Use Of Graphical Representations Research Articles

Assessing GRASP utilization through instrumentation

The idea that representing something visually can help us understand it has long been promoted in common practice and in the literature [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Indeed, "a picture is worth a thousand words" has become a standard cliché in our culture. In the case of software, however, one must take great care that it is the correct thousand words that are being conveyed [5]. Nonetheless, appropriate visualizations of software can be quite beneficial to programmers, especially when faced with program comprehension tasks. Such tasks exist throughout the software life cycle (e.g., formal technical reviews, debugging, verification, reverse engineering) and in the classroom (e.g., students reading examples from the text or examples from the professor).The GRASP (Graphical Representations of Algorithms, Structures, and Processes) research project at Auburn University seeks to develop tools and techniques for the effective use of graphical representations and visualizations of software. The overall goal of this research is to increase the efficiency of programmer comprehension and understanding of source code, and thereby decrease overall software cost. As an integral part of the research project, the GRASP software engineering tool has been developed as a continuously evolving prototype. The emphasis of the tool to this point has been on visualizing program structure and complexity via the automatic generation of Control Structure Diagrams (CSDs) and Complexity Profile Graphs (CPGs) from Ada source code [7]. The current release of GRASP provides generation of CSDs and CPGs together with other program comprehension aids such as syntax coloring, typographical enhancements, and source code folding [8]. When coupled with an appropriate compilation system such as GNAT, GRASP becomes an integrated graphical development environment for Ada 95, allowing users to edit, visualize, pretty-print, compile, link, execute and debug Ada software.The GRASP prototype for Ada was first made available to the public in January 1996. Since that time, thousands of copies of GRASP have been downloaded via anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) and the World Wide Web (WWW) from educational, government, military and commercial sites, both in the United States and abroad. When it was released to the public, GRASP was also made available to users of the Auburn University College of Engineering computer network. GRASP is now used extensively throughout the computer science and engineering curriculum at Auburn University, in approximately three to five courses per quarter.

The effect of task on preschool children's ability to represent meaning through graphic skills

Knowledge of letter shapes comes from teaching but an understanding of the representational and communicative functions of graphic expression may be based in established knowledge and procedures. Associations need to be built up between these systems for an understanding of graphic symbolic communication. Two groups of 34‐year‐old children took part. In the experimental group, the children's functional use of graphic representation in socially meaningful tasks using visible stimuli was compared with their performance on more decontextualized tasks. The children gave significantly more representational responses on the more meaningful, socially motivated tasks and sustained these when re‐examined on the decontextualized task. A control group had the same tasks but they were only asked to record items; the communicative function was not emphasized. None of these children moved from the non‐representational to the representational category and there were significant differences between their performance and those of the children in the experimental group. The findings suggest that learning letters should not be divorced from meaningful contexts that emphasize the communicative functions of writing. They also show that young, preliterate children have the ability to assess and select from their repertoire of skills those which will be most serviceable if they are given tasks that will encourage these insights.

Reformulation of Gray's duality for attractive spin systems and its applications

Duality relations, which associate two Markov processes in different state spaces, have been useful tools in the study of the long-term behaviour of the stochastic processes of spin systems. In 1986, Gray introduced a new duality theory which is applicable to general spin systems with attractive transition rates. The theory was developed by making full use of graphical representations. In the present paper, Gray's duality is reformulated by studying the action of the formal generators on a newly chosen duality function and the dual processes defined in the state space Upsilon =(A:A is a finite subset of Y) are discussed, where Y is a collection of finite subsets of Zd. As applications of the submodularity of the survival probability sigma (A) of the dual processes, rigorous lower bounds of the critical values are derived for the theta -contact process, the multi-particle creation model and the sexual reproduction process.

Representation of space and students' conceptions at high school level

At high school level, the teaching of space geometry makes use of graphical representations of objects. But usually the only function of these “figures” is to illustrate, they are stereotyped and have no real mathematical status, as a study of textbooks shows. They contain many implicit conventions, of different kinds, which can lead students to misconceptions about geometrical objects if they are not mastered. However they can, at a low educational cost, serve as an efficient tool to be used for problem solving. To achieve this I propose to base such drawings explicitly on parallel projection, a principle which produces representations of various types, often coinciding with the usual figures, close to perceptive images, and on which important properties of the objects represented are retained.

Characterization of Borosilicate Glass Step Coverage for Multilevel Interconnection Applications

The step coverage of atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposited borosilicate glass (BSG) has been studied in detail. The optimized deposition conditions have been obtained for an oxygen/hydride ratio of 70/1 and a 4% boron concentration. Various BSG thicknesses obtained by only changing the speed of the carrier moving belt have been deposited over different kinds of metal steps, with sloped profiles or re‐entrant angle profiles and with different step heights. The oxide thickness, the metal thickness, , and the spacing, , between two metal lines have been chosen to cover a wide range of thickness ratios and aspect ratios . The step coverage evaluation (bottom and lateral coverage) is performed by measuring thickness ratios, which are reported on (, ) diagrams. Well‐defined curves of identical coverage can be drawn on the (, ) diagrams, showing that the step coverage of the BSG films is clearly correlated with the thickness ratio and the aspect ratio , but does not simply depend on , , and values. The limit curves of void formation and of constant coverage are drawn on these diagrams for the two metal profiles. A void formation limit is determined by the vertical asymptote to the void formation curve. This limit is obtained for an aspect ratio of 0.6 when metal steps have a re‐entrant angle profile, and 0.75 when metal steps have a sloped sidewall profile. The step coverage results are then discussed in detail. Finally, the use of graphic representation of step coverage results on the (, ) diagrams is emphasized for comparison of deposition techniques, choice of methods to elaborate intermetal dielectric, and as a guide to the design of new multilevel technologies.

