Use Of Graphical Methods Research Articles

Meta Ads digital advertising in social networks

A progressive tool for achieving the marketing goals of retail enterprises in digital advertising in social networks, taking into account the current situation in Ukraine, is Meta Ads. Advanced targeting parameters based on demographics, interests and own audience make Meta Ads a powerful tool for digital advertising professionals, allowing them to reach a wide audience with targeted messages. The study was conducted using the following methods: data analysis, synthesis and logical generalization of results; systemic, structural and statistical analysis with the use of graphical methods. The main sources of information are scientific papers, the results of marketing research, expert blogs in the field of digital advertising, and official statistical information from Internet resources. In the article there were considered the functions of generative artificial intelligence in Meta Ads, such as image enhancement, background generation, and ad text variations, which can reduce the time required to create advertising materials. Advantage+ tools that automate the process of creating advertising campaigns and targeting have been analysed, in particular Advantage+ Shopping Campaigns and Advantage+ Creative. The development trends of Meta Ads in the Ukrainian market, which will affect the results and efficiency of work with digital advertising, are substantiated. It was determined that the use of existing artificial intelligence technologies will allow enterprises to better find the target audience and work with advertisements

Parameter ESTimation With the Gauss-Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm: AnIntuitive Guide.

In this paper, we review the derivation of the Gauss-Levenberg-Marquardt (GLM) algorithm and its extension to ensemble parameter estimation. We explore the use of graphical methods to provide insights into how the algorithm works in practice and discuss the implications of both algorithm tuning parameters and objective function construction in performance. Some insights include understanding the control of both parameter trajectory and step size for GLM as a function of tuning parameters. Furthermore, for the iterative Ensemble Smoother (iES), we discuss the importance of noise on observations and show how iES can cope with non-unique outcomes based on objective function construction. These insights are valuable for modelers using PEST, PEST++, or similar parameter estimation tools.

Projective psychology of personality typology

Introduction. In recent years, graphical methods belonging to the class of projective methods have become very popular in psychological research, they enable a person to project reality himself and interpret it in his own way. Purpose setting. The expanding use of graphic methods and procedures has not yet led to the creation of works summarizing the experience of their use, to the formation of a general approach to the psychological analysis of different types of images. Methodology and methods of the study. The material for the analysis was the results of three series of experimental work, in which more than four thousand and more than three thousand drawings were obtained and analyzed according to the methods: constructive drawing of a person from geometric figures, psycho-geometrics by Susan Dellinger, Rorschach, etc. Results. The conducted analysis showed that the ratio of various elements in constructive drawings is not accidental, which allowed us to identify seven main types, which correspond to typological characteristics. The typological characteristic is based on the frequency of occurrence of a certain type among the respondents, as well as expert and subjective validity obtained as a result of a large number of conversations and observations during the survey. The article analyzes the long-term results of the study of students» personality typology using projective (graphic) methods. Conclusion. Based on a comparison of the results obtained using the graphical methods described by us, we came to the following conclusions. The use of graphic techniques significantly enriches the entire process of professional consultation, complements the individual characteristics of students who have chosen certain areas of professional activity. The study of individual psychological prerequisites for professional self-determination of a person using graphic methods has certain positive prospects: it allows a deeper analysis of the characteristics of an individual and develops more adequate recommendations for improving the effectiveness of professional self-determination of both youth and adults. Due to the projective nature of most graphic procedures, their results, as our research shows, are less susceptible to mind control, and this is a very important tool in favor of their application, since graphic diagnostic methods work «through a projection» onto the grid of psychological personality types, along with appropriate methods of the standard psychodiagnostic procedures for assessing personal qualities (MMPI, Cattell, Eysenck, etc.).

