication hovers within diverse cultural settings despite certain language impediments, emphasizing that the English language as a second language spoken by both second language speakers tends to eliminate speech anxiety. European crew members mingling with multi-cultural individuals establish good interactive skills while fostering good relationships while they learn practical English in the exercise of their daily duties.

Cross-cultural Differences in Using Nonverbal Behaviors to Identify Indirect Replies

The ability to decode nonverbal cues is essential for effective cross-cultural communication. Despite the significance of nonverbal communication, research in this area has primarily focused on spoken language. This is particularly problematic during indirect communication, where there is a discrepancy between the surface meaning and the true intention (e.g., “Well, there is still room for improvement in your writing skills”). Misinterpretation of nonverbal cues during indirect communication can impede the decoding of true intention and potentially create hostile situations. The present study investigated cross-cultural differences in the use of nonverbal cues in decoding indirect messages. British and Chinese raters watched silent video clips and identified the types of replies from models of their own and the other culture. Results revealed that British raters were able to recognize indirect replies from British models but not from Chinese models above chance level, whereas Chinese raters were able to recognize indirect replies from models of both cultures above chance level. Furthermore, British raters showed higher accuracy and confidence in identifying indirect replies from British models than Chinese models. In contrast, Chinese raters were equally skilled and confident in identifying indirect replies from both British and Chinese models. Additionally, British and Chinese raters employed different nonverbal cues to recognize indirect replies from models of their respective cultures. These findings underscore the importance of cross-cultural differences in identifying indirect replies through nonverbal communication and provide insights to enhance intercultural communication between British and Chinese individuals.

Toward a Greater Understanding of the Use of Nonverbal Cues To Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication

Background: Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is an important part of work life. However, this communication can be dishonest, and when people attempt to judge dishonesty, irrespective of the cues available, they tend to rely on a few nonverbal cues that are not the most reliable. Literature review: According to leakage theory, CMC modes differ from each other in the number of cues to deception they can transmit, potentially affecting one's ability to detect deception in a given medium. There is considerable research on peoples’ use of nonverbal cues across CMC modes to evaluate deception, but limited understanding of the choices they make and the extent to which their deception judgments are impaired or helped by cues they have access to for different CMC modes. Research questions: 1. To what extent are the nonverbal cues that people say they rely on to detect deception shaped by the medium that they use for communication? 2. What are the effects of nonverbal cue availability on deception detection success? Methodology: We conducted an experiment with 132 veracity judges from New Zealand and Jamaica, who observed interview segments in Spanish and Hindi (languages that they did not understand) to isolate the effects of nonverbal cues. They determined the veracity of each segment and listed the things that guided their judgment. Results/discussion: The results suggest that when certain nonverbal cues are available, such as gaze aversion, these suppress attention to more reliable cues (e.g., voice pitch) when judging deception. Redirecting attention to more reliable cues is therefore important. Unexpectedly, cue choice also varied across language by medium. Conclusions: The findings extend the understanding of people's use of nonverbal cues and the extent to which certain cues distract in the deception judgment. Although people rely on vocalic cues in audio-only media and kinesic cues in video-only media, they tend to rely mostly on, and are distracted by, a few kinesic cues for full audiovisual media, even though vocalic cues are available. We also found that people can successfully detect cues to deception, even when their communication mode is relatively bereft of useful information. However, the availability (or lack) of nonverbal cues was not a factor in deception detection success. To improve detection, deception training that targets reliable cues for different media is needed.

Oralizations in e-mail consultations: A study of general practitioners’ use of non-verbal cues in written doctor–patient communication

It is well-known that non-verbal cues are essential in doctor–patient communication. As doctor–patient communication is turning increasingly digital and written, it becomes relevant to explore the role of non-verbal cues in such communication genres. One more recent genre is the doctor–patient e-mail consultation. Research has found that while patients like e-mail consultations, they also miss facial expressions, eye contact, etc. In this study, we explored the different ways in which Danish GPs use non-verbal cues in e-mail consultations. We analysed 633 e-mail consultations written by 22 GPs. We applied the concept oforalization, which includes the use of emoticons and non-standard use of grammar and spatial arrangement. We found that the dominant types of oralizations were non-corrected spelling errors and lack of attention to capitalization. Overall, GPs used a limited number of other non-verbal cues. We discuss how these findings relate to norms of formality and professional context.

