Use Of Fertilizers Research Articles

Legacy effects cause systematic underestimation of N2O emission factors

Agricultural soils contribute ~52% of global anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, predominantly from nitrogen (N) fertilizer use. Global N2O emission factors (EFs), estimated using IPCC Tier 1 methodologies, largely rely on short-term field measurements that ignore legacy effects of historic N fertilization. Here we show, through data synthesis and experiments, that EFs increase over time. Historic N addition increases soil N availability, lowers soil pH, and stimulates the abundance of N2O producing microorganisms and N2O emissions in control plots, causing underestimates of EFs in short-term experiments. Accounting for this legacy effect, we estimate that global EFs and annual fertilizer-induced N2O emissions of cropland are 1.9% and 2.1 Tg N2O-N yr−1, respectively, both ~110% higher than IPCC estimates. Our findings highlight the significance of legacy effects on N2O emissions, emphasize the importance of long-term experiments for accurate N2O emission estimates, and underscore the need for mitigation practices to reduce N2O emissions.

Bioprospecting Cold-Adapted Indole Acetic Acid-Producing Bacteria With Multifaceted Plant Growth Promoting Traits for Wheat Growth From Ghulkin Glacier, Pakistan.

Agriculture in high altitude regions is challenged by low temperatures, and the use of chemical fertilizers turned hazardous in the long run. In addition, cost-effective, eco-friendly biofertilizers developed globally are less effective in cold regions due to temperature-sensitive mesophilic homologs. The current study evaluated the potential of a cold-adapted indole acetic acid (IAA)-producing bacterial consortium isolated from Ghulkin glacier, Hunza Valley, Pakistan, to promote the growth of the crop, wheat, under cold stress. Several IAA-producing bacteria were isolated and tested further for siderophore production, zinc-solubilizing activity, phosphate solubilizing activity, ability to utilize 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and for nitrogen fixation. A microbial consortium was constructed and evaluated for its effectiveness in promoting wheat growth in pot experiments under ambient conditions (2°C-6°C at nighttime and 15°C-20°C at daytime) and with diverse soil and glacial flour matrices. The cold-adapted bacteria showed positive plant growth promoting attributes and with remarkable positive impacts on root length, shoot length, root and shoot fresh, and dry weight in pot trials in both garden soil and the glacial flour. An increase in wheat plant chlorophyll content was also observed in both pot experiments of glacial flour and garden soil. It was concluded that a multistrain bacterial consortium of Nocardiooides zeae GB3, Arthrobacter flavus GA9, and Pseudomonas sp. GB29 may have potential as an efficient biofertilizer for promoting mountainous crops, in the Gilgit Baltistan region, Pakistan.

Evaluating the contamination susceptibility of groundwater resources through anthropogenic activities in Islamabad, Pakistan: a GIS-based DRASTIC approach

The problem of access to clean water has been highlighted by the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals, and in areas such as Islamabad, Pakistan, water pollution is more of an immediate concern. The impact of excessive use of fertilizers coupled with improper waste management has harmed aquifers. This necessitates the need for tools to map out regions of concern and assist with clean-up strategies. This paper uses an amalgamation of the DRASTIC model and GIS capabilities to evaluate the contamination threat to aquifers in Islamabad. The model involves seven components: depth to water, recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity, and formulates an index of susceptibility within the range of 275–900. The areas were classified into five categories according to their level of susceptibility: very low (275–400; 22 km2, 2%), low (400–525; 306 km2, 28%), moderate (525–650; 500 km2, 47%), high (650–775; 221 km2, 21%), and very high (775–900; 26 km2, 2%). Twenty-eight of the samples had nitrate concentrations ranging from − 0.72 ppm to 2.8 ppm which helped calibrate the model and did not show a high correlation with the DRASTIC index. This suggests that the contamination was limited and did not originate from widespread sources. The results highlight the importance of focusing measures on high-risk areas, such as Rawal Lake and the National Agricultural Research Center, where risks of contamination are severe. The baseline that the present study has developed is useful in terms of safe groundwater extraction and also offers a workable methodology for urban groundwater management practices in the world. Its usefulness is enhancing policies aimed at protecting clean water resources and reducing the risk of environmental degradation in sensitive areas worldwide.

