Use Of Local Varieties Research Articles

Sensory optimization of gluten-free hazelnut omelette and sugar-modified chestnut pudding: A free choice profiling approach for enhanced traditional recipe formulations.

The Mediterranean region is distinguished by its gastronomic diversity and a wide variety of indigenous nut crops. In line with changing global food consumers' preferences, a noteworthy aspect is the increasing demand to the use of local varieties in recipe formulation. The aim of the present study was to incorporate the Terra Fria chestnut (Portugal) and Negreta hazelnut from Reus (Spain) in traditional Mediterranean recipes. The sensory, technofunctional, nutritional, and shelf-life characterization were investigated in hazelnut omelette (gluten and gluten-free) and chestnut pudding (sugar and sugar-free) formulations. Results conducted by trained assessors using the free choice profiling (FCP) showed that hazelnut omelette samples were described as "creamy," "smooth," and "handmade." In addition, the texture obtained with the hazelnut omelette gluten-free version showed the softest textural profile analysis attributes, with lower values for hardness (2.43±0.36N), adhesiveness (-0.38±0.00gs) and gumminess (2.12±0.14). Furthermore, the shelf-life studies revealed a more golden color (>14.43 of a* CIELAB coordinate) and a lower moisture content (25.36%-43.59%) in the hazelnut flour formulation, in addition to the enrichment in terms of protein (8.36g/100g), fiber, and healthy fats. In the case of chestnut pudding, it was observed that the study parameters did not differ significantly from its sweetened analogue with positive attributes in FCP ("toasted," "fluffy," and "sweet"), positioning it as a viable alternative to sugar in this application. Therefore, both hazelnut flour in hazelnut omelette and oligofructose in chestnut pudding proved to be promising ingredients in the formulation of gluten-free and sugar-free developed products, offering attractive organoleptic and textural characteristics.

Sustainability Potential of Marginal Areas for Food, Feed, and Non-Food Production in the Puglia Region, Southern Italy: Part II: A Review

There is considerable unused and unproductive land in rural areas of the Puglia region, Southern Italy. These areas and their local cultivators/growers have always been overlooked by academic, policy, and investment circles despite their potential to improve food security and the livelihood of rural communities. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the sustainability potential of these areas to produce food, feed, and non-food products. This evaluation will play a vital role in the sustainable development of rural regions such as the Puglia region. In this review, we highlighted important aspects regarding the management potential and the expected contribution that various types of marginal areas (MAs) could add to the regional economy of Puglia. The authors focused on the extent to which Puglia’s marginal lands can realistically be utilized to meet Italy’s food production targets, considering the economic, social, and environmental potential of different marginal area types within the Puglia territories. In writing this review, we have been inspired by the lack of sufficient information necessary to carry out a plan for the revitalization of MAs and the sustainable development of regional rural areas. Although Italian scholars have not extensively researched MAs, the available data suggest that they could significantly contribute to the development of regional economy and food security, despite their complexity and low-input nature. The scientific evidence suggests that the main challenge associated with using MAs for food and/or non-food production is balancing biodiversity conservation with local residents’ social and economic development. Presently, some small-scale or family farms are already operating within MAs. However, they still contribute minimally to the overall agricultural production in the region, even though they have the potential to play an important economic role for numerous rural communities in Puglia. Furthermore, the available data indicate that over 40% of existing farmers in MAs require greater support to sustain their activities. Such support should be tailored to the local context, built on and, where appropriate, improved upon existing practices, while addressing various threats to these areas. In this regard, sustainable development policies should shape MAs’ landscapes through the support of initiatives aimed at the recovery of traditional agricultural activities, the use of local varieties, the protection of the environment, and the conservation of biodiversity. The authors believe that this review provides policymakers with recommendations to consider when supporting the sustainable use of MAs as a potential source of food security and sustainable development for people living in these areas.

