[Introduction]: The scopes of urban solid waste management with the incorporation of the circular economy, are a process that demands structural changes in the dynamics of Latin American nations. There are many differences in the use of natural resources to counteract environmental damage with the incorporation of innovative practices defined to maintain the stability of ecosystems. [Objective]: The aim is to identify the advances in the region with respect to the principle of sustainable development, in the terms of circular economy for the effective management of urban solid waste. [Methodology]: A systematic literature review is applied with publication period from 2020 to 2024, using prism modeling to discard studies in Spanish and Portuguese that had no relevance to the topic, due to the need to understand the advances for the selected region. [Results]: After a screening process, 18 publications were selected, where it was possible to recognize a continuous approach to address environmental risks within 5 analytical categories corresponding to: sustainable management strategy, environmental impact, technological innovations, socioeconomic impact and governmental policies. Thus, demonstrating important conceptual nuances to deepen the practices of strategic innovation of resources according to the needs of the evaluated context. [Conclusions]: Many of the strategies require comprehensive work that will be positioned over time, all because in some cases exposed is still in the process of study and implementation requires greater efforts in financial and cultural terms.

Environmental injustice, climate change, environmental ethical dilemmas, so-cial responsibility, environmental marginalization, the emergence of powerful interest groups, radicalism, and anti-capitalist protests have all raised societ-ies’ environmental awareness. The convergence of environmental issues has also forced business organizations to reform their environmental activities. As a result, new economic business models emphasizing sustainable use of natural resources and conservation of natural capital are developing. The implementa-tion of the models mentioned above is linked to the need to introduce not only eco-innovation, but also to develop a pro-environmental organizational culture systematically. This study aims to review the literature on pro-environmental organizational culture in enterprises and to present the results of empirical research focused on diagnosing the state of this culture in Polish enterprises. In particular, the analysis focused on the role of awareness, attitudes, competencies, and motiva-tional systems in building an organizational culture that supports environmental responsibility. The hypothesis assumed that the level of pro-environmental organizational culture is related to the enterprise size. In addition to the literature, the authors’ survey research was used to realize the stated goal and verify the hypothesis. The survey was conducted in 2024 on a randomly selected sample of 400 Polish enterprises, which were diverse in terms of geographic location, size, and field of activity. Statistical methods, including basic descriptive statistics and the ANOVA test, were used to identify the deficiencies of the surveyed companies concerning descriptive and pro-envi-ronmental organizational culture, and the proposed hypothesis was positively validated. The research results also enabled the formulation of recommenda-tions for strengthening companies’ pro-environmental organizational culture.

The article discusses the role and capabilities of modern geoinformation technologies in the process of geo-ecological monitoring of territorial communities. The growth of anthropogenic pressure, climate change and active development of land resources necessitate the introduction of innovative tools for timely detection, analysis and forecasting of the state of the environment. Geoinformation systems ensure the integration of different types of spatial data, their modelling and rapid visualisation, which enables local authorities to make scientifically sound management decisions on the use of natural resources, spatial planning and environmental safety at the local level.The study analyses the main functional capabilities of geographic information systems, in particular spatial analysis, geostatistics, risk modelling and scenario forecasting. Particular attention is paid to the use of remote sensing of the Earth to assess the dynamics of natural processes such as soil degradation, changes in vegetation cover, water balance and pollution detection. Examples are given of the application of integrated geoinformation solutions in communities for monitoring land conditions, analysing environmental sustainability and monitoring compliance with environmental protection standards.The results of the study prove that the introduction of geoinformation technologies into the geo-ecological monitoring system is a key condition for improving the efficiency of natural resource management at the level of local communities. The use of integrated geospatial data allows for more accurate assessment of environmental threats and the development of sound sustainable development strategies. Thus, geoinformation systems serve as the basis for the creation of modern monitoring systems that meet the requirements of adaptive management in the environmental sphere.