Evaluating yield and quality of wheat grains under single and integrated use of chemical and nano zinc fertilizers

Evaluating yield and quality of wheat grains under single and integrated use of chemical and nano zinc fertilizers

The Role of Pigs in the Carbon Footprint of Red Meat in Canada

Global livestock production is a major driver of climate change. Lumping beef and pork together as red meat masks important differences in their carbon footprints, land uses, and social status. These two red meat choices in Canada were compared by using a meta-model of the Unified Livestock Industry and Crop Emissions Estimation System (ULICEES). ULICEES calculated fossil CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions for beef, dairy, pork, poultry, and sheep production in Canada, based on both the livestock and their supporting land base in 2001. The dynamic drivers of the meta-model were crop yields, breeding female populations, tillage practices, nitrogen fertilizer use, and the crop complex of each livestock industry. When the potential carbon sequestration in the land growing harvested perennial forage is credited to beef production, the CO2e emissions offset does not reduce the carbon footprint of beef enough to match the lower carbon footprint of pork. Most of the land required to grow hay for beef would not be needed to feed a protein-equivalent pig population. In a hypothetical conversion of all beef production to pork production for 2021, 4.5 Mha of land under perennial forage was freed and 10.0 MtCO2e per year was mitigated when that area was re-cultivated for annual crops—a GHG mitigation equal to 12% of the GHG emissions budget of Canadian agriculture. Leaving that area under a perennial ground cover mitigated 19.8 MtCO2e per year, the equivalent of 23% of the sector’s GHG emissions budget.

Responses of cereals to nitrogen deficiency: Adaptations on morphological, physiological, biochemical, hormonal and genetic basis

Nitrogen (N) is a primary macronutrient essential for plant growth and development. Global nitrogen fertilizer consumption is approximately 120 million tons, with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) ranging between 25 % and 50 %. Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer poses significant risks to the envi ronment and living organisms, highlighting the need to reduce fertilizer ap plication, improve NUE, and sustain crop productivity. Sustainable agricul tural practices emphasize minimizing fertilizer usage. Therefore, developing high-NUE crop varieties capable of maintaining yields under reduced nitro gen input is critical for ensuring food security and protecting ecosystem. A promising strategy involves investigating plant responses to varying nitro gen levels, particularly under low-nitrogen conditions. This review explores the morphological, physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and genetic changes in cereals subjected to low-nitrogen conditions. Morphological adaptations include alterations in root and shoot architecture, while physi ological responses involve enhanced chlorophyll content, leaf nitrogen lev els, and photosynthetic efficiency. Biochemical changes are characterized by increased activity of nitrogen uptake and assimilation enzymes, accom panied by hormonal shifts such as elevated auxin levels in roots. These traits provide a foundation for developing nitrogen-efficient crop varieties. Future research should prioritize breeding crops with enhanced tolerance to low-nitrogen conditions to improve NUE, grain quality, and yield potential.

Key Determinants Shaping Farmers' Satisfaction with Site‑Specific Fertilizer Recommendations (SSFR) in Ethiopia

This study assessed farmers' satisfaction with site-specific fertilizer recommendations (SSFR) and identified key determinants influencing their satisfaction in Ethiopia. Data from 202 households, selected through stratified random sampling, was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Ordered Probit Model. Results show that 58.4% of farmers were satisfied with the quantity, while 56.9% were satisfied with the timing of fertilizer application in the study areas. Strong satisfaction was reported by 37.6% for recommended fertilizer rates and 39.6% for timing, with minimal (4%) dissatisfaction. Partnerships between the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), LERSHA, and Digital Green reveals varying satisfaction level had varied satisfaction rates, with MoA leading at 44.6%, compared to LERSHA’s 24.8% and Digital Green’s 30.7%. The study identified key factors that affect satisfaction, including, education level, farm size, availability and affordability of SSF recommendations, the quality of information on planting time, information on land preparation, use of SMS for SSFR dissemination, recommendation of SSFR using cluster approach and livestock size. Higher education levels and larger farms are linked to better SSFR application. Participation in cluster recommendation units fosters collective learning and enhances satisfaction, while access to affordable and timely SSF recommendation improves implementation and crop yields. Short Message Services (SMS) communication has proven effective in engaging farmer and enhancing satisfaction. As Ethiopia continues to work towards agricultural modernization and sustainability, addressing these factors will be vital for promoting the use of site-specific fertilizers (SSF) across Ethiopia's diverse farming landscapes.