Impact of Cluster front-line Demonstrations on Productivity and Economics of Groundnut in Southern Transition Agro Climatic Zone (Zone-7) of Hassan District, Karnataka, India

Groundnut is a important commercial legume cum oilseed crop growing in Hassan district of Karnataka and there is a notable yield gaps found between the farmers and demonstration plots due to non adoption of improved agronomic technological practices and use of local varieties. Integrated crop management (ICM) practices in groundnut under cluster front-line demonstration were conducted by ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Hassan during Summer seasons of 2018-19 to 2022with active participation of 250 groundnut growers with a objective of practicing improved agronomic practices over a 100 ha area in 5 consecutive years.The highest groundnut pod yield was achieved in demonstration plots with an mean of 1842.8kg/ha as compared to farmers practices with an mean of 1254.80kg/ha; which was 22.24 per cent higher yield as compared to farmers practices. The demonstration plots average mean of extension gap, technology gap and technology index were calculated as 281.20 kg/ha, 564 kg/ha, 26.75 per cent, respectively. The higher mean net returns of 62592.60/ha with B:C ratio of 2.35 was exhibited in improved agronomic practices demonstrated plot as compared to local practices (Rs.43897.60/ha). So it’s concluded that improved agronomic technological practices have high potential to increase the groundnut productivity through cluster front-line demonstration.

Effect of Concentration and Application Interval of Chlorantraniliprole Active Ingredient Insecticide on Attack Intensity of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccaharata sturt) Plants

Sweet corn productivity in the country is still low when compared to productivity abroad, the main factors that cause low corn yields in Indonesia are the use of local varieties, lack of soil fertility coupled with inadequate fertilization and pest and disease attacks. This experiment aims to determine the effect of Concentration and Application Interval of Chlorantraniliprole Active Ingredient Insecticide on the intensity of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) attack and yield of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccaharata sturt). The experiment was conducted in Getasan Village, Depok District, Cirebon Regency, in January-April 2023. The research method used a factorial pattern Randomized Group Design consisting of two factors, namely concentration and application interval. The results showed that the concentration and application interval of the active ingredient Chlorantraniliprole had a significant effect on the intensity of Spodoptera frugiperda attack and the yield of sweet corn (Zea mays saccaharata sturt). Chlorantraniliprole concentration of 3 cc/liter with 2 application intervals once a day was able to reduce the intensity of Spodoptera frugiperda attack up to 9.47%. Chlorantraniliprole concentration of 2 cc/liter with 2 application intervals once was able to produce 10.8 kg/plot of corn or equivalent to 19.2 ton/h (80% effective land).

Agroecological techniques: adoption of safe and sustainable agricultural practices among the smallholder farmers in Africa

Attaining sufficiency in food supply to support a growing population without compromising ecosystem functioning remains a top agenda of researchers and agricultural stakeholders. Agroecological farming approaches are effective techniques that ensure sustainable food production even in adverse situations. Population growth has been forecasted to reach over 9.1 billion by 2050 outpacing food production. However, cereals and grain legumes are strategic to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger by 2030 (SDG 2), ending extreme poverty (SDG 1), and mitigating the climate change effect (SDG 13). There remains an urgent need to embrace more sustainable measures to increase food production for the growing population. This review explores the role of agroecology which employs a transdisciplinary approach to sustainable agricultural practices to improve the resilience of farming systems by increasing diversification through poly-cropping, agroforestry, use of local varieties, and integrated crop and livestock systems. Furthermore, the agroecological farming approach minimizes water use, lowers pollution levels on the farm, and ensures economic profitability for the farmers. Thus, application of agroecology techniques among the smallholder farmers is strategic to ensuring food security.

Improved Crop Management on Open-Pollinated Maize (OPV) in The High Upland of Central Java Indonesia

In the highlands of Central Java, maize remains a staple food, but low yields are common due to limited use of local varieties and cultivation techniques. To address this, a study was conducted in Bojong District, Central Java, focusing on intensified maize cultivation through improved varieties, spacing, and fertilization. On-farm experiments were carried out, comparing different treatments with recommended practices. Sukmaraga maize showed the highest yields when following suggested spacing and fertilization, outperforming local yellow and white varieties significantly. The study revealed that intensification using high-yielding varieties and proper techniques could increase maize yields by 108-172% for different varieties. For local yellow and white maize, the yield increase was about 134% and 113%, respectively. Overall, adopting high-yielding varieties and improved techniques resulted in a remarkable average yield increase of 135% compared to traditional farmer practices. This research highlights the potential to enhance maize productivity in the Central Java highlands and improve food security in the region.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) response on increased drought and salinity in the vegetative phase