The object of research is the theoretical and methodological aspects and practical levers of forming an ecological and economic mechanism for the balanced development of rural areas of Ukraine. The research used general scientific and special research methods. Methods of analysis and synthesis were used to systematize theoretical provisions, the statistical method for data analysis, the comparison method for studying the dynamics of ecological and economic indicators, and the graphical method for visual presentation of the research results. Induction and deduction methods were also used for theoretical generalization of the material and formulation of conclusions regarding the development of rural territorial communities, which are aimed at implementing the principles of balanced development in the context of decentralization. The research results consist in identifying and qualitatively substantiating the structural potential for increasing the efficiency of management of the balanced development of rural areas, in particular: – directions of institutional synergy (consolidation of efforts of local governments and state institutions in a single planning format); – regulatory harmonization levers (by adapting EU environmental incentive instruments into Ukrainian legislation); – areas of motivational coherence in the context of the interaction of environmental and economic requirements, which will contribute to attracting private investment in the balanced development of rural areas. The expected effect of the implementation of the proposed environmental and economic mechanism is the result of its systemic action and harmonization, which will ensure synergy between three key foundations, such as: – implementation of the principles of European integration, which forms a specific regulatory and methodological framework that directs the activities of entities to achieve established standards of balanced development; – interaction of economic incentives with environmental restrictions, which will create direct motivation for local communities and businesses for the rational use of natural resources; – a course towards decentralization and strengthening of the resource potential of local self-government bodies, which will ensure not only consideration of the specifics of the territories, but also increase responsibility for the results. This together transforms the mechanism from a theoretical concept into an effective tool for the restoration and balanced development of rural areas.

Microplastics are small, purposefully inserted plastic particles less than 5 mm. Micro beads, a kind of microplastics are frequently used as inexpensive fillers in cosmetics for scouring or exfoliating. Microplastics have the ability to get past water filtration systems and into lakes, rivers and seas. In maritime environments, they build up because they are not biodegradable. Although UV filters in sunscreens shield the skin from UV rays, some of them such as oxybenzone and octinoxate can harm marine life by causing coral bleaching. Marine habitats are greatly impacted by coral reef degradation. The majority of plastic pollution in the oceans is the result of inappropriately disposed of plastic packaging, which can wind up in waterways and eventually the ocean, where it can either become microplastics or be consumed by fish and clog their digestive tracts. Aquatic life and habitats are at risk when microplastics from personal care items end up in the ocean and other bodies of water. Furthermore, some cosmetics include dangerous ingredients. They have the potential to destroy coral reefs and other aquatic life when they wash down the drains of our sinks, showers, and bathtubs. Furthermore, the fish in these waters frequently ingest the pollutants, which has detrimental effects on aquatic animals' health and scarcity. From excessive packaging waste to the use of natural resources like palm and soy, the beauty industry has significant environmental effects. Every year, 120 billion waste units are produced by beauty packaging, harmful chemicals also exist in certain cosmetics. Numerous entrance points allow nano and microplastics to infiltrate marine food webs, where they can then cycle through various biotic compartments. This review additionally highlights the necessity of all-encompassing approaches, such as public awareness campaigns, legislative interventions and sustainable waste management techniques to track, control and lessen microplastic contamination. Resolving this issue is crucial to protecting human livelihoods and maintaining the health of India's marine ecosystems.

Purpose. To develop a new legal position on the regulation of environmental safety in the process of mining on land plots occupied by water bodies, the need for which is due to the complex negative impact on both the environmental objects surrounding the mining site and the mutual influence of natural resources involved in mining operations. Methodology. The study used the dialectical method to establish the need to change the legal position on the use of water fund lands (WFL) for the mineral mining (MM). The hermeneutic method was used to reveal the peculiarities of legal regulation of relations of environmental impact of the processes of joint use of subsoil, land and water bodies. The formal legal method was used to provide a general characterization of the legal relations arising from the use of WFL for MM. The systemic-structural method was used to formulate proposals for improving the legislation of Ukraine in the field of environmental safety in the use of WFL for MM. The method of analysis and synthesis was used in the process of reviewing the judicial practice on the use of subsoil on WFL. Findings. The authors propose the priority of land legislation over water legislation in regulating intersectoral legal relations regarding the use of WFL for MM, differentiation of environmental safety relations by the level of specificity, legal grounds for differentiating the object composition of integrated natural resource legal relations, and amendments to current legislation. The authors identify the problematic issues of the subject composition involved in the regulation, control and use of the WFL for MM. The limitations of the integrated legal framework for environmental safety are argued. The national legislation and judicial practice of its application are analyzed. Originality. The authors’ legal position for resolving controversial issues related to the WFL in the process of using WFL for MM is formed, based, unlike the existing one, on the priority of the requirements of land legislation. Practical values. The practical value of the results obtained is that they can be used in the following areas: research and educational activities of scientists and higher education students, lawmaking and law enforcement activities of the parliament and executive authorities, as well as judicial practice in amending legislative and by-laws, investigating and considering cases related to violations of environmental safety requirements when using WFL for MM.