The devil is in the details: The effect of nonverbal cues on crowdfunding success

Many reward-based crowdfunding platforms encourage entrepreneurs to introduce their projects and make a personal appeal with a video clip. In this study, we investigate the impact of such a pitch video on financing outcomes. Grounded in social perception literature, we propose that effective use of nonverbal cues in a pitch video increases funding success. We coded and analyzed videos of crowdfunding campaigns and found that an entrepreneur could improve the funding outcomes by gazing less, appearing early, and reducing speech hesitations in a pitch video. We also found that smiling has no impact on funding success.

You Are Known by How You Vlog: Personality Impressions and Nonverbal Behavior in YouTube

An increasing interest in understanding human perception in social media has led to the study of the processes of personality self-presentation and impression formation based on user profiles and text blogs. However, despite the popularity of online video, we do not know of any attempt to study personality impressions that go beyond the use of text and still photos. In this paper, we analyze one facet of YouTube as a repository of brief behavioral slices in the form of personal conversational vlogs, which are a unique medium for self-presentation and interpersonal perception. We investigate the use of nonverbal cues as descriptors of vloggers' behavior and find significant associations between automatically extracted nonverbal cues for several personality judgments. As one notable result, audio and visual cues together can be used to predict 34% of the variance of the Extraversion trait of the Big Five model. In addition, we explore the associations between vloggers' personality scores and the level of social attention that their videos received in YouTube. Our study is conducted on a dataset of 442 YouTube vlogs and 2,210 annotations collected using Amazon's Mechanical Turk.

Does mobile instant messaging facilitate social presence in online communication? A two-stage study of higher education students

Online social presence supports student learning by making group interactions more appealing and has become a central concept in computer-mediated communication. However, questions remain over how social presence is presented in a mobile instant messaging (MIM)-facilitated environment and to what extent MIM can afford social presence compared to a threaded discussion forum. This study offers a new contribution by examining the social presence levels afforded by a MIM app (WeChat) and comparing it with a threaded discussion forum. We present a two-stage study. In stage 1, we analyzed social presence levels in the MIM postings of class A with a validated instrument comprising three dimensions, namely, affective, interactive, and cohesive responses. In stage 2, we employed a historical cohort control experimental research study to compare social presence levels manifested in class A to those in class B who used an online forum. Follow-up interviews were conducted to solicit explanations of the differences in social presence levels. The results show that compared to the asynchronous threaded forum, the quasi-synchronous MIM is particularly suited to promoting (a) expression of emotions (affective social presence), (b) expressing agreement (interactive social presence), and (c) phatics and providing support (cohesive social presence). Four attributes might contribute to the differences including (a) the ease of use of non-verbal cues, (b) location-free digital interaction, (c) presence awareness, and (d) multimodality. The implications for future practices and research are discussed.

Median ilmaisuvoimaisuus pörssiyhtiöiden sijoittajille suunnatussa viestinnässä

Inspired by the development of digital communication, listed companies are constantly developing new ways to serve and attract interested audiences on their Investor Relations websites. This paper focuses on the types and variety of multimodal semiotic resources employed on Investor Relations websites of Finnish listed companies with specific focus on the use of videos. The aim of the paper is to explore how videos are used, what form they take and which affordances they offer as a presentation form from the perspective of financial communication. The data is derived from the IR websites of three Finnish industrial companies. The results of the study show that the three companies have somewhat different numbers of videos on their IR websites, but the most common type of video, a webcast announcing periodic results of the companies is the same for all companies. The webcasts seem to have an established format combining audio, still pictures or video with PowerPoint slides embedded on the websites, indicating that a hybrid genre is developing. Video is used as part of the webcasts because it allows a rhetorical use of nonverbal cues, such as tone of voice, gestures and facial expressions, targeted focus and clarity of language. These are features of a rich communication medium generating affect, delivering an image of openness and creating trust and thus potentially influencing decisions. However, two central features of rich media, the degree of interaction and possibility of feedback are limited because they cannot easily be controlled by the company.