Environmental stress is a global threat to provide the world’s food. Drought and salinity are the main threats to agricultural land productivity. This is a challenge in implementing SDGs 2030 as well as an opportunity if we are able to use germplasm to overcome various environmental stresses. Research on 2 varieties of rice Inpari 42 agritan as a comparison variety and varieties Sigupai which is a local variety of Aceh originating from Abdya. This study used a 2x3x6 split plot design with 108 experimental units and 324 experimental pots. There is an interaction between varieties when salinity occurs and salinity level on the growth of rice plants in the vegetative phase and electrical conductivity in soil and water which shows different responses between the Inpari 42 Agritan variety and the Sigupai varieties. On the electrical conductivity of the Sigupai. variety, it was better able to reduce Ec at different levels of salinity and time of occurs in the vegetative phase. Meanwhile, Inpari 42 Agritan is more capable of increasing growth under conditions of increased salinity in the vegetative phase. The local variety Sigupai, the rate of growth reduction is also relatively low compared to that without salinity. This is an opportunity to deal with drought and salinity that can occur anytime and anywhere due to drought, water management and improper fertilization that can occur anywhere. It is a challenge to overcome drought and lowering salinity with the use of local varieties and appropriate agronomic practices.

Pengaruh Jumlah Anakan Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Beberapa Genotip Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Lokal Jawa Timur

Sorghum is one type of cereal plant that is easy to cultivate. The use of local varieties in crop cultivation is very good because it can reduce the potential for crop failure. One way to increase crop productivity is by regulating plant density. The aim of the study was to determine the right number of tillers to optimize growth and yield of sorghum from several local genotypes of East Java. The local genotypes used were Sb.Pas, Sb.Spg1 and Sb.Lmg2. The design used was a randomized block design with 9 treatments and 3 (three) replications. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using Variety Analysis, if there was a significant effect, then proceed with the 5% BNT test. The results of the analysis showed significant differences in all components of plant growth and yield observations except for the total dry weight of the plant. While the use of the same genotype showed results that were not significantly different. Better results were obtained with Sb.Spg1 + 3 treatment on the observation of the number of leaves and stem diameter, and Sb.Pas + 2 on the observation of plant height. Observation of the results of the treatment with fewer tillers gave better results in the observation of individual plants but not significantly different from the observations of clump-1 and plot-1. The results of the growth and production of sorghum are influenced by the genotype of the plant, the environment and the attack of Plant Pest Organisms , especially leaf rust disease which is the main disease in sorghum plants.

Pendekatan Preferensi sebagai Umpan Balik pada Calon Varietas Unggul Baru yang Berdaya Saing

Purple sweet potato farming in Banyuwangi as a mainstay commodity to support farmers' income. The local variety TW became the preferred local variety, but farmers began to complain about the decline in productivity. These problems need an effort to improve the use of local varieties in the use of superior varieties in restoring the productivity level of purple sweet potato to its original state. Thus, it is necessary to dame plots of prospective superior varieties to obtain farmer's assessment and preferences before purple sweet potato clones are released into varieties that have legality as VUB. The results showed that farmers and traders liked the skin and tuber shape of MSU 1001-15 and MSU 1002-07 clones. The reasons farmers chose the two clones were because: 1) they had a bright color and rather thick skin, 2) the shape of the large tubers was not too round and elongated, and the yield was high. The value of purple sweet potato farming in Banyuwangi is economically feasible in terms of marketing and income value which has a significant advantage.

‘Addressing’ language deficit: valuing children's variational repertories

AbstractThere is growing evidence that student contributions via classroom talk (oracy) are subject to social judgements premised on cultural evaluation of accent and dialect, with particular varieties often viewed in deficit terms and pathologised, both within and beyond the classroom. We reflect on a university–community project involving researchers working to support Greythorpe Junior School (‘pseudonymised’) to address the linguistic deficit position that a school inspection report had taken in relation to the use of local varieties of English in Greythorpe. The researchers used socio‐linguistic frames (repertoire, accommodation and discourse attuning) to develop productive strategies for students and the school to take ownership of how to negotiate perspectives that diminish non‐standard accents and dialects. We provide illustrations of the workshop conversations with children and teachers to highlight the sophisticated, lived, metalinguistic understandings of children and teachers in the school, through which this perception of language deficit was ultimately renegotiated. In illustrating this case, we draw into focus the ways in which academic, institutional, socio‐linguistic knowledge is (by its descriptive nature) divorced from context and so is only of use if it can be owned by those who are facing linguistic inequalities.

