Use Of Effective Microorganisms Research Articles

Performance of Effective Microorganism (EM) in Food Waste Composting and Their Association with Seed Germination on Kale Seed

Food waste has an influence throughout the whole food supply chain, from production to consumption. Composting effectively and affordably reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers, water, soil erosion, pesticides, and soil carbon storage. Composting may also improve crop yields and soil fertility, leading to more sustainable farming practices. The potential of efficient microorganisms (EM) for dehydrated food waste decomposition was investigated in this study. The research assessed the temperature and pH profiles during composting, whereas nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic content, and E. coli were measured in mature composts. Therefore, the study revealed that EM greatly hastened the composting process by boosting critical factors such as temperature, pH, nitrogen content (TN : 1.17±0.6%, TP: 0.059±1.92%, K: 0.12±5.3%) organic enrichment (85%), and E-coli (<1 MPN/g). The germination index (GI) of kale seed was then analysed with the study’s findings indicating an 80% soil-compost ratio was the best. This research investigates the use of effective microorganisms (EM) to transform food waste into beneficial agricultural resources, with favourable results for soil health and kale seed germination. Researchers and circular economy officials may use the results to promote sustainable agriculture. The research helps to minimize landfill food waste, methane emissions, and synthetic fertilizer consumption, all of which benefit the environment. Farmers and gardeners may use the findings to boost soil fertility and crop yields on a budget. This research indicates that food waste may be transformed into useful resources, encouraging sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural.

The use of effective microorganisms changed the soil microbiota of canals in Maricá city, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bioremediation, through the application of two different strategies of effective microorganisms as treatment of effluents in the parameters of water quality and in the bacteriological profile of the soil of ‘Canal da Cidade’ - Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The metagenomic analyzes indicated that the abundance and richness of microorganisms in the substrate increased significantly after the bioremediation strategy used in this study. Because of bioremediation, 31 bacterial species disappeared from the environment when comparing the initial and final bacterial profiles of the soil, where 94% of these 31 species were anaerobic. Furthermore, 61 new aerobic or facultative aerobic species appeared in the channel substrate after bioremediation. As a consequence of bioremediation, the dissolved oxygen concentration and pH values increased significantly throughout the bioremediation process, indicating that the changes found in the microbiological profile of the soil contributed to the improvement of water quality parameters, helping the environment to move from anaerobic to aerobic characteristics. Thus, it is possible to state that the use of effective microorganisms directly affected the physical-chemical parameters of water quality and the microbial profile of the soil community of ‘Canal da Cidade’.

The Use of Effective Microorganisms as a Sustainable Alternative to Improve the Quality of Potatoes in Food Processing

Background: The ecological approach to agriculture causes the desire to eliminate pesticides. Work is underway to replace them with natural agents. Aim: The aim of the research was to introduce an innovative factor and non-invasively increase the yield of dry matter and starch and thus improve the quality of the raw material for the production of potato-enriched products. Material and methods: The field experiment was carried out in central-eastern Poland, using the randomized sub-block method, in a dependent split-split-plot design in three repetitions. The superior factor of the first order was pre-planting treatments by treating seed potatoes with a microbiological preparation for (a) 10 min, (b) 15 min, and (c) untreated seed potatoes (untreated control). The second-order factor was 14 potato cultivars of all groups of earliness. Qualitative research was carried out under laboratory conditions. Results: Pre-planting treatments with the use of a microbiological preparation had a positive effect on the yield of dry matter and starch compared to the control while modifying the characteristics related to the quality of potato chips. The tested cultivars determined both the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the chips to the greatest extent. Conclusions: Alternative solutions will allow the effective replacement of pesticides in potato production and processing.

Susceptibility of Sweet Potato Varieties to Meloidogyne incognita and Use of Effective Microorganisms and Compost Manure for the Disease Management

Susceptibility of Sweet Potato Varieties to Meloidogyne incognita and Use of Effective Microorganisms and Compost Manure for the Disease Management

Effect of Feed Additives Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Gastrointestinal Tract Characteristics, and Carcass Composition in Turkey Hens.