Recovery of the original nutritional and nutraceutical quality of different vegetables for human nutrition and health security

Vegetables are essential components of a balanced diet, providing vital nutrients and bioactive compounds that support human health and well-being. They are rich sources of vitamins, protein, minerals, dietary fiber, secondary metabolites, enzymes, and antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and polyphenols. However, modern agricultural practices, soil fertility depletion, and prolonged use of nitrogen-dominated chemical fertilizers have led to a decline in the nutritional, nutraceutical, and organoleptic quality of many vegetables. There is an urgent need to restore their original nutrient density to ensure optimal human nutrition and health security. This study examined the effects of different ratios of chemical fertilizers and organic nutrient sources, in combination with Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPMs), on the nutritional and organoleptic quality of cultivated vegetables. The results showed that replacing chemical fertilizers with organic sources in the presence of PGPMs significantly enhances nutritional and sensory attributes. Notable improvements include increased crude fat, ash, crude fiber, total sugars, calcium, iron, zinc, and manganese, along with a higher organoleptic score and antioxidant content. In conclusion, integrating organic nutrient sources with PGPMs leads to substantial improvements in nutritional density, organoleptic properties, and nutraceutical value, with a significant boost in antioxidant content. These strategies not only enhance vegetable quality but also contribute to dietary diversity and reduce nutrient deficiencies, ultimately promoting global health and food security.

Eco-Efficient Fertilizer Optimization for Enhanced Crop Productivity using Random Forest Algorithm

Agricultural productivity is crucial for global food security, and optimizing fertilizer usage is a key factor in enhancing crop yield while maintaining environmental sustainability. This study proposes an eco-efficient fertilizer optimization model using the Random Forest algorithm, a powerful machine learning technique, to improve fertilizer application strategies. The model analyzes various soil properties, crop requirements, and environmental factors to predict the optimal fertilizer composition and quantity. By leveraging historical agricultural data, the algorithm identifies patterns that lead to increased crop productivity with minimal environmental impact. The proposed approach enhances efficiency by reducing excessive fertilizer use, mitigating soil degradation, and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Experimental results demonstrate that the model outperforms traditional fertilizer application methods by improving yield prediction accuracy and resource utilization. This research provides a data-driven framework for precision agriculture, ensuring sustainable farming practices and enhanced food production.

A chemical-recovery-free ammonium sulfite-based alkali pretreatment of corn stover for low-cost sugar production via fertilizer use of waste liquor.

A chemical-recovery-free ammonium sulfite-based alkali pretreatment of corn stover for low-cost sugar production via fertilizer use of waste liquor.

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris as a Potential Bio-fertilizer on Lycopersicon esculentum

The growing global population has intensified food demand, leading to excessive use of synthetic fertilizers that degrade soil health and contribute to the greenhouse effect. As a sustainable alternative, algal biofertilizers, especially those derived from Chlorella vulgaris offer a promising solution for improving crop productivity. This study examines the impact of Chlorella vulgaris-based biofertilizer on tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) by assessing their growth and biochemical responses. Nutrient-rich Chlorella vulgaris, a microalga, was cultivated in Bold’s Basal Media, identified through microscopy, PCR, and Sanger sequencing, and formulated into a Microalgae-based biofertilizer (OD 0.27). From the developed progeny of tomato, three groups were constructed: control, Chlorella-treated, and urea-treated. Chlorella biofertilizer-treated plants grew better, exhibiting longer roots, more leaves, and higher plant height. Biochemical analysis showed an increased amount of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids which tells us that the plant health was improved. However, the analysis of proline concentration was high which means that there was a stress reaction. Although from these findings it can be concluded that chlorella vulgaris has the potential to be used for sustainable agricultural practices, more research needs to be done to better understand how plants respond to stress before promoting it to an industrial scale.

