ABSTRACT In low- and middle-income countries like Pakistan, motorcycle use has grown rapidly due to urban expansion and limited transport options. While motorcycles offer an affordable means of travel, the increase in their number is accompanied by a rise in serious and fatal crashes, creating significant road safety and public health concerns. Although global research has explored motorcycle safety, there is a lack of region-specific studies in Pakistan, particularly on how roadway geometric features affect crash severity. This study aims to address that gap by examining factors that influence injury severity in motorcycle crashes, with a focus on road geometry, as well as temporal, weather, and crash-related conditions. A random parameters model, accounting for heterogeneity in means and variances, is utilized to analyze motorcycle crash data comprising 18,115 observations collected in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, between 1 January 2020 to 31 July 2023. Model assessment for heterogeneity in the means and variances identifies four significant variables, i.e., constant, nighttime, rainy weather, and intersection presence, which yield statistically significant random parameters, reflecting heterogeneities in effects. The findings indicate that temporal and weather attributes (e.g., COVID-19 effect, summer and winter seasons, nighttime, peak traffic hours, and rainy weather) significantly increase the risk of severe injuries in motorcycle crashes. In addition, crash-related factors (e.g., speeding, clothes stuck in motorcycle tires, and collisions with pedestrians, motorized rickshaws, other motorcycles, and heavy vehicles) were identified as major contributors to the severity of injuries. Moreover, road geometric features (e.g., primary roads, fewer lanes, horizontal and vertical curves, and narrow shoulders) were also strongly associated with more severe crash outcomes. Based on these findings, several targeted interventions, including awareness campaigns, enforcement of speed limits, management of mixed traffic, and enhancement of road conditions and geometries, are recommended to reduce motorcycle crashes and enhancing overall transportation safety.

Motorcycle use has become crucial in Ghana, as it is the predominant mode of transportation in some parts of the country. Ensuring their safety is crucial in reducing the exponential increase in related fatalities. This study assessed helmet-wearing rates among motorcyclists (riders and pillion riders), non-standard helmet use and improper helmet use, and identified demographic, spatial and behavioural factors influencing helmet wearing in Tamale, Ghana. We conducted an observational study among 10,127 motorcyclists (7,147 riders and 2,980 pillion riders) in Tamale. Motorcyclists were observed at intersections, traffic lights, and sections of the road where they usually slow down. The prevalence of helmet use was estimated as proportions and 95% confidence intervals. Log-binomial regression was used to identify factors associated with helmet use. The prevalence of helmet use was 24.4% (95% CI: 23.6% to 25.2%). Among riders, the prevalence was 31.7%; among pillions, 6.9%. The prevalence further declines to 15.0% (95% CI: 14.3% to 15.7%) when improper use and non-standard helmets are considered. Helmet use was higher among males, older motorcyclists, weekday commuters, those in the central business district, and on highways. Riders with pillion passengers were less likely to wear helmets, and helmet use among pillion riders declined as their number increased. Findings underscore the need for regulatory action on helmet standards, targeted enforcement and pillion safety.

ABSTRACT The growing use of motorcycles as a primary mode of individual transportation has raised significant environmental concerns related to their end‐of‐life disposal. Despite the sharp increase in motorcycle fleets worldwide, particularly in Southeast Asia and Latin America, scientific research on end‐of‐life motorcycles (ELMs) remains extremely limited. This article presents a systematic literature review (SLR) aimed at identifying existing studies, prevailing methodological approaches, and regional gaps in the academic investigation of ELMs. A total of 12 articles were analyzed, with findings indicating a strong concentration of research in Asian countries, mainly employing quantitative and technical methodologies. These studies focus primarily on environmental impacts and logistical improvements but lack broader analyses incorporating regulatory, institutional, and behavioral dimensions. The review also highlights a critical absence of research in America Latina and Africa, regions where the motorcycle fleet is rapidly expanding. This gap underscores the urgent need for context‐specific studies that address solid waste management challenges, predict future waste generation, and explore opportunities for urban mining and circular economy strategies. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of integrating technical and institutional perspectives to inform public policies and promote sustainable management practices for ELMs.

Scoping review on motorcycle crashes patterns, risk factors, and potential in setting policy priorities in the gulf cooperation council countries (GCC).