KERAGAAN DUA VARIETAS JAGUNG MANIS DENGAN PEMBERIAN POC LIMBAH INDUSTRI IKAN ASIN DILAHAN RAWA LEBAK

Most of the results from fisheries in the District of Lake Panggang are processed into salted fish. The processing of fishery products leaves liquid waste. The productivity of maize in this sub-district is also low due to the use of local varieties and without fertilization. Liquid waste processing fishery products can be used as liquid organic fertilizer. Lebak swamp land is land with low nutrient elements. The aims of this study were (i) to determine the interaction of two varieties with POC of salted fish industrial wastewater on the growth and yield of sweet corn in Lebak swamp land, (ii) the effect of two varieties, (iii) the effect of POC of salted fish industrial wastewater, (iv) ) the best interaction of two varieties with POC of salted fish industrial wastewater, (v) knowing the best variety, (vi) best dose of POC of fish industrial wastewater. This research was conducted in Danau Panggang Village, Danau Panggang Sub district, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency from May to August 2021. Using a 2-factor factorial randomized block design (RAK). The first factor is the POC dose of salted fish liquid waste as much as 4 levels, namely i1=30 ml/l, i2=45 ml/l, i3=60 ml/l, i4=75 ml/l. The second factor is two varieties of sweet corn, v1 = Bonanza F1 and v2 = Pertiwi F1. The results showed that the interaction of two varieties with POC of salted fish industrial wastewater affected the number of leaves aged 28 and 35 DAP, but had no effect on the number of leaves aged 14 and 21 DAP and other variables such as plant height, stem diameter, age of first flowering, cob length. Belabor and not belabor and cob weight belabor and not belabor.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF LOCAL RICE VARIETIES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PRODUCTIVITY IN THE LWAFI-KATONGOLO IRRIGATION SCHEME, NKASI DISTRICT, TANZANIA

Performance of rice production in the Lwafi-Katongolo Irrigation Scheme is influenced by both environmental and non-environmental factors. Despite introduction of improved rice varieties in irrigation schemes for increased production, farmers still choose to use local rice varieties. The factors that determine farmers’ choice of local and improved varieties have not been studied and used as a basis to improve productivity in the scheme. Such an analysis has wider implications on improvement of performance of rice irrigation schemes. This study was done to determine: (1) socio-economic factors influencing use of local rice varieties (2) other non-socio-economic factors influencing rice production (3) factors influencing productivity in the scheme. A sample of 120 farmers from 4 purposely selected villages of Katongolo, Masolo, Kamwanda and Mpata were surveyed using standard socio-economic survey approaches. Data on soil chemical and nutrient characteristics for the irrigation scheme were obtained from ARI- Uyole database. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and Stata computer programs. Qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. Multinomial Logistic Regression model was used to determine factors influencing the adoption of different rice varieties. The results show that education level had significant positive influence on the use of local varieties (p<0.1). Other major economic activities influence use of local varieties for farmers who grow both varieties (p = 0.05). For most farmers prior experience on growing local varieties and investment capital greatly influenced adoption of new rice varieties. Constraints of using local rice varieties are poor appearance, poor taste and low production with implications on markets, economic performance and consumer preferences. Understanding farmer preferences based on quality of rice is prerequisite in introducing new rice varieties for improvement of productivity in irrigation schemes. Research on the most favorable rice varieties especially from socio economic and soil condition points of view is imperative. Concerted extension education to promote the use of improved rice varieties and measures to ameliorate possible saline condition of the soil will augment productivity.