The Maputaland Coastal Plain is a sensitive ecological region subjected to competing demands on its natural resources. It comprises a range of unique and sensitive ecological areas, including wetlands and sand forests, while also supporting rural communities whose livelihoods depend on agriculture and natural resource use. However, agricultural production in the region is constrained by infertile sandy soils, which limit crop productivity and increase vulnerability to land degradation. A project titled Revenue DIVersification pathways in Africa through bio-based, circular AGRIicultural Innovations (DIVAGRI) introduced bio-based technologies to smallholder farmers in KwaNdaba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, aiming to improve their agricultural productivity and livelihoods. Technologies such as biochar, Self‑regulating, Low‑energy, Clay‑based Irrigation (SLECI) system and ethnobotanical intercropping aimed to improve agricultural productivity (i.e. soil health, and water use efficiency).The DIVAGRI project explored sustainable farming practices through bio-based technologies adapted to African smallholder conditions. This article presents contextualised discussions of a post-project strategy workshop attended by key stakeholders in the region. The workshop revealed that structural barriers continue to hinder the success of these innovations. Key challenges include limited water and market access, poor farmer organisation, and bureaucratic obstacles to government support. Fears around losing social grants through formalisation highlight the need for clearer communication and institutional trust. Environmental education, particularly among youth, was identified as critical for long-term change, which emphasised the need to continue and expand current initiatives. Beekeeping and Chilli (Capsicum sp.) cultivation were identified as suitable, promising agricultural opportunities for sandy soils, offering long-shelf-life products that can generate income and deter elephants, thus reducing human–wildlife conflict. Future projects should prioritise trialling and demonstrating these within local communities to build evidence, trust, and uptake. Addressing these systemic issues is vital to creating an enabling environment in which bio-based technologies can be successfully adopted. Integrated participatory approaches that build local capacity and strengthen support structures are essential for achieving sustainable development in the Maputaland Coastal Plain.

Abstract This research abaout contribution of William Hood treacher as the first Governor of North Borneo under the administration of the British North Borneo Company. Prior to his appointment Treacher had served in several important position, including in the stratis settlement in Malaya and as colonial secretary of Labuan in 1873. These experiences equipped him with knowledge and expertise in managing the administration of developing territory. In his work British Borneo; Sketches of Brunei, Sarawak, Labuan and North Borneo, Treacher detailed the efforts undertaken to introduce infrastructure development policies aimed at optimizing the use of available natural resources. Thes initiatives not only contributed to the region economic groth but also laid the foundation for modern administration in North Borneo. In furthermore, treacher emphasized the importance of fostering diplomatic relations with locak leaders to ensure political stability, a crucial elements in the success of colonial governance in the region. Therefore, this research concludes that administrative policies as well political and economic development in North Borneo. His legacy, recorded in British Borneo, Provides a compreghensive and its importances in the historical develoment of North Borneo.

The article provides a retrospective and prospective analysis of Ukraine’s cooperation with the World Tourism Organisation in the context of the development of the national tourism industry and the country’s integration into the global tourism space. The problem statement defines the globalisation trends in the tourism market, which make cooperation with international organisations strategically important for increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian tourism, forming an effective industry management system, and ensuring its sustainable development. The evolution of Ukraine’s interaction with the World Tourism Organisation has been studied, starting with its full membership in 1997, participation in the organisation’s programmes and initiatives, and up to active contemporary interaction through the State Agency for Tourism Development of Ukraine. The main areas of cooperation have been analysed, in particular the harmonisation of national legislation with international standards, the introduction of uniform approaches to the management of tourist destinations, the development of the investment and innovation components of the industry, the improvement of the quality of tourist services, and the rational use of natural and cultural resources. It has been established that at the present stage, Ukraine’s cooperation with the World Tourism Organisation is characterised by expanded expert, technical and analytical support, active participation in international forums and working groups, and the implementation of joint marketing and promotional projects aimed at enhancing Ukraine’s image as a safe, hospitable and competitive tourist destination. A particularly promising prospect is the involvement of the World Tourism Organisation’s mechanisms for restoring tourism infrastructure and stimulating investment after the devastating effects of the war, as well as the formation of a national tourism product capable of competing at the international level. It is noted that cooperation with the World Tourism Organisation is a key factor in economic recovery, social development, and strengthening Ukraine’s position in the international tourism market, which ensures the strategic importance of this interaction for the state and its tourism industry.