Technical Efficiency of <i>Teff </i>Production: The Case of Mareka District in Dawuro Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

This study examines the technical efficiency of smallholder <i>teff</i> producers in Mareka district, revealing significant productivity differences attributed to varying efficiency in resource use. Data from 174 randomly selected farmers during the 2020/21 production season were analyzed using a Cobb-Douglas Stochastic Frontier Production (SFP) function, resulting in a mean technical efficiency level of 70.7%. This indicates a potential for a 29.3% improvement in efficiency with existing resources. The analysis identified key factors influencing technical efficiency, showing that<i> teff</i> output was positively affected by the use of fertilizers, labor, oxen days, and land area. The inefficiency discrepancy ratio was approximately 67.16%. Furthermore, maximum likelihood estimation highlighted that factors such as sex, education, soil fertility, livestock ownership, off-farm income, training, credit access, and extension contact significantly influenced technical inefficiency. To enhance technical efficiency among <i>teff</i> producers, the study recommends improving education, asset ownership, credit access, and facilitating knowledge exchange between efficient and inefficient farmers. These strategies aim to increase overall teff productivity in the region.

Increasing soil nitrous acid emissions driven by climate and fertilization change aggravate global ozone pollution

Soil microbial nitrous acid (HONO) production is an important source of atmospheric reactive nitrogen that affects air quality and climate. However, long-term global soil HONO emissions driven by climate change and fertilizer use have not been quantified. Here, we derive the global soil HONO emissions over the past four decades and evaluate their impacts on ozone (O3) and vegetation. Results show that climate change and the increased fertilizer use enhanced soil HONO emissions from 9.4 Tg N in 1980 to 11.5 Tg N in 2016. Chemistry-climate model simulations show that soil HONO emissions increased global surface O3 mixing ratios by 2.5% (up to 29%) and vegetation risk to O3, with increasing impact during 1980s-2016 in low-anthropogenic-emission regions. With future decreasing anthropogenic emissions, the soil HONO impact on air quality and vegetation is expected to increase. We thus recommend consideration of soil HONO emissions in strategies for mitigating global air pollution.

Bacterial communities associated with food-quality winter pea cultivars grown in Pacific Northwest soils

Abstract Background and aims Breeding legumes for improved yield and seed quality, coupled with extensive use of fertilization may disrupt the ability of modern cultivars to interact with the native soil microbiome. Autumn-sown food-quality winter pea (WP) represent a new crop in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). However, little is known about the ability of these cultivars to establish associations with bacteria native to PNW soils. Methods 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to evaluate soil, root and nodule microbiomes associated with four WP cultivars in diverse locations across Washington state with the goal to better understand the interaction occurring between WP cultivars and bacterial communities native to PNW soils. Results Root and nodule microbiomes were affected by the sampling event, while plant genotype only affected nodule microbiome. A diverse population of native rhizobia colonized WP roots, while a smaller subset of these bacteria colonized WP nodules. Three rhizobial ASVs had relatively low abundance in the soils but were dominant in nodule-associated microbiome regardless of the variation of soil parameters between locations, indicating their strong attraction to host-plant nodules. Several non-rhizobial taxa were apparently enriched in nodules. However, in-depth study of legume root and nodule microbiome is required to better understand interactions within this complex phytobiome. Conclusion WP cultivars can form nodules in PNS soils in fall, but environmental factors have a strong effect on this process. While the complementation of legume nodule microbiome with root-associated microbiome analysis might be a useful tool, studies focusing on mature nodules with increased depth of sequencing might provide a better resolution of nodule-specific residents.