In order to increase growth performance and carcass composition, including meat quality, as demanded by modern customers, alternative feed additives are sought after as a result of the withdrawal of antibiotics employed as growth promoters in poultry feeding. Therefore, we conducted a study to see how effective three feed additives added to the diets and water of turkey hens were. The experiment consisted of 200 Big 6 turkey hens divided into two equinumerous groups (C and E), with five subgroups in each. The 14-week-long growth performance study comprised five feeding periods. Both groups of birds were fed complete feed rations with mineral and vitamin supplements. The factor differentiating the groups were effective microorganisms and Humokarbowit added to the birds' diets and garlic extract added to the drinking water in the experimental group (E) only. It was demonstrated that the included feed additives in the diets and water of turkey hens significantly increased (by 10%) the FBW and decreased (by 14%) the FCR throughout the rearing period. Birds from the E group scored significantly higher (by 3.6%) on the dressing percentage, and their muscularity and fattening grade were improved. Turkey fed rations containing the evaluated feed additives had a smaller share of the gastrointestinal tract in the body weight and a shorter duodenum and caecum (p ≤ 0.05). The muscles of turkey hens from group E featured a lower pH24 and were of lighter colour (p ≤ 0.05). To sum up, the use of effective microorganisms and Humokarbowit in the diets and garlic extract in the drinking water of turkey hens should be recommended in view of improved growth performance and carcass composition.

English

This study investigated the use of effective microorganisms (EM) to enhance cost-effective biogas purification at household-level application. It involved experimental setups for biogas purification in two different runs: 4 L activated EM and 1 L dormant EM by bubbling biogas through EM purification units. Biogas composition was analyzed using an industry-standard biogas analyzer. The results indicated that EM has the potential for biogas purification through a biological process, to remove H2S and CO2 by involving photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) in the presence of light. The raw biogas average composition was 62.2% CH4, 37.4% CO2 and 1359.3 ppm H2S. The 4L activated EM batch solution purified the raw biogas to 80.2% CH4, 19.5% CO2 and 786.1 ppm H2S. The corresponding purification efficiencies are 60% for CO2 and 49% for H2S. Purified biogas could be used by the household to cook for 1.82 h (85%) while raw biogas could cover only 55%. The designed biogas purification system can cost only Tshs 91,010/= and purify about 15,000 L of biogas at EM cost of Tshs 9,100/month.   Key words: Biogas composition, photosynthetic bacteria, anaerobic digestion, biochemical processes, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, biological desulphurization.

Use of effective microorganisms with phytoprotective ceramics in the initial growth of Theobroma cacao L.

The research was conducted in the nursery of the National Intercultural University of Amazonia, whose objective was to use effective microorganisms with plant protection ceramics in the initial growth of Theobroma cacao, "common cocoa". The experiment was conducted through a completely randomized design (DCA), with 5 treatments, 10 repetitions and 50 experimental units. The treatments were: T1 (Control); T2 (100 ml of efficient microorganisms (EM) + 20 g of phytoprotective ceramic (CF)); T3 (200 ml of MS + 20 g of CF); T4 (300 ml of EM + 20 g of CF) and T5 (400 ml of EM + 20 g of CF). As a result, the T3 treatment obtained better growth value in height, diameter and specific leaf area with: 25.56 cm, 6.86 mm and 90.77 cm2 / g respectively, compared to the control that reached 19.98 cm. 5.49 mm. 49.32. Regarding the quality indexes, the ratio of aerial dry biomass / dry root biomass (R BSA / RBSR), lignification index (IL), robustness index (IR) and Dickson quality index (DQI), did not show significant differences between the treatments, but the T3 had higher value over the IR with 3.76, the R BSA / RBSR with 2.45 and DQI with 0.85, and the T4 had greater value in the IL with 33.68.