The article is devoted to the study of doctrinal trends in the development of Ukraine’s natural resource legislation under the conditions of forming a new paradigm of legal regulation of natural resource use. The current model of reforming the natural resource sphere is characterized by an imperative need to transition from the traditional, fragmented, resource-specific approach to a comprehensive, integrated system of legal regulation based on the principles of sustainable development, ecological balance, and the guaranteed preservation of the state’s natural potential. The key task of this paradigm is to establish an effective legal mechanism for the sustainable, environmentally oriented use of natural resources that ensures a balance between society’s economic needs and the necessity of preserving ecological equilibrium. This involves not merely improving specific legislative provisions, but rethinking the very model of regulating natural resource relations – shifting from a consumer-oriented to an ecosystem-based and preventive approach. An important direction of reform is the reconsideration of the role of natural resource law within the system of environmental legislation. Traditionally, it has been viewed as a sub-branch of environmental law; however, contemporary trends indicate its transformation into an independent, complex branch that combines public and private legal norms and performs an integrative function in the regulation of natural resource use. The implementation of the concept of sustainable development into the national legal framework highlights the need to consolidate the resource-specific branches of law (land, water, forest, subsoil, wildlife, etc.) and to form a unified approach to the use, protection, and reproduction of natural resources. Such an approach will ensure the coherence of legal regulation, prevent conflicts and duplications, and improve the effectiveness of law enforcement. It is concluded that the reform of natural resource legislation should be carried out on the basis of intersectoral integration, the concept of sustainable development, and alignment of national legislation with international environmental standards.

This article analyzes the European experience of constitutional and legal recognition of environmental rights in European states is analyzed and generalized conclusions are made about the trends and prospects of their recognition. In particular, based on the application of a comparative approach, it is concluded that in the constitutional legislation of the vast majority of European states there is a trend towards legal recognition of rights in the environmental sphere. It is stated that the constitutional and legal recognition of environmental rights in European constitutions is characterized by the absence of a single unified approach to the legal formulation of this right with the use of various definitions and criteria. The most common European constitutional and legal practices regarding the legal consolidation of environmental and legal provisions from their recognition to non-recognition at the constitutional level are also outlined. At the same time, it is concluded that the fact of the absence of constitutional and legal norms regarding the recognition of environmental rights is not yet evidence of the final or cardinal non-recognition, leveling or denial of these rights, since the regulation of environmental rights and environmental legal provisions in these states is carried out either in special sectoral legislation, judicial, administrative precedents, or environmental rights are considered at the constitutional level in the context of other human rights: the right to life, health, adequate standard of living, etc. It is noted that, as a rule, in the constitutions of European states, environmental rights are enshrined in those constitutional sections that are dedicated to human rights and freedoms, and in some cases, in general provisions – when it comes to the constitutional and legal regime of ownership and use of natural resources and/or the obligation of the state to ensure environmental protection. The European experience of the constitutional and legal mechanism for securing environmental rights is, of course, of great importance for the formal legal recognition of these rights, but at the same time, it is not enough for their provision and protection, which, as a rule, requires regulation in special sectoral legislation or judicial practice.