Social Media Applications as an International Tool for the Development of English-Language Communicative Competencies

The aim of the article is to determine the effectiveness of various international tools designed to develop students’ English-language communicative competencies. Several scientific methods were used: observation, testing, experimental training etc. Statistical processing of the data obtained during pedagogical experiment was carried out, visualization with the use of graphic method is applied. The description and verbal recording of the results of the study confirm its effectiveness. During the research, experimental training was carried out with the use of social media applications for the development of foreign language communicative competence in second-year students of groups G1, G2. Observations and testing of students while developing foreign language communicative competence were carried out while writing e-mails and creating videos for TikTok in English. The educational platforms, programmes, Internet resources were also used in accordance with the goals and topics of training sessions. The practical results prove the advantages of certain social media applications in the acquisition of English-language components of communicative competences (CCC). G1 students demonstrated a standard procedure for acquiring a linguistic, socio-cultural CCC with a “lag” of the regional geography component. In G2 group, the higher levels of CCC were observed in most cases. Mostly positive markers of Communicative Competences were demonstrated at the medium (344.1 points, 69.8% of G1 respondents) and a sufficient level (371.0 points, 75.8% of G2 respondents). Promising “growth points” were identified. The directions concerning further developments of progressive methods are highlighted.

Impedance Analysis of Electrochemical Systems.

Interpretation of impedance spectroscopy data requires both a description of the chemistry and physics that govern the system and an assessment of the error structure of the measurement. The approach presented here includes use of graphical methods to guide model development, use of a measurement model analysis to assess the presence of stochastic and bias errors, and a systematic development of interpretation models in terms of the proposed reaction mechanism and physical description. Application to corrosion, batteries, and biological systems is discussed, and emerging trends in interpretation and implementation of impedance spectroscopy are presented.

Use of Graphical Methods in The Diagnostic Of Parametric Probability Distributions for Bivariate Lifetime Data in Presence of Censored Data

The choice of an appropriate bivariate parametrical probability distribution for pairs of lifetime data in presence of censored observations usually is not a simple task in many applications. Each existing bivariate lifetime probability distribution proposed in the literature has different dependence structure. Commonly existing classical or Bayesian discrimination methods could be used to discriminate the best among different proposed distributions, but these techniques could not be appropriate to say that we have good fit of some particular model to the data set. In this paper, we explore a recent dependence measure for bivariate data introduced in the literature to propose a graphical and simple criterion to choose an appropriate bivariate lifetime distribution for data in presence of censored data.

Systematic Model Development for Impedance Response of LiCoO2|C Batteries

The objective of this presentation is to describe a systematic approach to model development that includes use of graphical methods to guide model development, use of electrical circuits to account for the geometry of a given system, and use of a phasor notation to facilitate calculation of a faradaic impedance based on proposed reaction mechanisms and mass transfer. The approach is represented for a set of data collected by Erol et al.1 from a commercial LiCoO2|C coin cell battery.The normal operating potential range of the cells reported by the suppliers is between 3.0 V (0% state-of-charge) and 4.2 V (100% state-of-charge). In one experiment, a coin cell was initially discharged under constant 2 mA current to 3.00 V. The battery was then subjected to sequential 80 mV steps in cell voltage down to 2.20 V. After reaching a steady state, the battery was allowed to relax for two days at the open-circuit condition. When held at open circuit, the over-discharged battery slowly reached a cell potential within the normal operating range. Three impedance spectra, taken during the self-charge process, are used to demonstrate a systematic model development. The three spectra were treated as pseudo-replicates, and the measurement model analysis was applied to identify the stochastic error structure. 2-4 The measurement model was used to evaluate consistency with the Kramers-Kronig relations to determine the frequency range suitable for analysis.2-4 An interpretation model was developed based on the treatment presented by Erol and Orazem5 for the coin cells within the usual operating potential range. An anomalous diffusion model was used to account for the diffusion impedance within the cathode.6 The process model was regressed to the Kramers-Kronig-consistent portion of the spectrum using a Levenberq-Marquardt regression algorithm. Impedance spectroscopy is not a stand-alone technique, and models for impedance are not unique. The model identified by the procedure described in this presentation represents a process model intended to account for the hypothesized physical and chemical character of the system under study. The objective of the model is not to provide a good fit with the smallest number of parameters. The objective is rather to use the model to gain a physical understanding of the system. The model should be able to account for, or at least be consistent with, all experimental observations. The proposed model can suggest experiments needed to validate model hypotheses. References Erol, M. E. Orazem, and R. P. Muller, "Influence of Overcharge and Over-Discharge on the Impedance Response of LiCoO2/C Batteries," J. Power Sources, 270 (2014), 92-100.Agarwal, M. E. Orazem, and L. H. García-Rubio, “Measurement Models for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: 1. Demonstration of Applicability,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 139 (1992), 1917-1927.Agarwal, Oscar D. Crisalle, M. E. Orazem, and L. H. García-Rubio, “Application of Measurement Models to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: 2. Determination of the Stochastic Contribution to the Error Structure,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 142 (1995), 4149-4158.Agarwal, M. E. Orazem, and L. H. García-Rubio, “Application of Measurement Models to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: 3. Evaluation of Consistency with the Kramers-Kronig Relations,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 142 (1995), 4159-4168.Erol and M. E. Orazem, “The Influence of Anomalous Diffusion on the Impedance Response of LiCoO2|C Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 293 (2015), 57-64.Bisquert and A. Compte, “Theory of the Electrochemical Impedance of Anomalous Diffusion,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 499 (2001), 112-120.