Option analysis: Making better decision faster

Option Analysis is a compact Decision Analysis method, that has proven itself in the field. This paper describes the essential steps of the technique, highlighting its heavy use of graphical representations. Easy modeling using preprogrammed functions in a popular spreadsheet enhances its value as a practitioner's approach. A real life application of a Financial Holding Decision Problem is used throughout, to illustrate the Option Analysis approach. Finally, some remarks on its potential, as well as future developments are given.

Graphical aids and scanning modes for tandem mass spectrometry

AbstractIn tandem mass spectrometry, where typically one analyser is used to study the reactions of ions selected by another analyser from a mixture leaving the ion source, the output contains an additional dimension of information compared to that from conventional mass spectrometry. The increase in dimensionality tends to make the results less easy to assimilate and interpret, but the difficulties may be overcome in large measure by presenting the results in an appropriate graphical form. This review deals with the use of graphical representations of three‐dimensional data to display the results of experiments in tandem mass spectrometry. Perspective diagrams or contour maps can be used to show the identity of the parent and daughter ions for all of the reactions occurring in a tandem mass spectrometer, including reactions of positive ions, reactions of negative ions and charge inversion reactions. A graphical approach is particularly valuable when double focusing mass spectrometers are used for tandem mass spectrometry, because it can make it much easier to establish the origin of the ions contributing to an observed peak and thus to determine whether interference is occurring. Factors bearing on the choice of a coordinate system are discussed. Relationships characterizing the more important simple and linked scanning modes are listed and the features to which they correspond in two selected coordinate systems are shown. Factors that influence the resolution of neighbouring peaks by sector field tandem mass spectrometers are discussed.

The use of graphic representation at the lessons of natural science

Graphic representation plays an important part in the process of training. It helps not only to extend pupils' knowledge but also to systematize and classify it, to reveal causality between things and phenomena; it develops logical thinking and habits of independent work. The article reveals possibilities of using graphic representation (tables, diagrams, schemes, graphs) at the lessons of natural science and geography in the 4th and 5th classes, analyses the material of weather observations and estimates the effectiveness of graphic representation.

The Use of Graphic Representation in Problem-Solving at the College Level

The Use of Graphic Representation in Problem-Solving at the College Level

Fine Arts as a Means of Personality Integration

Previous articleNext article No AccessFine Arts as a Means of Personality IntegrationRobert E. JohnsonRobert E. Johnson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 56, Number 4Apr., 1948 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/441499 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Locky Law Creativity and Education: Facilitating Transfer of Learning Through Digital Creativity Multimodal Analysis (DCMA) of Social Media Posts, (Nov 2020): 95–119.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7341-5_5Walter R. Borg The Effect of Personality and Contact Upon a Personality Stereotype, The Journal of Educational Research 49, no.44 (Dec 2014): 289–294.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1955.10882284H. Donald White The Use of Graphic Representation in Problem-Solving at the College Level, The Journal of Educational Research 47, no.11 (Dec 2014): 35–46.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1953.10882078Howard Y. McClusky Chapter V: Mental Health in Schools and Colleges, Review of Educational Research 19, no.55 (Jun 2016): 405–412.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543019005405Edwin Ziegfeld Chapter VII: Art Education, Review of Educational Research 19, no.22 (Jun 2016): 158–171.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543019002158

Where Does Interpretation Begin?—Analysis of the Oil-Engine Power Cost Report

Abstract This paper is an analysis of fuel-oil and lubricating-oil economy based on the 1937 A.S.M.E. Oil-Engine Power Cost Report. Both analyses are divided into two sections, the factual and the interpretative parts. The nature of the factual analysis does not permit drawing any conclusion beyond the one that, in making more judicious use of graphical representations, the usefulness of the Cost Report can be greatly increased. Conclusions from the interpretative analysis are as follows: 1 Engine load has a great effect on both fuel- and lubricating-oil economy. 2 Engine type has a great effect on lubricating-oil economy and a small effect on fuel-oil economy. 3 Year of manufacture has a great effect on both fuel- and lubricating-oil economy. 4 In both cases the improvement is wholly due to advance in design and construction. 5 Engine size has practically no effect on either fuel- or lubricating-oil economy. 6 Engine speed has practically no effect on either fuel- or lubricating-oil economy. 7 Fuel gravity has practically no effect on fuel economy. 8 Other factors may have some small effect on fuel- and lubricating-oil economy but they have not been sufficiently investigated.

Statigrams

THE increasing use of graphic representations of statistics by means of lines, areas, &c., seems to render it convenient to have some word which would specially designate diagrams exhibiting the progress and tendencies of the numerous tables of figures which do not pretend to strict scientific accuracy. The word diagram is used in most elastic senses and by all sorts and conditions of men.

4. On the Use of Graphic Representations of Chemical Formula

The idea of atomicity, or the definite equivalence of chemical atoms, is the necessary consequence of the theory of replacement. It was employed by Frankland to explain the nature of the organometallic bodies, and its application was further extended by Kolbe to a large number of organic substances.It is, however, to Kekulé that we owe the complete generalisation of this idea and its systematic application to all classes of compounds. This first rendered it possible to represent, as it is often advantageous to do, the constitution of compounds by completely dissected formulæ.