Motorcycle ownership and use in Bogotá, Colombia: Unveiling novel factors through a hybrid modelling approach

Bangladesh has experienced a rapid rise in motorcycle use in recent years. The surge in nonprofessional and professional riders is as a result of demand, ride-sharing opportunities, self-employment, and affordability. Although riding behavior is identified as one of the most influential precursors of motorcycle safety, there is little research comparing the riding behaviors of professional and nonprofessional riders. This study, therefore, aims to differentiate professional and nonprofessional riders based on their distinct riding behavior. Data from 624 motorcycle riders were collected via online and face-to-face questionnaire surveys in Dhaka. Following the feature selection through mean decrease accuracy and mean decrease Gini, this study developed a random forest (RF) model to delve deeper into riders’ behavior. Furthermore, the SHapley Additive exPlanations-based feature was employed to determine the differential factors like overtaking vehicles from the wrong side, carrying passengers without helmets, no speed reduction at intersections, and riding without proper fitness. In addition, this study focused on finding differences in the two rider groups’ law adherence, alertness, and speed behaviors. Consequently, this enables policymakers to design data-driven targeted safety measures that more effectively address the unique risks the two rider groups pose. The findings suggest targeted educational interventions, awareness campaigns, and effective and strict enforcement of the Road Transportation Act of 2018 to improve safety practices. It also recommends purpose-built technology-based solutions, such as the use of wearable smart glasses and AI-integrated speed cameras, as well as engineering-based solutions, such as separating traffic moving at varying speeds and separate lanes for motorcycles.

As motorcycle use increases across Africa, hospitals face rising clinical demands to treat injuries from motorcycle crashes. This study assesses the burden of motorcycle-related injuries on a faith-based hospital in rural Kenya, focusing on unreimbursed care. A retrospective review was conducted of patients presenting for care from September 2023 to May 2024 at Maua Methodist Hospital. Case-finding utilized International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) injury codes and the handwritten Casualty Department log; patient encounters were included in the analysis if clinical documentation confirmed a motorcycle injury. Of the 225 patients identified who presented for motorcycle-related injuries, the median age was 32 years, 35 (16%) were children, 20 (9%) were aged ≥65 years, and 18% (17 of 95 in the Casualty Department log) were pedestrians hit by motorcycles. Thirty-one percent (29 of 95) of patients who presented to the Casualty Department were referred for higher-level care, primarily for head injuries. Four patients died on presentation. Of the 23 hospitalizations, 15 (65%) included surgery, the primary driver of costs. Fifty-two percent of the 290 patient encounters were uninsured; reimbursements were especially poor for hospitalizations. In conclusion, multiple persons with motorcycle injuries presented each week for care at this faith-based hospital, incurring >1,755,000 KES (>13,500 USD) in unreimbursed charges over the nine months. Due to limitations in documentation and differences in healthcare costs between countries, this underestimates the burden of motorcycle-related injuries. Improving ICD-10-coded data for traffic accident injuries, as has been utilized by some trauma registries in Africa, can help monitor cases and costs, and advocate for motorcycle safety.

Road traffic accidents remain a major public health concern in Semarang City, driven by high urban mobility and the dominant use of motorcycles. This study aims to describe the patterns, trends, and spatial distribution of traffic accidents based on data from the Ambulance Hebat Dashboard for the period 2023–2025 and to evaluate the role of the dashboard in supporting emergency response. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed using secondary dashboard data complemented by an interview with the Field Coordinator. The findings indicate a fluctuating trend, with 1,553 cases recorded in 2023, decreasing to 1,257 in 2024, and increasing again to 1,303 cases in 2025, with motorcycles being the most frequently involved vehicle type. Spatial analysis identified high-risk clusters in Semarang Tengah, Banyumanik, Candisari, and Pedurungan. The dashboard effectively facilitates real-time monitoring and response, although minor technical limitations in data synchronization persist. These results highlight the need for optimizing digital infrastructure, integrating interagency data, and prioritizing interventions in high-risk areas to strengthen urban road safety and emergency care performance.