Systematic Model Development for Impedance Response of LiCoO2|C Batteries

The objective of this presentation is to describe a systematic approach to model development that includes use of graphical methods to guide model development, use of electrical circuits to account for the geometry of a given system, and use of a phasor notation to facilitate calculation of a faradaic impedance based on proposed reaction mechanisms and mass transfer. The approach is represented for a set of data collected by Erol et al.1 from a commercial LiCoO2|C coin cell battery.The normal operating potential range of the cells reported by the suppliers is between 3.0 V (0% state-of-charge) and 4.2 V (100% state-of-charge). In one experiment, a coin cell was initially discharged under constant 2 mA current to 3.00 V. The battery was then subjected to sequential 80 mV steps in cell voltage down to 2.20 V. After reaching a steady state, the battery was allowed to relax for two days at the open-circuit condition. When held at open circuit, the over-discharged battery slowly reached a cell potential within the normal operating range. Three impedance spectra, taken during the self-charge process, are used to demonstrate a systematic model development. 1. The three spectra were treated as pseudo-replicates, and the measurement model analysis was applied to identify the stochastic error structure. 2-4 2. The measurement model was used to evaluate consistency with the Kramers-Kronig relations to determine the frequency range suitable for analysis.2-4 3. An interpretation model was developed based on the treatment presented by Erol and Orazem5 for the coin cells within the usual operating potential range. An anomalous diffusion model was used to account for the diffusion impedance within the cathode.6 4. The process model was regressed to the Kramers-Kronig-consistent portion of the spectrum using a Levenberq-Marquardt regression algorithm.Impedance spectroscopy is not a stand-alone technique, and models for impedance are not unique. The model identified by the procedure described in this presentation represents a process model intended to account for the hypothesized physical and chemical character of the system under study. The objective of the model is not to provide a good fit with the smallest number of parameters. The objective is rather to use the model to gain a physical understanding of the system. The model should be able to account for, or at least be consistent with, all experimental observations. The proposed model can suggest experiments needed to validate model hypotheses.

Penggunaan Media Grafis (Peta Konsep) Dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Untuk Mempermudah Pemahaman Siswa Kelas V Mi Darul Ulum Bojonegoro

Abstract: The teaching medium is a knowledge of the teaching methods used by a teacher or instructor. Methods are the means used to achieve the established goals. Another technique is the presentation technique that is mastered by the teacher to teach or present the lesson materials to the students in the classroom, so that the lesson can be absorbed, understood and used by the students well. The better the teaching method, the more effective the achievement of the goal. Motivation is a change of energy within a person characterized by the emergence of "feeling and preceded by the response to the purpose, to get it then must be selected methods that if acceptable in teaching and learning activities well. In fact, the way or method of teaching used to convey different information in the way adopted to establish students in mastering knowledge, skills and attitudes (cognitive, psychomotoric, affective). Specific methods of teaching in the classroom, the effectiveness of a method is influenced by the purpose, student factors, situation factors, and teacher factor itself. Demonstration is a teaching method done by a teacher or someone else by showing the whole class about a process or a way of doing something. Demonstrations are always directed to the correct way of practice which is then Apliskasikan in everyday life. And recitation is also one of the learning media known as homework or students are given the task outside of lesson time. Both methods can be implemented simultaneously in the teaching and learning process.From the above statements can be concluded that in learning, students so as not to get bored then there should be variations in learning methods. Teachers must be clever in choosing a method, one of which is the Graphic method (concept map). In this case on the history of the use of Graphic method (concept map) is the right method to invite students to think and understand and apply in everyday life. Graphical Pendekata (konse map) invites us to make learning process more meaningful and conductive. Kewords: Grafis Media, Learning History, Student Chomprehensif