Is it time to kill the detection wizard? Emotional intelligence does not facilitate deception detection

Being able to identify if someone is telling the truth or lying is essential in many social situations, for instance in police interrogations or employment interviews. Unfortunately, people are generally poor at lie detection. Some researchers have argued that a small category of individuals are detection wizards who can achieve substantially higher detection accuracy because they have high levels of emotional intelligence (EI) and are better able to identify non-verbal cues to deceit. These propositions have been popularized in the media and are appealing to some practitioners, but are based on very limited empirical evidence. We conducted three experimental studies to test these propositions, relying on different samples and using both trait and ability measures of EI. We measured deception detection using different approaches (in-person and video-based) and contexts (social interaction and job interview). One study measured skepticism, and another used eye-tracking technology to capture participants' reliance on non-verbal information. Results showed that high-EI individuals indeed rely more on non-verbal information. However, EI, skepticism, and the use of non-verbal cues are unrelated to deception detection. We thus argue that detection wizards are likely a myth, and it would be more productive to focus on evidence-based methods to improve deception detection.

The Modeling of Social Distance on the Mat: Towards a Semiotic Study of Aikido

The study of language through sign systems that represent “by-products” or substitutes of language as a means of communication is a direction in linguistics that adds to the knowledge about the productivity and language-generating potential of natural languages. Nonverbal language which boasts a plethora of wordless cues through which people communicate, includes postures, gestures, stances, and movements, all of which can be analyzed and explained through the use of the instruments of a semiotic methodology. For instance, the study of signs through the rituals, conventions and overall nonverbal interactions in the diaculture of modern Japanese martial arts, reveals interesting characteristics of the sign language used particularly in Kenjutsu and Aikido. The mentioned martial arts make wide use of nonverbal cues that are characterized by features of indexicality, iconicity and symbolicity, and echo concrete social norms and conventions. Those social conventions are materialized and translated into the setting of trainings through philosophical concepts and ideas.

New Social Signals in a New Interaction World: The Next Frontier for Social Signal Processing

Social signal processing (SSP) is the domain aimed at the modeling, analysis, and synthesis of social behavior, particularly the nonverbal aspects. So far, the field has focused on face-to-face interactions, where it is possible to use the whole range of nonverbal cues that people have at their disposal to communicate (i.e., gestures, facial expressions, vocalizations, and so on). However, increasingly more interactions take place through communication technologies that limit the use of nonverbal cues (e.g., phone calls do not allow one to display facial expressions) or that require the adoption of artificial cues (e.g., likes on social media). This opens a new frontier for SSP, where the main questions are: Do people still exchange social signals? And if so, how?

INDIVIDUACIÓN Y LENGUAJE NO VERBAL EN LA CMC

This article analyzes the use of non-verbal cues —such as emoticons, typographical clues, among others— in computer-mediated communication (CMC). It intends to demonstrate how these cues reproduce kinesic and paralinguistic elements of the face-to-face communication which are essential in transmitting a message in an effective way —a key factor to the socialization and individuation— in order to overcome, even partially, the communicative barrier of the depersonalized written communication of the electronic media.

Loss of social gaze responsivity in adults with high-functioning autism

Making use of nonverbal cues like social gaze behavior allows to communicate intuitively, spontaneously and fast in social encounters. This ability is assumed to be impaired in persons suffering from autistic spectrum disorders (ASD).

Listening, not watching: Situational familiarity and the ability to detect deception.

In 4 experiments, the authors investigated the influence of situational familiarity with the judgmental context on the process of lie detection. They predicted that high familiarity with a situation leads to a more pronounced use of content cues when making judgments of veracity. Therefore, they expected higher classification accuracy of truths and lies under high familiarity. Under low situational familiarity, they expected that people achieve lower accuracy rates because they use more nonverbal cues for their veracity judgments. In all 4 experiments, participants with high situational familiarity achieved higher accuracy rates in classifying both truthful and deceptive messages than participants with low situational familiarity. Moreover, mediational analyses demonstrated that higher classification accuracy in the high-familiarity condition was associated with more use of verbal content cues and less use of nonverbal cues.