ALTRUISTIC CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES OF ORGANIC FOOD

Organic food enjoys considerable popularity among consumers, with its selection primarily driven by health considerations and awareness of its environmental impact. The main objective of this study was to identify consumer activities related to organic food that contribute to reducing the exploitation of environmental resources and to assess consumer awareness of the pro-environmental attributes of such food. Additionally, the study examined the significance of these attributes as key motives for the market behavior of the surveyed consumers. The research was conducted in 2022 and included households from various regions of Poland. The study utilized an interview method with a structured questionnaire, analyzing a total of 1,020 interviews with organic food consumers. The results indicate that environmental awareness among the public is increasing, leading to concrete actions aimed at environmental protection. Health remains the primary motivator for choosing organic food. However, highlighting the ethical and environmental benefits of organic food consumption is crucial for further enhancing public environmental awareness. Although consumers recognize the health benefits of organic food, they are less aware of its role in soil conservation, reduced fertilizer use, and pollution reduction. Therefore, these aspects should be emphasized in campaigns promoting organic products, for example, through certification initiatives or improved product labeling.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ON FARMS WITH ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Livestock production contributes to climate change primarily through the emission of greenhouse gases, which lead to an increase in average air temperature and, consequently, global warming. However, various production strategies can mitigate its negative impact on the climate and the environment. The objective of this study is to identify key production factors affecting the natural environment on farms engaged in animal production. The analysis is based on data collected from 42 farms in the Podkarpackie and Podlaskie voivodeships specializing in pig, cattle, and poultry farming. The study presents the findings of research conducted between 2022 and 2023, utilizing a survey questionnaire to extract data from farm records. The results indicate that environmental sustainability, in terms of appropriate animal stocking rates and fertilizer management, was achieved on cattle and pig farms. A beneficial proportion of cereals was observed in crop rotations across all specializations. Additionally, more than half of the farms managed organic fertilizers appropriately, reducing ammonia emissions by minimizing the deposition period on field surfaces. Organic fertilizers were stored on hardened surfaces to prevent leachate infiltration into the soil and groundwater. The estimated on-farm use of nitrogen fertilizers per hectare of agricultural land exceeded the national average reported by the Central Statistical Office. Most environmental protection measures implemented focused on improving the efficiency of water resource utilization on farms. The adoption of strategies to minimize agriculture’s negative environmental impact is essential for sustainable development and effective environmental protection.

Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture by integrating agronomic practices and genetic advances

Nitrogen is a critical nutrient for plant growth and productivity, but inefficiencies in its use in agriculture present both economic and environmental challenges. Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential for promoting sustainable crop production and mitigating the negative impacts of nitrogen loss, such as water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This review discusses various strategies aimed at improving NUE, with a focus on agronomic practices, genetic advancements, and integrated management approaches. Traditional agronomic methods, including split nitrogen application and the use of controlled-release fertilizers, are explored alongside precision agriculture techniques, which enable real-time adjustments to nitrogen application based on crop and soil conditions. Advances in genetics and biotechnology, such as conventional breeding, genetic modification, and genome editing, have contributed to the development of crop varieties with improved nitrogen uptake and assimilation. Additionally, the role of beneficial microbes, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, is highlighted as a natural means of enhancing nitrogen availability and reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. The review further emphasizes sustainable practices such as legume-based crop rotations, continuous cover cropping, and organic fertilization, which contribute to soil nitrogen enrichment and overall soil health. By combining these agronomic, genetic, and microbial strategies, a holistic nitrogen management approach can be achieved, maximizing crop yields while minimizing environmental impacts. This integrated strategy supports the development of resilient and sustainable agricultural systems, promoting long-term soil fertility and productivity.

The impact of agricultural activities on climate change in BRICS countries and Türkiye