Performance of six new superior varieties of rice on tidal swamp-land in South Kalimantan Province

Rice is the staple food for millions of people of Indonesia which produced from many agroecology including tidal-swamp. The contribution of swampland to the national rice production is still lower than 2%. One of the indigenous knowledge of the tidal-swamp farmers is the massive use of local varieties which have low yield. Therefore, efforts to increase rice production in tidal-swampland of Barito Kuala Regency should consider the use of superior varieties. The purpose of this study was to find out performance of seven superior varieties in tidal-swamp land in two planting seasons. This research was conducted from March 2020 to March 2021 in Karang Buah Village of Belawang District of Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The research was arranged in two factors of Randomized Complete Block Design namely varieties and seasons. The first factor consisted of seven varieties: Inpari-42 (V1), Inpari-43 (V2), Inpari IR Nutri Zinc (V3), Inpara-8 (V4), Inpara-9 (V5), Inpara-10 (V6), and IR-42 (V7). The second factor, season consisted of season-1 which started from March to July 2020 and season-2 for planting period from November 2020 to March 2021. The result showed that swamp rice varieties had higher value for plant height variables than those of irrigated rice varieties with Inpari-8 as the highest one. However, all irrigated rice varieties performed better which had higher value for panicle number, filled rice grain, and yield with IR-42 as the highest one. All varieties except IR-42 showed higher values of filled grain numbers when cultivated in season-1 supported by good weather during the study.

Identification and selection of local carrot seeds (Daucus carota L) for seed sources

Carrot (Daucus carota) is one of the most important root vegetables in Indonesia contains high levels of sugars, rich in β-carotene (pre-vitamin A), ethylene, and high levels of proteins. Carrot was reported as a medicinal plant in the gardens and an essensial part of the food coloring industry. In fact the seeds of carrot contain estrogen, and in some cultures are used as an effective method of contraception. Carrot have been promoted as a future ingredient in biofuels, the carrot seed oil has proved to be an excellent lubricant in industrial applications, appears in multitude of skin and hair care products and produced luteolin. Carrot grows vegetatively in the first season and produced seed in the second. The yield and quality of carrot grown is determined by the seed production technique which can flourish carrot seed production as well as to compensate high cost of carrot seed. The use of local varieties of carrot as seed source increase productivity through higt adaptability. The aim of research is to obtain the best possible tuber characteristic as a qualified seed source. Research was conducted by the exploration method of carrot tuber in Lembang Jaya area and study the morphological characters. The exploration result obtained 8 carrot tuber locations. The carrot tuber with a chantenay type had the best growth and yields of the seeds to develop.

Penularan Penyakit Layu Bakteri dan Hasil Kacang Tanah Lokal dengan Penambahan Dosis Bertingkat Pupuk K

Bacterial wilt R. solanacearum is one of the main diseases of peanuts that can reduce crop production. The use of local varieties and plant management can control bacterial wilt disease. Local varieties are one source of germplasm diversity for plant breeding activities. Management such as fertilization is expected to control pests and plant diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the performance of bacterial wilt disease and its effect on the yield of three local peanut varieties in West Nusa Tenggara with the addition of various doses of K fertilizer. The study was conducted at the Narmada Visitor Plot, on 17 January - 29 April 2017. The experiment used a split plot factorial design. The main plots were three varieties of local NTB peanuts, namely local peanuts North Lombok (KLU) (V1), local Bima (V2), and local Pelat (V3). Subplots are four levels of potassium (K) fertilizer dose, namely 0 kg KCl/ha (P1), 20 kg KCl/ha (P2), 40 kg KCl/ha (P3), and 60 kg KCl/ha (P4). Each treatment was repeated five block. The results showed that each local peanut varieties with doses of KCl fertilizer showed bacterial wilt resistance. The lowest transmission of bacterial wilt was in KLU local peanuts with a dose of 0 kg KCl/ha, 20 kg KCl/ha, and 40 kg KCl /ha, Bima at a dose of 40 kg KCl/ha and Pelat at a dose of 60 kg KCl/ha. The application of KCl fertilizer at a dose of 0 kg/ha to 60 kg/ha did not affect the yield and varieties of local peanuts had different weights of 100 seeds in response to the application of K fertilizer, local peanuts KLU and Pelat had the highest weights of 100 seeds at the KCl dose. 40 kg/ha while Bima at a dose of KCl 60 kg/ha.