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ КОМПЛЕКСА МОДЕЛЕЙ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ГОТОВНОСТИ КУРСАНТОВ К РЕШЕНИЮ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТНО-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫХ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАЧ

Competence-oriented professional tasks reflect the substantive and procedural aspect of future officers training to fulfill official duties. We identified and justified the necessary and sufficient pedagogical conditions that in complex can increase the effectiveness of introducing into the educational process of military educational institutions a set of models to form students' readiness to solve competence-oriented professional tasks. The application of the following research methods contributed to the solution of the task: studying, analyzing and summarizing the experience of organizing and improving the educational process of military educational organizations, as well as training of the future military aviation specialist (military navigator and combat control officer). The complex of pedagogical conditions embodies: 1) the formation of the subjective cognitive experience of students using diagnostic problem solving; 2) the use of graphical methods of compression and presentation of educational information to form and develop a system of operational information on the cycles of disciplines; 3) the motivation growth of students through the use of checklists for the implementation of the reflection process of solving problems. The novelty of the results is determined by the combination and essence of the pedagogical conditions identified taking into account the methodological basis of the designed complex of models, features and patterns of both the educational process of military educational institutions of higher education of the RF Ministry of Defense, and the process of solving competenceoriented tasks by cadets along with their individual characteristics. The significance of the results obtained is that the introduction of the identified set of pedagogical conditions can increase the effectiveness of introducing a set of models of cadets’ readiness formation to solve competence- oriented professional tasks.

Методика синтаксического анализа предложений китайского языка по топиковым составляющим

The article is devoted to the syntactic analysis of sentences of isolating languages (Chinese), to the study of possible ways of such analysis based on various linguistic concepts, to the search for the most optimal variants. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the topic strategy naturally becomes one of the leading in the analysis of Chinese language material. The novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the question of the method of application of the strategy / statements of the predication concept of language in practice remains open: in the preparation of educational materials, processing of grammars and their details. The article provides an overview of the methods of syntactic analysis of the constructions in the languages of the isolating type. The algorithms of the analysis of sentences of the Chinese language on topical components are proposed. The author’s development of syntactic analysis of predication chains with the use of graphical method is presented. The author emphasizes that the identification and classification of topic structures is a scientifically sound and practically verifiable (subject to further expansion) analysis strategy that most fully reflects the typology and realities of the Chinese language. The question is raised about the possibility of creating a holistic, systematic and self-sufficient method of syntactic analysis without relying on the concept of European grammatical tradition.

Detecting Measurement Disturbances in Rater‐Mediated Assessments

AbstractThe term measurement disturbance has been used to describe systematic conditions that affect a measurement process, resulting in a compromised interpretation of person or item estimates. Measurement disturbances have been discussed in relation to systematic response patterns associated with items and persons, such as start‐up, plodding, boredom, or fatigue. An understanding of the different types of measurement disturbances can lead to a more complete understanding of persons or items in terms of the construct being measured. Although measurement disturbances have been explored in several contexts, they have not been explicitly considered in the context of performance assessments. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the use of graphical methods to explore measurement disturbances related to raters within the context of a writing assessment. Graphical displays that illustrate the alignment between expected and empirical rater response functions are considered as they relate to indicators of rating quality based on the Rasch model. Results suggest that graphical displays can be used to identify measurement disturbances for raters related to specific ranges of student achievement that suggest potential rater bias. Further, results highlight the added diagnostic value of graphical displays for detecting measurement disturbances that are not captured using Rasch model–data fit statistics.