In the context of accelerating climate change, organic agriculture has gained increasing importance as an alternative production model that enhances ecosystem resilience, restores soil biological functions, and promotes the efficient use of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the adaptation and mitigation potential of organic farming systems in response to climate change and to identify the possibilities for applying international best practices within the agroecological conditions of Azerbaijan. The research employs a comparative analytical approach, including the review of policy documents and a systematic analysis of contemporary scientific literature. The findings indicate that organic farming systems demonstrate higher levels of carbon sequestration, improved soil structure, greater water retention capacity, and increased microbiological diversity compared to conventional agricultural systems. These characteristics contribute significantly to the resilience of agroecosystems against climate-related stresses such as drought, temperature extremes, and soil degradation. International experience, particularly from the European Union and global sustainability initiatives, confirms that organic agriculture plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, preventing land degradation, and supporting long-term agricultural sustainability. In the Azerbaijani context, favorable natural soil fertility, diverse agroecological zones, and growing demand for environmentally friendly products create strong potential for the development of organic agriculture. However, the effective realization of this potential requires improvements in the legal and regulatory framework, simplification of certification procedures, and the expansion of farmer education and advisory services. Overall, the study demonstrates that organic agriculture can serve as a strategic tool for enhancing ecological sustainability and climate resilience in Azerbaijan’s agricultural sector.

Functional food has become a rapidly growing segment in the global food industry, emphasizing the use of natural resources as sources of functional ingredients. One promising candidate for development is Robusta coffee leaf flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal treatment and the effect of drying temperature on the antioxidant activity of Robusta coffee leaf flour. This study employed a one-factor randomized block design (RBD). The treatments consisted of combinations of temperature and time, with six levels: P1T1 = 50°C for 4 hours; P1T2 = 50°C for 5 hours; P1T3 = 50°C for 6 hours; P2T1 = 60°C for 4 hours; P2T2 = 60°C for 5 hours; and P2T3 = 60°C for 6 hours. Each treatment was repeated three times, resulting in a total of 18 experimental units. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test for significant results. Findings indicated that the highest antioxidant activity was achieved at 60°C for 6 hours (P2T3), with a value of 73.51 ppm. Robusta coffee leaf flour demonstrates strong potential as a functional food ingredient, with optimal antioxidant activity achieved through specific drying conditions. Further research is recommended to investigate its bioactive compound profile and potential applications in food products.

The study examines the dynamic linkages among financial development, natural resources, green technologies, trade openness, and economic growth in the United States from the period of 1970 to 2021. Employing a multiscale frequency framework that integrates wavelet coherence and frequency-domain causality, the analysis captures both the directional and persistence of relationship across short-, medium-, and long-term horizons. The results show the financial development initially boosts natural resources use and growth but gradually transition toward supporting technological innovation and efficiency improvement. Green technologies exert a strong long run casual influence in decoupling growth from resource dependence, while trade openness displays limited and cyclical effects. This study makes the primary contribution first it extend time frequency research beyond emerging economies by focusing on advance market-based system, revealing how financial cycles interact with environmental transition, second it develops a unified multivariate framework to uncover conditional and directional dependencies, third it provides policy relevant linking to financial sector, technological sector and resource sustainability within the context of the United States carbon neutrality agenda and the inflation reduction act. The findings underscore that sustainable finance in advance countries requires aligning capital markets with innovation led low carbon transformation pathways.

Abstract. The article deals with the conceptual and applied principles of forming a sustainable environmental management policy in the context of global environmental challenges. Against the backdrop of climate change, environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity and increasing anthropogenic pressure, the paper analyzes the relevance of implementing a “green recovery” strategy as a tool for achieving environmental safety and economic sustainability. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between effective natural resource management, economic productivity and the achievement of sustainable development goals, in particular in the context of the twelfth Sustainable Development Goal on responsible consumption and production. The scientific approaches to the assessment of natural capital are generalized, with an emphasis on the importance of integrated indicators of sustainable development of regions, which take into account economic, environmental, social, infrastructure and innovation components. The article substantiates that the balanced use of natural resources, reuse, increasing the regenerative capacity of ecosystems and the introduction of green economic incentives are key elements of the modern model of environmentally oriented management. Goal. The purpose of the paper is to reveal approaches to rational and balanced management of natural resources as a key factor in ensuring environmental safety and achieving the goals of sustainable development of Ukraine, to substantiate the need to improve national policy in this area, taking into account global challenges and European integration benchmarks. To achieve this goal, in the context of European integration processes, it is necessary to study sustainable development goals, objectives and indicators in the direction of responsible consumption to ensure the transition to rational consumption and production models. Methodology. The study is aimed at generalizing scientific approaches to the assessment of natural capital, with an emphasis on the importance of integrated indicators of sustainable development of regions, which take into account economic, environmental, social, infrastructure and innovation components. Results. Scientific approaches to the assessment of natural capital are summarized and it is substantiated that the balanced use of natural resources, reuse, increasing the regeneration capacity of ecosystems and the introduction of green economic incentives are key elements of the modern model of environmentally oriented management. Originality. The advantage of this approach may be the standardization of the assessment methodology, which allows for the simultaneous analysis of indicators measured in different units. In addition to the traditional economic, social and environmental criteria, the methodology also includes an assessment of indicators related to innovation and infrastructure. Such a comprehensive approach significantly expands the analytical scope of the study and increases the importance of the integral index as a tool for assessing sustainable development. Practical value. Highlighting the links between effective management of natural resources, economic productivity and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular in the context of the implementation of the twelfth Sustainable Development Goal on responsible consumption and production, as well as substantiating the approach to assessing natural capital, with an emphasis on the importance of integrated indicators of sustainable development of regions.