Informed Decision-Making Surrounding the Use of Chronic Enteral Nutrition: Letʼs Talk the Talk

Artificial nutrition through tube feeding is not unusual among persons with end stage dementia. It is estimated that about one-third of nursing home residents with advanced dementia are tube fed.1 This occurs even though the cited benefits of use, prolonging life, preventing aspiration, healing pressure ulcers, and providing comfort, do not appear to be supported by available evidence.2,3 The decision to place a feeding tube frequently occurs in an acute care setting and is made by a health care team that has not had a long standing relationship with the patient and family.4 Recommendations by the team are then often based on a “snapshot” of the patient so that appropriate medical decision-making is more challenging. The current study in the Journal by Swaminath et al reports one attempt to meet this challenge by an intervention including a series of targeted seminars for health care providers (physicians, nurses, social workers, nutritionists, and speech therapists) that are involved with tube feeding decisions and the provision of a new consultative service.5 The service specialized in goals of care conversations, so that patients and families facing a tube feeding decision could receive counsel on the short and long term risks and benefits of the procedure. The intervention was associated with a nearly 50% decrease in feeding tube placement rate over a one-year period. This decrease was not associated with a change in 30 day, 1-year, or 2-year mortality. The absence of a mortality difference between groups suggests these conversations are not associated with a “rationing” or “limiting” of care but lead to more informed decisions. The dramatic decrease in tube feeding rates was limited to one hospital where Kaiser System members receive most of their acute care. The program also benefited from a dedicated and highly visible local champion. It is unclear whether such a program would lead to similar declines in tube feeding rates in other, more fragmented health systems. Another caveat to consider is that the actual number of patients facing a tube feeding decision remains unknown. The decrease in tube feeding rates may reflect secular trends, such as greater hospice use in the community, in addition to the effects of the intervention. The high mortality rate is consistent with other prospective studies of tube fed populations.2,3 This supports the argument that a large portion of tube feeding decisions occur in persons with advanced illness near the end of life. However, patients and families report that health care providers generally only discuss procedural risks without addressing other components of the patient’s care so that tube placement seems a forgone conclusion.4 To counteract this default approach, innovative programs such as the one outlined in the current study advocate for informed decision making including conversations with patients and families that openly discuss prognosis and health care wishes. At the same time, it is also important to recognize that not all persons facing a tube feeding decision have a uniform prognosis as is evidenced by the fact that about 40% of patients in this study were living 2 years after the decision. Also, some patients with a limited life expectancy, such as those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, derive benefits from tube feeding such as improved nutritional status, quality of life, and possibly prolonged survival.6 Taken together, decisions about chronic enteral nutrition involve uncertainty and require a thoughtful approach such as that described in the current study. The need for consultation by persons experienced in goals of care conversations have contributed to the dramatic growth of palliative care in academic and community hospitals. Palliative care providers acquire competence in ascertaining the medical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions of the patient and family so that these can be incorporated into the care plan. Communication skills also contribute to optimal goals of care conversations and include being aware and making use of nonverbal cues, responding with empathy, employing humor appropriately, as well as learning techniques to negotiate conflict. Conversations exploring the goals of care benefit from the extensive training of palliative care providers and are time consuming, typically taking several visits each of which can last an hour or more. As the US population ages and financial pressure from escalating health care costs continues, particularly in the last year of life, professionals trained in goals of care conversations will become an increasingly important component of inpatient medical care. The study by Swaminath et al attests to the impact provider education and patient and family counseling can have on medical decision-making in this instance, greatly reducing the placement of feeding tubes but not affecting mortality.

Conversational agents in virtual worlds: Bridging disciplines

AbstractThis paper examines the effective deployment of conversational agents in virtual worlds from the perspective of researchers/practitioners in cognitive psychology, computing science, learning technologies and engineering. From a cognitive perspective, the major challenge lies in the coordination and management of the various channels of information associated with conversation/communication and integrating this information with the virtual space of the environment and the belief space of the user. From computing science, the requirements include conversational competency, use of nonverbal cues, animation consistent with affective states, believability, domain competency and user adaptability. From a learning technologies perspective, the challenge is to maximise the considerable affordances provided by conversational avatars in virtual worlds balanced against ecologically valid investigations regarding utility. Finally, the engineering perspective focuses on the technical competency required to implement effective and functional agents, and the associated costs to enable student access. Taken together, the four perspectives draw attention to the quality of the agent–user interaction, how theory, practice and research are closely intertwined, and the multidisciplinary nature of this area with opportunities for cross fertilisation and collaboration.