Agricultural activities have a significant impact on climate change due to greenhouse gases such as methane, CO2 and nitrous oxide. Agriculture in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) countries and Türkiye plays a crucial role in global production and contributes to feeding the population, ensuring food security and fighting hunger. Agriculture also has an important impact on environmental sustainability and climate change, as agricultural activities contribute directly to CO2 emissions. In this sense, agriculture is not only a locomotive for the economic development of the BRICS countries and Türkiye, but also important for controlling environmental degradation and ensuring sustainable growth. Therefore, the study examine the long-run effects of agricultural production, chemical fertilizers used to increase agricultural productivity, the mechanization in agriculture and the rural population on CO2 emissions for six countries including BRICS and Türkiye for the period 1961-2019 using the PMG-ARDL model. The estimated long-run coefficients show that agricultural mechanization and fertilizer use increase CO2 emissions, while agricultural production and rural population reduce emissions. It was also concluded that the expansion of agricultural land has no significant impact on CO2 emissions in the long run. The results of the Granger causality test by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) also show that CO2 emissions are not Granger cause of agricultural land and agricultural production, but mechanization, fertilizer use and rural population have a causal effect on CO2 emissions. The results suggest that policy makers should adopt a balanced and environmentally friendly measures to the agricultural sector in order to ensure environmental sustainability and reduce the negative impacts of agricultural activities.

Genetic dissection for seedling root-related traits using multiple-methods in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) and structural chromosome variations (SCVs) related to seedling root traits were identified using multiple methods, which provided valuable insights to assist breeding efforts in wheat. The root system of wheat affects water and fertilizer use efficiency, stress tolerance, and agronomic traits. Using association analysis and linkage mapping, QTL associated with 11 seedling-stage root traits were identified with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and SCVs under both hydroponic nutrient solution culture experiment (NCE) and vermiculite culture experiment (VCE). Except for maximum root length (MRL), the root traits of seedlings under NCE and VCE differed significantly. Root fresh weight (RFW) and root dry weight (RDW) were significantly correlated with most agronomic traits and grain yield. Identification of RFW and RDW by NCE might provide a reference basis for VCE. Co-localization analysis revealed that NCE and VCE simultaneously detected SNP-loci viz. QRdw.sxau-6A, QRd.sxau-1B.2, and QDw.sxau-6A (5.56-8.76% of R2). The SCV-loci Mr1B-3, Mr3A-3 and Mr3A-4 were detected in both NCE and VCE (4.74-9.07% of R2). Furthermore, QRdw.sxau-6A, QSfw.sxau-6A and QRd.sxau-4A were detected using the mixed linear model (MLM), 3 Variance-component multi-locus random-SNP-effect Mixed Linear Mode (3VmrMLM) and rrBLUP. In the association panel, SNPs and SCVs co-localized to 14 MTAs, of which Mr5A-6 and QRd.sxau-5A were significantly associated with root diameter (RD). The association panel and doubled haploid (DH) population co-located 10 QTL, of which QDw.sxau-1D was stably detected. Finally, QDw.sxau-6A and Mg6A-9 overlapped in same genomic location containing candidate genes TraesCS6A02G372300, TraesCS6A02G382900 and TraesCS6A02G365100. The present study contributes novel insights into the genetics of root architecture in wheat.

The Role of Cadmium-Resistant Bacterial Application and Compost in Promoting Water Spinach Growth and Reducing Cadmium Uptake

The continuous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in soil can result in the presence of cadmium (Cd) residues that may interfere with plant growth and pose a risk of uptake by plants. The issue of soil contamination by Cd can be addressed through soil bioremediation, which involves the use of Cd-resistant bacteria and compost. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of Cd-resistant bacteria and compost application on the growth and Cd uptake of water spinach. The research design was a completely randomized design with seven treatments: (1) control, (2) 5 mL Cd-resistant bacteria consortium, (3) 10 mL Cd-resistant bacteria consortium, (4) 10 tons/ha compost, (5) 20 tons/ha compost, (6) 5 mL Cd-resistant bacteria consortium +10 tons/ha compost, and (7) 10 mL Cd-resistant bacteria consortium +20 tons/ha compost. The results demonstrated that the application of Cd-resistant bacteria and compost did not notably impact the growth of water spinach. However, it did significantly influence the reduction of Cd uptake in water spinach. The application of the Cd-resistant bacterial consortium and compost was effective in reducing the Cd uptake of the water spinach plants in all treatments. The combination of 10 mL of bacterial isolate and 20 tons/ha of compost demonstrated the greatest reduction in Cd uptake by water spinach, reaching 73%. Keywords: Bioremediation, Cadmium-resistan bacteria, Compost, Environmental monitoring, Soil contamination.