Performance evaluation and participatory varietal selection of improved bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, the case of Debre Elias District, Northwestern Ethiopia

Bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is an economically important and widely grown crop in Ethiopia. It is the dominant crop grown in Debre Elias district. However, its annual productivity is very low due to biotic (diseases & pests) and abiotic factors (climate change i.e. temperature & rainfall variability), the limited use of local varieties, and more dominantly one improved variety Kekeba for repeated years. Hence, this experiment was conducted in Debre Elias district in the 2018/2019 cropping season at two Kebeles (Guay and Tijagotir) to identify farmers' preferences and selection criteria and best performing and rust disease-resistant varieties among the tasted “ten bread wheat varieties” through farmers' participation. Ten improved bread wheat varieties, including standard check, were used as treatments. The treatments were arranged in randomized completed block design with three replications for mother trial and farmers were used as replication for baby trials. Farmers' evaluation was made at flowering and maturity stages by using both direct-matrix for varieties and pair-wise ranking for traits. The analysis of variance of agronomic and rust disease traits indicated that the presence of highly significant (P < 0.01). Varieties namely; Abola (4.02 ton-ha −1 ) followed by Ogoloncho (3.89 ton-ha- 1 ) was highest yielding and immune to rust diseases than the standard check (Kekeba = 2.85 ton-ha −1 ) in the mother trial. Similarly, Abola (3.99 ton-ha −1 ) followed by Ogoloncho (3.87 ton-ha −1 ) was the highest yielding over the standard check (Kekeba = 3.18 ton-ha −1 ) and the other varieties tested in the baby trial. Accordingly, two varieties (Abola and Ogoloncho) ranked 1st and 2nd in the direct matrix scoring by farmers. Moreover, this study indicated that participatory varietal selection is a viable method to gain greater insight into farmers’ perceptions, preferences, merits, and shortcomings of bread wheat varieties. Therefore, based on the results of this study, Abola and Ogoloncho are recommended for production, multiplication as well as distribution to farmers through both formal and informal seed systems in both locations of the study area.

Farmers’ Perception about the Use of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Landraces and Their Genetic Erosion in South Wollo Administrative Zone, Ethiopia

Genetic erosion can result in the loss of sorghum landrace genetic diversity. In the study areas, although it is generally believed that genetic erosion had occurred, there are no data on its amount and extent. Thus, this study is aimed to assess farmers’ perception about the use of sorghum landraces and their genetic erosion and to identify suggested reasons for the replacement of sorghum landraces. To this end, a field survey of 1200 farmers, randomly selected over the three districts (Tenta, Mekdela, and Delanta) during 2006 to 2015/2016 main cropping seasons, was undertaken. Structured questionnaire survey of households, focused group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations were used to collect data. Moreover, the data for samples collected during 1980 were obtained from the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute (EBI). Sorghum landrace history profile analysis indicated that there was an insight in the use of local varieties among local farmers over the past three or above decades. However, there is a reduction trend due to the different selection criteria described by farmers. “Kokita,” “Merar,” “Marchuke,” “Tinkish” (except for “Necho-Tinkish” and “Jofa-Tinkish”), and “Fesho” were totally excluded (lost) by local farmers attributed by home consumption preferences. The interviewed farmers indicated that genetic erosion had occurred. Genetic erosion of 100% was observed in white sorghum in Mekdela and 66.7% in Delanta and Tenta districts. Likewise, genetic erosion of red sorghum, 25%, 20%, and 75%, respectively, was detected in Tenta, Mekdela, and Delanta. For yellow sorghum grains, genetic erosion was 33.4% in Tenta and 66.7% in Mekdela and Delanta. Genetic erosion for “Tinkish” was found to be 66.7% in Tenta and 50% in Mekdela and Delanta. Based on farmer responses, genetic erosion was attributed to reduced benefits from landraces, drought, climate change, market price and demand, and reduction in land size. The actions of both natural and conscious selection on farm were also discussed in detail as genetic erosion scenarios. Therefore, attention should be given to conservation of farmers’ varieties in which involving farmers’ participation is very important in order to use their indigenous knowledge for conservation of FVs and on-farm conservation strategies should be practiced for FV sustainable use. Thus, genetic resource conservation is attained.