Electric motorcycle conversion programs in Indonesia face multiple challenges, including suboptimal battery configuration systems that compromise safety, comfort, and spatial efficiency. This study aims to redesign the battery configuration system of the Yamaha Mio Xeon GT 125 converted electric motorcycle using a user-centered Design Thinking approach. Key issues identified include poor battery ergonomics, safety risks due to inadequate ventilation, and disruption of the motorcycle’s aesthetic integrity. The design process follows five stages: empathizing with users, problem definition, ideation, digital 3D prototyping, and simulation-based testing using CAD software. The outcome is a new battery housing concept relocated to the center deck, utilizing steel plate, rubber, and ABS materials for protection. Evaluation results demonstrate improved vehicle stability and more accessible charging without sacrificing visual coherence. In conclusion, the optimized design effectively addresses technical and ergonomic shortcomings and has the potential to enhance user safety and comfort in daily electric motorcycle use.

• Poor groups are less likely to adopt ride-hailing, and when they do, their usage frequency is lower. • Higher-income individuals use both motorcycle-based and car-based more frequently. • Higher-income groups benefit most, yet ride-hailing is still valuable for lower-income groups. In the Western setting, ride-hailing has gained widespread acceptance as a car-based (RH CAR) and on-demand transportation service over the last decade. However, in South-East Asia, due to a high prevalence of private motorcycle ownership, motorcycle-based ride-hailing (RH MC) has become more popular than RH CAR. In this study, we aim to examine ride-hailing usage among different income groups, specifically among above and below the poverty line communities, to identify potential differences in the adoption of ride-hailing services across both population segments. This paper investigates the adoption and frequency of use for RH MC and RH CAR in the Indonesian context. We conducted an analysis using primary data collected in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia using binary logistic and random effect ordered logistic panel models, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate that those living in poverty is less inclined to use ride-hailing services, and even when they do, their usage frequency is lower compared to the middle-high-income group. In general, our findings indicate that ride-hailing adopters are more frequently women, middle-young people, having middle-higher income and residents of urban areas. Based on the frequency of ride-hailing use, we found that RH CAR is commonly utilized by higher-income groups. This study suggests that middle-higher income individuals tend to use ride-hailing services more frequently, whether for RH MC or RH CAR. In light of these findings, we propose policy recommendations aimed at reducing transport poverty and enhancing mobility equity.

Young drivers (YDs) are particularly vulnerable to crashes owing to their limited driving experience. This study bridges the gap between YDs’ perceptions and empirical crash data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing their crash involvement. A dual-method approach was employed, integrating structural equation modeling (SEM) based on crash data from Iran, with Q-methodology, which captured subjective viewpoints from 121 young drivers aged 18–24. The SEM analysis identified key human-related factors, including speeding, tailgating, and illegal overtaking, alongside significant environmental- and vehicle-related factors such as adverse weather conditions and motorcycle use. Q-methodology provided deeper insights into how YDs perceive aggressive driving behaviors, impairment factors, and physical well-being as contributors to crashes. A critical finding is the divergence between perceived and statistically significant crash risk factors, particularly considering road conditions and vehicle type. This novel integration of self-reported perspectives with real-world crash data offers unique insights that prior studies have not explored, underscoring the need for targeted educational programs and policy interventions tailored to young drivers’ risk awareness gaps.

The use of two-wheeled motorcycles is quickly increasing in Indonesia. This is because two-wheeled motorcycles are a versatile, economical, and simple mode of transportation for daily purposes. Aside from being a mode of transportation, two-wheeled motorcycles are also utilised to transmit art through modification. The chassis of a two-wheeled motorcycle is one of the components that can be adjusted. The chassis is a frame composed of iron or steel that supports the vehicle's weight and load, including the engine and occupants. Chassis changes at the Hummerroad repair business are done on a made-to-order basis. As a result, before making chassis alterations, it is vital to identify the desired assembly design and estimate the expenses involved. This study attempts to: (1) learn about the implementation of Design for Assembly (DFA) on two-wheeled motorcycle chassis at the Hummerroad Workshop. (2) Determine the effect of the DFA approach on the assembly costs of two-wheeled motorcycle chassis at the Hummerroad Workshop; (3) Determine the effect of the DFA method on the design efficiency of two-wheeled motorcycle chassis at the Hummerroad Workshop. This study employs DFA to create a customised two-wheeled motorcycle chassis. The study's findings suggest that labour costs are reduced by IDR 200,000, materials are reduced by IDR 500,000, assembly time is reduced by up to 1.39 hours, and assembly efficiency is increased to 14% per item. This demonstrates that the DFA method can serve as an option for product design and development.