Use of effective microorganisms and FitoMas-E® to increase the growth and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings

Los bioproductos agrícolas basados en microorganismos eficientes (EM) constituyen una alternativa viable para disminuir el uso de fertilizantes químicos, y tienen un efecto positivo sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de microorganismos eficientes (EM) y FitoMas-E® en la producción de plántulas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.), para lo cual se realizó un experimento en un jardín organopónico en el municipio de Matanzas, Cuba. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos: control (sin aplicación de los bio-productos), EM (4 mL m-2), FitoMas-E® (0.1 mL m-2) y EM (4 mL m-2)+ FitoMas-E® (0.1 mL m-2). Se estableció un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Se realizó un análisis de varianza para determinar diferencias entre los tratamientos y la prueba de Rangos Múltiples de Duncan para la comparación entre las medias. Se evaluaron los indicadores altura de las plántulas (cm), número de hojas por plántula, diámetro del tallo (mm), longitud de la raíz (cm), el índice de esbeltez, peso fresco y seco foliar y de la raíz (g) y la relación parte aérea/raíz con relación al peso seco. La aplicación de EM y FitoMas-E® tuvo un efecto positivo sobre el crecimiento y la calidad de las plántulas de pimiento en semillero. El tratamiento 4 mostró los mejores resultados con relación a los indicadores morfológicos: altura de la planta (17.19 cm), número de hojas (6.01), diámetro del tallo (3.98 mm), longitud de la raíz (8.82 cm), así como en el peso fresco y seco de las hojas y de las raíces. La aplicación combinada de EM y FitoMas-E fue efectiva para estimular el crecimiento de la raíz y los órganos aéreos, manteniendo una relación parte aérea/raíz entre 1.28 y 2.5, lo cual es importante en función de obtener plántulas de pimiento con calidad.

Myrtillocactus geometrizans fruit plant stimulated with Effective microorganisms

The aim of this work is to develop an innovative technology for the cultivation of Myrtillocactus geometrizans, introducing the use of Effective microorganisms and at the same time, limiting the use of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products and improving the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of garambullos for consumption and processing. The trial showed a significant improvement in the agronomic parameters analysed on Myrtillocactus geometrizans plants treated with Effective microorganisms. In particular, there was an increase in plant height and circumference, vegetative and root weight, number of flowers and fruits, number and length of thornes in plants treated with microorganisms. In addition, the use of EM microorganisms showed a significant increase in total betalains, ascorbic acid, phenols and total flavonoids in garambullos. It was important to underline how the use of Effective microorganisms guaranteed, despite the reduction of irrigation and fertilisation by 50% in the growing medium, the same results in terms of agronomic parameters and fruit production and quality as the control with irrigation and fertilisation under optimal conditions. The application of Effective microorganisms in agricultural processing can therefore guarantee higher production standards, with a possible reduction in costs fertilizer and water. Particularly for those farms that want to focus on the production of ornamental and fruit cacti. Fruits obtained from growing plants treated with Effective microorganisms have a high antioxidant and nutraceutical potential, which is very important especially in this age where food is also a medicine.

The Effect of Effective Microorganisms on the Quality of Potato Chips and French Fries

The aim of the work is to develop innovative technology for potato cultivation aimed at potato food processing with the use of effective microorganisms (EMs), limiting the chemicalization of agriculture. The basis for the research was a field experiment established by the randomized subblock method, in three repetitions, where two factors were examined: cultivation technologies (3) and potato varieties (14). The influence of experimental factors on the quality of French fries (FF) and potato chips (PC) was investigated. The water content was assessed by the drying method, and the fat content by the Soxhlet method. The sensory assessment was performed by a team of 10 panelists in accordance with EN ISO methodology. In the production of both FF and PC, cultivation technologies using EMs contributed to a significant reduction in the absorption of fats and a significant reduction in the disadvantages of FF, the so-called “dark ends”, and the sensory characteristics of these products have not deteriorated. Potato obtained from cultivation in the EM system is a better raw material for the production of FF and PC than potato from plantations without the use of effective microorganisms. The beneficial effects of these preparations depended on the exposure time to EMs and the potato variety.