Abstract The contribution is focused on the assessment of the current state of use of the landscape potential of the Poľana Biosphere Reserve and the specification of the basic landscape-ecological problems associated with the inappropriate use of the potential. In this area, we have singled out the following: problems of biodiversity and ecological stability threats, caused by stress factors linked to the inappropriate use of the landscape’s potential and its elements with high ecological-stabilizing functions (forests, water bodies, meadows, pastures or public greenery); problems of natural resource endangerment – resulting from improper human use of natural resources; problems threatening the human society’s environment, arising from stress factors linked to socioeconomic activities impacting humans and their surroundings; and problems threatening biocultural landscape values, arising from inappropriate landscape management, which endangers rare landscape types. The assessment subsequently resulted in a proposal for basic measures to eliminate the specified problems and a proposal ensuring sustainable utilization of landscape potential Poľana Biosphere Reserve. The methodological procedure based on an integrated approach after some modification can also be used in other biosphere reserves.

The article examines the role of environmental auditing as an effective tool for ensuring sustainable development at both national and international levels. It analyzes key approaches and methodologies for conducting environmental audits and presents examples of international experience alongside domestic practices. The advantages and challenges of implementing environmental auditing in Ukraine are identified. The author concludes on the necessity to improve the regulatory framework and to intensify practical measures to enhance environmental safety and sustainable use of natural resources.

Toward efficient use of natural resources in the post-COP28 Eras: Why does green monetary policy matter?

Does economic inequality undermine the efficient use of natural resources? Evidence from Chinese provinces (2011–2020)

Abstract This study addressed one of the important environmental challenges facing developing cities, specifically the center of Tal Afar District, which is the management of solid waste and the selection of the most suitable sites for its landfilling. The demand for appropriate landfill sites is rising due to rapid population growth, urban sprawl, and insufficient waste management infrastructure for waste management. Inappropriate sites lead to serious environmental problems such soil water and air pollution, the spread of unpleasant odors, and the emergence of diseases related to environmental pollution. The study aimed to determine the optimal site for solid waste landfilling in Tal Afar city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques, by developing a spatial model based on a set of geographical, environmental, and social criteria, including: distance from residential areas, land slope, soil type, wind direction, distance from road networks, water sources, and agricultural areas. Data were collected from various sources, including satellite imagery, topographic maps, and environmental records, and were processed using ArcGIS software. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the relative weights of the criteria, followed by the Weighted Overlay method to produce the final spatial suitability class. The results of the analysis showed that the areas classified within the highest suitability category (more than 90%) include three main sites. the first site, located southeast of the city, is the most suitable, with an area of 283.78 ha, and a distance of 5.8 km from the city center. This makes it suitable in terms of distance and storage capacity for the expected waste until the year 2044, when the population is expected to reach 313900 people, with a per capita waste generation rate of 1.1674 kg/day. As for the other two sites, their individual areas are insufficient, so it is proposed to merge them or distribute waste between them to provide the required space of 66.05 ha, as a minimum for landfilling over the next twenty years. This study provides a scientific model that supports decision-makers in the field of waste management and represents a step toward achieving sustainable environmental planning that reduces negative impacts and enhances the efficiency of natural resource use in Tal Afar city.