The increased use of conventional motorcycles results in higher greenhouse gas emissions, which ultimately causes environmental damage. One environmentally friendly product that offers an alternative solution to this problem is the electric motorcycle. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the effects of government subsidies and perceived usefulness on purchase intentions for Polytron electric motorcycles in Indonesia. The present quantitative study focuses on the Indonesian population. The sample size of the study was 110 respondents, who were selected using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the SEM-PLS technique with the SmartPLS tool. The results showed that government subsidies positively affect purchase intentions for Polytron electric motorcycles in Indonesia. Furthermore, perceived usefulness has been shown to positively influence purchase intention. This research implies that continuing the government subsidy policy, combined with a subsidy campaign and maximum socialization of the benefits of electric motors to the Indonesian people, can increase interest in buying electric motorcycles.

The development of transportation, especially the use of motorcycles has contributed significantly to increasing community mobility. However, along with the increasing number of vehicles, the risk of traffic accidents has also increased. One of the main factors causing accidents is the failure of the braking system, which most often occurs in two-wheeled vehicles. Automatic motorcycles, which generally still use conventional braking systems, have a higher level of vulnerability to brake failure compared to other types of vehicles. The ease of use of automatic motorcycles makes this vehicle the main choice for people in their daily activities. One of the braking system technologies developed by motorcycle manufacturers in Indonesia is the Combi Brake System (CBS), which aims to improve the safety of motorcycle riders. This study aims to analyze the comparison of braking efficiency between the CBS and Non-CBS systems by considering variations in load and type of road pavement construction. The research method uses an experimental approach with the road brake test method at speeds of 40 km/h and 60 km/h. The test results showed that the highest brake efficiency of 56.76% occurred on asphalt roads with active CBS brakes and a load of 65 kg at a speed of 60 km/h, while the lowest efficiency of 23.28% occurred on concrete roads with inactive CBS brakes and a load of 125 kg at a speed of 40 km/h. . While the brake temperature analysis showed the highest value of 79.34 °C on asphalt roads with CBS brakes off and 125 kg load at 60 km/h speed, while the lowest temperature of 48.36 °C occurred on concrete roads with CBS brakes on and 65 kg load at 40 km/h speed.

Abstract: Individuals frequently disregard how important it is to wear helmets, which causes tragic accidents. A helmet reduces your risk of getting a serious brain injury and dying by deflecting most of the impact energy that would otherwise hit your head and brain during a tumble or collisions. In India, it is against the law to operate a motorbike or scooter without a helmet, which has increased fatalities as well as crashes. The existing system mostly relies on surveillance footage for keeping up with traffic violations, necessitating a close-up of the license plate by traffic police in the case that the motorcyclist lacks a helmet. Yet, this necessitates a substantial amount of personnel and time considering the high frequency of traffic violations and the rising everyday use of motorcycles. Imagine if there was an algorithm that monitored traffic infractions, such driving a motorbike with no a helmet, and, if any were identified, generate the license plate of the vehicle that committed the violation. Helmet and license plate is detected using a neural network is proposed in this paper. There will be two phases. Initially, we check to see if the riders are wearing helmets. If not, a second step is used to find their license plate. To identify unauthorized vehicles, we also look for license plates on passing vehicles. Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network, Helmet Detection, Machine Learning, Yolov8

Helmet use patterns in urban trauma centers in New York City: A retrospective review of patients from 2013 to 2022.