Determining the parameters of Weibull function to estimate the wind power potential in conditions of limited source meteorological data

We studied the information basis for the assessment of wind power potential on the territory of Russia. We described the methodology to determine the parameters of the Weibull function, which reflects the density of distribution of probabilities of wind flow speeds at a defined basic height above the surface of the earth using the available data on the average speed at this height and its repetition by gradations. The application of the least square method for determining these parameters, unlike the use of graphical methods, allows performing a statistical assessment of the results of approximation of empirical histograms by the Weibull formula. On the basis of the computer-aided analysis of the statistical data, it was shown that, at a fixed point where the wind speed changes at different heights, the range of parameter variation of the Weibull distribution curve is relatively small, the sensitivity of the function to parameter changes is quite low, and the influence of changes on the shape of speed distribution curves is negligible. Taking this into consideration, we proposed and mathematically verified the methodology of determining the speed parameters of the Weibull function at other heights using the parameter computations for this function at a basic height, which is known or defined by the average speed of wind flow, or the roughness coefficient of the geological substrate. We gave examples of practical application of the suggested methodology in the development of the Atlas of Renewable Energy Resources in Russia in conditions of deficiency of source meteorological data. The proposed methodology, to some extent, may solve the problem related to the lack of information on the vertical profile of repeatability of the wind flow speeds in the presence of a wide assortment of wind turbines with different ranges of wind-wheel axis heights and various performance characteristics in the global market; as a result, this methodology can become a powerful tool for effective selection of equipment in the process of designing a power supply system in a certain location.

Volatilities and Correlations in the Stock Market During the Global Financial Crisis

This paper investigates the behaviour of volatilities and correlations in the U.S. stock market before, during and after the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-08. We study their nature using the DJIA index and its components for the period 21/11/2005-23/9/2012 by plotting the trajectories and transforming the returns series into visibility graphs and correlation networks. We observe volatility clustering of various forms in the time series of returns and uncover regular fluctuations in market correlations. We study the degree distributions of the visibility graphs and find that they agree with the scale-free property that has been found for many naturally occurring complex networks. Minimal spanning trees on the correlation networks allow the market to be interpreted as an integrated whole. Our approach allows us to analyze empirical observations with network theory. As market dynamics is complex, the use of graphical methods, which have been fruitfully employed to the study of complex networks, provides a new perspective in the interpretation of financial data.

Cranberry Stem as an Efficient Adsorbent and Eco-Friendly for Removal of Toxic Dyes from Industrial Wastewater, Physico Studies

The adsorption of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solution using treated ground cranberry stem by varying the parameters such as contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature was investigated. Adsorption isotherms of CR onto CS were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich. It was observed that the optimum CR adsorption onto ground CS occurred at contact time of 30 minutes, the adsorbent dosage of 8 g, initial concentration of 50 mg/L and pH 2. In addition, the particle size of ground CS has no significant effect on the adsorption of CR. Adsorption isotherms studied through the use of graphical methods revealed that the adsorption of CR onto cranberry stem follows both Langmuir and Freundlich models, with the maximum adsorption capacity was 95.25mg g-1. The ground cranberry stem investigated in this study thus exhibited as a high potential adsorbent for the removal of CR from aqueous solution.

Incidencia de los procesos educomunicativos en los proyectos ambientales escolares

Introduction. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the influence of educommunicative processes on education, specifically on the School Environmental Projects of the PRAE Network at Area Metropolitana del Valle de Aburra, is introduced in this article. This is done by means of critical reflections about the importance of contextualization of the environmental education and the most effective way to transmit their processes and results to the whole educative community. Methodology. The design and application of the collection instruments for the primary information were proposed with some members of the educative community from every institution in which the project was applied, by means of surveys and in-depth interviews. The information was stored in databases and analyzed by the use of graphic methods and percentages, thus obtaining the tendencies in the information collected. Results. The internal communication processes in the educative institutions are very weak, so the appropriation of the projects has not been enough. Most of the institutions have started training processes for the actors involved, but have had poor results due to the fact that the formation provided is not fully multiplied for the whole educative community. Conclusion. More divulgation of the results is necessary in order to make the purposes and achievements of the environmental projects at the schools more visible, going beyond the formulation of the projects and making a wider reading of the context, identifying the real strengths of this context through the solution of the real problems these projects are having.