Analysis of the Influence of the Application of Effective Microorganisms on the Dynamics of Spring Wheat Emergence

Deterioration of the natural environment as a result of violation of its natural structures and self-regulatory mechanisms causes an urgent need to replace chemicals with effective and multidirectional biopreparations. Reduction of the amount of chemicals used in agriculture becomes possible through the use of Effective Microorganisms. This will reduce the burden on the environment. Agriculture that uses EM technology can count on help with germination rates; emergence uniformity; and crop yields, for example. EM formulations contain a mixture of different coexisting microorganisms. The following paper presents the results of own research on the use of Effective Microorganisms in seed dressing of spring wheat. It was shown that the microbial preparation EM Naturally Active affects the increase of wheat seed germination dynamics.

The Process of Microbiological Remediation of the Polluted Słoneczko Reservoir in Poland: For Reduction of Water Pollution and Nutrients Management

The article discusses the impact of nutrients from sewage on the state of the sewage receiver. Bioremediation was carried out through the use of effective microorganisms. The potential recovery of valuable mineral and organic substances in the form of fertilizers was also examined. The Słoneczko Reservoir is a bathing area and serves many people in the summertime as a place of water recreation. Water quality deteriorated intensively from 2006 as a result of illegal wastewater discharge and the impact of fecal pollution from bathers. The high concentration of nutrients in the water was the cause of the eutrophication process and blooms of cyanobacteria, which pose a threat to human health in the bathing area. The bathing area was also closed many times by sanitary services as a result of exceeding the number of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in the water. At the bottom of the reservoir, there was a layer of sediments with a thickness of 30–70 cm. Thus, the processes of anaerobic decomposition generated odor, causing nuisance in the reservoir area. Water transparency varied from 30 to 50 cm, due to the accumulation of suspensions and biomass of planktonic algae. The reservoir was subjected to microbiological bioremediation in 2017 and 2018 to polluted water treatment and to reduce the organic content of bottom sediments. Already after the first application of biopreparations putrefactive odors and the eutrophication process disappeared at the end of the 2017 summer season. Bioremediation reduced the value of E. coli and E. feacalis to the acceptable level. After the second application in 2018, the organic fraction of the bottom sediments was reduced to a very low level and the water transparency reached the bottom (maximum depth was 2.2 m) throughout the entire bathing area. The effect of the water remediation was maintained until 2019, and the surface water quality remained at a very good level. An important aspect in this case is also the exploitation of bottom sediments, because they are rich in nutrients and organic matter, and therefore it may have some potential as a fertilizer. The recovery of nutrients can be used in plant or pot production. However, they contain compounds that degrade quickly, causing unpleasant odors and threatening the environment. Thus, they should be managed and handled in an environmentally friendly and sustainable way.

Effective microorganisms for germination and root growth in Kalanchoe daigremontiana

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the use of effective micro-organisms (EM) as promoters of root development and germination of K. daigremontiana plants. The 3 experimental groups in cultivation were: 1) group without micro-organisms (CTRL), irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate; 2) group with sugar cane molasses (ML) and fertilised substrate; 3) group with effective micro-organisms (EM) and fertilised substrate. The test showed a significant increase in the agronomic parameters analysed in plants treated with effective micro-organisms. In fact, all plants treated with (EM) showed a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, vegetative and radical weight, number and weight of new shoots, leaf area. Also regarding the physiological analysis of plants there is a significant increase in the parameters analyzed in the thesis with effective micro-organisms. In particular, there was a significant increase in the chlorophyll content, in leaf net photosynthesis rate (Pn) and water use efficiency (WUE) and an equally significant reduction in transpiration (TR) and stomatological conductance (Gs). In the thesis treated with EM, the experiment also showed an increase in the percentage of seed germination and a significant reduction in the average germination time. Effective micro-organisms can be a valuable tool for grafting before planting new plants, for spraying and irrigation of crops, for reducing or eliminating completely the use of plant protection products against pathogens and diseases, during the storage of plant raw materials and to increase the biological activity of the soil.