Abstract The use of waste motorcycle tires as a substitute for coarse aggregate aims to reduce waste accumulation while providing durable road pavement that is resistant to damage. Motorcycle tires have characteristics such as weather resistance, water resistance, sufficient stability, high durability, flexibility, elasticity, and vibration absorption. This study aims to analyse the Marshall characteristics and calculate the Elastic Modulus in an AC-WC asphalt pavement mixture. Additionally, it analyses the stress-strain values of flexible pavement using the KENPAVE program. The testing results show that the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) for the AC-WC mixture is 6.5%. Test samples were made with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% variations for replacing aggregate passing through the 1/2” sieve and retained on the 3/8” sieve. The Marshall test results indicated that the higher the use of motorcycle tire pieces, the poorer the mixture’s characteristics became. The elastic modulus also decreased with the increasing use of tire pieces, attributed to the highly elastic and non-porous nature of the motorcycle tires. The best mixture was achieved with 0% tire replacement, which was then further analysed using the KENPAVE program. The analysis combined secondary data with the Elastic Modulus values obtained from the testing for justification purposes. The analysis revealed a tensile strain value (εt) of -0.0001847 with an ESAL (Nf) of 1,798,000, a compressive strain value (εc) of 0.0005574 with an ESAL (Nd) of 503,900, and a maximum damage ratio of 0.07243, resulting in a road design life of 13.81 years.

Motorcycle use is increasing and becoming widespread every day in the world, especially in Turkey. As the need for motorcycles increases, the basic structural parts of motorcycles, especially the frames, are desired to be stronger and cheaper as well as lighter. For this reason, although motorcycle frame materials are mostly steel or aluminum, in recent years hybrid materials consisting of composites and various alloys, especially in frame construction, have become widespread in the motorcycle industry. In this study, a preliminary design of two separate motorcycle frames consisting of steel and hybrid (steel, aluminum alloy and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites) materials were made with solid modeling, and a finite element model of both frames was created. Thus, the deformations and stresses created by the static and dynamic loads acting on the frame were analyzed, and the frames were compared in terms of static and acceleration loading.

Objectives Understanding the risks associated with electric motorcycles (EMs) is essential for developing effective mobility and safety strategies in an era of increasing motorcycle use and the shift toward electric vehicles. In this research, we investigate the prevalence of crashes among EM and conventional motorcycle (CM) users, as well as factors contributing to the crashes. Methods This study uses primary survey data from 972 motorcyclists (481 EM and 491 CM riders) collected in December 2023 in Hanoi, Vietnam. It compares the frequency of risky riding behaviors and crash types between the 2 groups. Additionally, 2 binary logit regression models are applied to identify factors associated with crashes in the past 12 months for EM and CM riders. Results The results suggest that the prevalence of respondents who did not experience crashes (56.1%), minor crashes (68.8%), serious crashes with injury (80.9%), and hospitalization (91.1%) for EM riders was significantly higher than that for CM users. CM riders tend to engage in many risky riding behaviors more frequently than EM riders. Higher frequencies of speeding, smoking, and neglecting turn signals were related to greater crash risk in both groups. Red light running was a particular risk factor of crash prevalence for EMs only. Older EM users were more likely to experience a crash, and CM users traveling longer and living in urban districts were found to be linked to higher crash prevalence. Conclusions Transitioning from CMs to EMs in Vietnam may offer some safety benefits, such as cautious behavior by EM riders and lower speeds, but there are no major differences in crash prevalence between the groups. Risky behaviors like speeding, smoking, and neglecting turn signals increase crash risks for both; red light running is a particular concern for EM riders and longer travel distances and urban residency for CM users. Targeted interventions, proper training, and licensing are essential, with attention to older EM riders’ vulnerabilities and the risks faced by CM users in urban areas and on long trips.

The increasing use of motorcycles necessitates the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly fuel alternatives. This study examines the effect of mixing methanol with pertalite fuel on engine performance and exhaust emissions in carburetor motorcycles. The fuel variations tested include M0, M5, M10, M15, M20, and M25. Performance testing was conducted using a dynotest, while exhaust emissions were measured with an emission gas analyzer. The results indicate that M25 produces the highest torque and power output, particularly in the 2500–8500 rpm range. Additionally, M25 significantly reduces HC and CO emissions, with HC at 108.33 ppm vol and CO at 0.19% vol, compared to M0. The findings suggest that methanol-enhanced fuel improves combustion efficiency, enhances engine performance, and lowers emissions. Thus, methanol-pertalite blends offer a promising alternative for improving carburetor motorcycle performance while reducing environmental impact.