Adsorption of Lignosulfonate Compound from Aqueous Solution onto Chitosan-Silica Beads

The main objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of crosslinked chitosan-tetraethoxy orthosilane (TEOS) (chitosan-silica) beads to be used as an adsorbent material to adsorb the lignosulfonate compound in solution. Different parameters affecting the adsorption capacity such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH, ionic strength, and temperature have been investigated. Adsorption isotherms of lignosulfonates onto chitosan-silica beads were also studied. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out and the optimum lignosulfonate adsorption onto chitosan-silica beads occurred at contact time of 30 minutes, the adsorbent dosage of 40 g/L, initial concentration of 50 mg/L, pH 5, and a temperature of 45°C. Adsorption isotherms studied through the use of graphical methods revealed that the adsorption of lignosulfonates onto chitosan-silica beads follows the Langmuir model, with the maximum adsorption capacity being 238.3 mg/g at pH 7. Adsorption is dependent on the ionic strength. The adsorption of lignosulfonate on chitosan-silica beads was best described with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 0.32 g · mg−1 · min−1, while intra-particle-diffusion was the main rate-determining step in the lignosulfonate adsorption process. The chitosan-silica beads investigated in this study were thus exhibited as a high potential adsorbent for the removal of lignosulfonate from solution.

ChemInform Abstract: The Accurate Use of Impedance Analysis for the Study of Microbial Electrochemical Systems

AbstractReview: 203 refs.

The accurate use of impedance analysis for the study of microbial electrochemical systems

The present critical review aims to portray the principles and theoretical foundations that have been used for the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to study electron-transfer mechanisms, mass transfer phenomena and distribution of the heterogeneous properties of microbial electrochemical systems (MXCs). Over the past eight years, the application of this method has allowed major breakthroughs, especially in the field of microbial fuel cells (MFCs); however, it is still most widely extended only to the calculation of internal resistances. The use and interpretation of EIS should greatly improve since the intrinsic knowledge of this field, and efforts and current trends in this field have already allowed its understanding based on rather meaningful physical properties and not only on fitting electrical analogues. From this perspective, the use, analysis and interpretation of EIS applied to the study of MXCs are critically examined. Together with the revision of more than 150 articles directly devoted to this topic, two examples of the correct and improved analysis of EIS data are extensively presented. The first one focuses on the use of graphical methods for improving EIS analysis and the other one concentrates on the elucidation of the constant phase element (CPE) parameters. CPEs have been introduced in equivalent circuit models, sometimes without solid justification or analysis; the effective capacitance has been obtained from CPE parameters, following an unsuitable theory for the case of microbial-electrochemical interfaces. The use of CPE is reviewed in terms of meaningful physical parameters, such as biofilm thickness. The use of a finite-diffusion element is reviewed throughout estimation of accurate values for obtaining the dimensionless numbers, Schmidt and Sherwood, in the context of a dioxygen-reducing-biocathode, under different flow-rate conditions. The use and analysis of EIS in this context are still emerging, but because of the promising potential of MXCs in renewable power generation, wastewater treatment and energy-positive biorefining, among other applications, it becomes necessary to boost our global capacities for the application of EIS-and especially its interpretation-so that we achieve a better understanding and optimization of these systems.

Geometric considerations of plasticity in structural concrete analysis and design

The methods of plasticity have proved to be very useful to designers of engineering structures. The use of graphical methods also has a history of providing considerable benefit to the designer and still plays a role both in providing estimates of numerical answers in analysis and in aiding an intuitive grasp of structural actions, stress distributions and mechanisms. This paper considers different yield criteria for concrete elements—both plain and reinforced—under combined stress states. Graphical representation of these yield criteria in two dimensions allows geometric constructions which provide information on structural actions. The common cases of membrane action in reinforced concrete flexural slabs and shear in plane stress are considered. Geometric considerations of the associated concrete elements are shown to provide useful mental models of these systems, allowing potentially valuable visualisations at the conceptual phase in a designer's thinking.