Crop losses and economic impact associated with papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) infestation in Kenya

This study quantified crop losses and economic impacts associated with papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) infestation in Kenya and identified the most important predictors of papaya tree (Carica papaya L.) yield losses through a household survey of 404 farmers. At least 95% male and 88% female respondents correctly identified papaya mealybug. Papaya was the most affected crop by the pest, with 73% of the respondents indicating that a major part (>60%) of their trees was affected. The estimated papaya yield losses due to papaya mealybug were 57%, with an associated annual economic loss of US$3,009 per ha at the farm level and US$29.8 million at the national level. Regression analysis showed significant yield-reducing effects with high infestation levels of papaya mealybug, use of local varieties, and use of indigenous pest control practices. Economic losses differed significantly by county, with the highest losses reported in Mombasa. Male farmers reported higher losses than their female counterparts. Findings highlight the need for location and gender-specific information on pest management for effectiveness in controlling papaya mealybug.

Language Ideologies and Saudi Society: Understanding the Notion of Diglossia

Discussing the role of Spoken varieties within Saudi society exposes a point of tension between those who view these varieties as a threat to Fus‛ħa Arabic and those who value them for their close association with local traditions and culture. The absence of a clear understanding of the concept of diglossia among the general public is at the core of this issue. Thus, one can see that although the use of Spoken varieties is expanding rapidly through new mediums such as &amp;ldquo;Shilat&amp;rdquo; (folkloric singing) and &amp;ldquo;Alqanawat Ash-Shaʕbeyah&amp;rdquo; (TV channels focusing on folklore), the linguistic campaigns that criticize these varieties remain as strong as ever. In this context, this paper aims to explore the discrepancy between linguistic ideologies within society and the reality of language use on the ground. The data used in this study were collected from questionnaires disseminated among Saudi speakers from both sexes and different age groups. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data reveal a number of directions and views that are prevalent within Saudi society regarding the H/L dichotomy. There seems to be a wide consensus about accepting Spoken varieties as a normal component of the linguistic repertoire of speakers, provided that such varieties are used in their predetermined domains. In contrast, any signs of infringement on the functions reserved for Fus‛ħa Arabic are always condemned and denounced. These infringements include the nonstandard use of language in any written form, such as the use of local varieties on internet forums, newspapers, and magazines or on information websites, like Wikipedia. This paper also examines the participants&amp;rsquo; views on using Spoken Arabic on social media platforms, and their attitudes towards the influx of recent English borrowings into Spoken Arabic.

RESILIENCE OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON SOUTH-EASTERN COAST OF BANGLADESH

Coastal people of Bangladesh have been experiencing from lower crop productivity and fewer cropping intensity because of different climatic vulnerabilities. The research work was carried out in Banskhali upazila of Chattogram district and Teknaf of Cox’s Bazar district to assess the impact of climate change on crop production process and to suggest suitable coping strategies and adaptation options for advancing the coastal agriculture for increased agricultural production. To attain the objectives of the research, the author were collected randomly 240 sampled respondents using pre-tested interview schedule. Long-term data/information on climate change showed that there is a trend of temperature rise and erratic rainfall. Participants stated that the current climate in the study area behaving differently than in the past on a number of climate risk factors like increased temperature, frequent drought, changes in seasonal rainfall pattern, long dry spells, increase of soil salinity, increase of tidal surges affecting crop production. The study showed that the main reasons of yield reduction (20-40 % yield loss) in T. aman crop are erratic rainfall, increased intensity and frequency of drought, salinity, floods, cyclone, use of local varieties, increased incidences of pests &amp; diseases etc in the context of climate change. Average yield level of HYV Boro is being affected (20-40 % yield loss) by high temperature and salinity and that of T.Aus/Aus crop is being affected (20-40 % yield loss) by tidal surge. Vegetables, pulses and oilseed crops are being affected (40-60 % yield loss) by soil wetness, excessive rainfall and water-logging in the selected areas. Sorjan system of cropping, rice-fish dual culture, utilization of bunds as vegetables/spices production in gher areas, floating bed agriculture and homestead gardening with introduction of salt-tolerant &amp; drought tolerant crop varieties have been identified as potential adaptation options for development of coastal agriculture for increased agricultural production in attaining food security.