Remoción de ácido sulfhídrico por microorganismos sobre lodos activados en aguas residuales de la industria alimenticia

La importancia del siguiente trabajo radica en implementar un tratamiento de remoción de H2S con un bajo impacto ambiental. El objetivo fue el de evaluar microorganismos eficientes para la remoción de ácido sulfhídrico sobre lodos activados de las aguas residuales industriales. Se construyó un biofiltro con microorganismos eficientes, lodo activado y material filtrante. Se inocularon durante tres semanas en lodos 21 litros de microorganismos eficientes activado, controlando parámetros como pH, temperatura, humedad, oxígeno y luz solar, garantizando las condiciones aptas de desarrollo de bacterias fotosintéticas, ácido lácticas y levaduras. El muestreo del agua residual se realizó en la caja de revisión más cercana al punto de descarga al alcantarillado de La Ibérica, y para su análisis a la salida del biofiltro, tomando una muestra con tres repeticiones cada semana, durante 21 días, para conocer la concentración inicial, intermedia y final de H2S y el porcentaje de remoción alcanzado en el tratamiento. Los resultados de la investigación dictaminaron que los microorganismos eficientes aumentaron la carga microbiana de los microorganismos endógenos en el lodo, consiguiendo un mejor crecimiento de la biopelícula y logrando la reducción de la concentración de H2S de 3,68 mg/L a 0,45 mg/L, alcanzando un porcentaje de remoción del 70,35%. El presente trabajo analiza que a mayores tiempos de retención se da una mejor actuación de microorganismos eficientes en el tratamiento. La utilización de microorganismos eficientes en la remoción de H2 S, resulta rentable por sus tiempos cortos de actuación y bajos costos de aplicación.

Use of Effective Microorganisms in Dry Zone Dairy Farms in Sri Lanka

Use of Effective Microorganisms in Dry Zone Dairy Farms in Sri Lanka

Impact of Effective Microorganisms on the Microbiological and Physicochemical Parameters of Produced Water

The study investigated the impact of effective microorganisms on the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of produced water. Produced water was obtained from Ebocha oil field within Rivers state. The spread plate method was used to determine the total heterotrophic bacterial counts, and pure isolates were subjected to biochemical characterization. Pure bacterial suspension of Lactobacillus plantarum, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium italicum were obtained and subsequently inoculated into wastewater sample in consortium. Treated (with the consortium) wastewater sample was analyzed at interval for their physicochemical and microbiological parameters during the appropriate period of incubation (14 days) at room temperature. The bacterial load of produced water decreased from 1.3 x 108 cfu/ml to 3.6 x 107 cfu/ml, coliform counts increased from 2.0 x 105 cfu/ml to 1.4 x 106 cfu/ml, Staphylococcal counts decreased from 3.4 x 105 cfu/ml to 0 cfu/ml and Vibrio counts decreased from 8.0 x 105 cfu/ml to 2.0 x 105 cfu/ml. Biochemical characterization of bacterial isolates from the wastewater revealed the presence of Enterobacter sp, Bacillus sp, Klebsiella sp, Proteus sp, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp. The pH and temperature ranges of water sample during the period of treatment varied. The BOD values decreased from 240 mg/L to 21 mg/L while the COD values decreased from 400 mg/L to 160 mg/L. The results of the heavy metal assessment revealed an appreciable reduction in the heavy metal concentrations of the sample. The concentration of zinc in produced water decreased from 0.113 mg/L to an undetectable level (< 0.01 mg/L), iron concentration decreased from 1.071 mg/L to 0.139 mg/L, Nickel decreased from 2.110 mg/L to 1.081 mg/L while copper and cadmium were undetected. The use of effective microorganisms in the treatment of produced water was effective in the reduction of microbial load, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and removal of heavy metals.

Controlling Algal Blooms in Beira Lake, Colombo: Evaluating the Effect of the Effective Microorganism Preparation ‘Bokashi® Balls’ and Eichhornia Crassipes

A study was conducted to determine the use of effective microorganisms (EM) in the form of Bokashi® balls, and Eichhornia crassipes plants in controlling the algal blooms, which is a major health concern for the people living around the Beira Lake located in the Colombo city. For the experiment, Beira water was collected into clean glass fish tanks (apprx. 50 L). Three replicates were used for each simulation: Beira water with Bokashi® balls; Beira water with Bokashi® balls and Eichhornia crassipes as floating wetlands; Beira water with E. crassipes as floating wetlands; Beira water alone. Weekly, samples were collected and tested for the parameters; physical parameters–temperature and turbidity; chemical parameters-dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium concentrations and electrical conductivity; biological parameters-algal density, and bacterial density. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the results indicated a significant reduction in algal density from 6250-43.33±30.14 cells/mL in 10 weeks in the treatment that used Beira water with Bokashi® balls (p=0.000). The treatment that used Bokashi® balls in combination with E. crassipes showed the next lowest algal density compared to the Control and E. crassipes alone treatment. The turbidity and BOD of the treatments were significantly reduced when using Bokashi® balls alone, from 128-5.97±1.24 NTU and from 4.92-0.48±0.24 mg/L, respectively. Electrical conductivity of the water was also reduced significantly in the presence of Bokashi® balls (from 340-284±26.06 μS/cm). E. crassipes plants exhibited the ability to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of the treatments significantly (p=0.001) (0.42±0.17 in week 2 to 7.14±0.25 mg/L in week 10, and 1.91±0.39 mg/L in week 2 to 0.37±0.15 mg/L in week 10, respectively). Based on the results Bokashi® balls can be successfully used to reduce the algal density, turbidity, BOD and electrical conductivity in polluted water. E. crassipes plants were more effective in reducing the nitrogen and phosphorus content and hence important in preventing recolonization of algae. However, none of the treatments were effective in reducing the COD, total dissolved solids or potassium concentration. Keywords: Algal blooms, Beira Lake, Bokashi® balls, Effective microorganisms, Eichhornia crassipes, Floating wetlands, Water pollution

Use of Effective Micro-organisms (EM) technology and self-compacting concrete (SCC) technology improved the response of cementitious systems

Effective Microorganism technology (EMT) is of Japanese origin and has found useful applications in agriculture and water treatment works. This study reports the response of self-compacting paste systems with the addition of a mixture containing three micro-organisms namely lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria and yeast all present in a suitable liquid medium. Two types of Effective Microorganisms (EMs) consortia, EM-Light (EML) having light brown color and low microbial cell concentration and EM-Dark (EMD) having dark brown color with high microbial cell concentration in a suitable liquid were used to study a total of seven self-compacting paste (SCP) formulations. These seven formulations include a control formulation and six EM modified SCP formulations containing 5, 10 and 15% (by wright content of cement) of both EM liquid consortia. The results showed that both EM consortia modified the plastic viscosity, delayed setting times and hydration kinetics, modified volume stability, reduced water absorption of SCP systems in hardened state and enhanced the compressive strength of SCP systems. Especially strength of SCPs with EMD seem to depend on fresh density of the paste to a large extent while with EML it shows different response. An increase of 26% in strength was observed compared to the control formulation with 15% EMD amendment at similar water-cement ratio along with a reduction in water absorption of hardened SCPs which may be attributed to the refinement in microstructure obtained by the production of calcium carbonate predominantly as a result of the reaction between microorganisms and calcium hydroxide. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD results also suggest improvements in strengths of SCPs due to calcite (calcium carbonate).

THE USE OF EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS (EM) AS A PROBIOTIC ON CULTURED NILE TILAPIA; OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS

Nowadays, and due to different anthropogenic activities, the environmental conditions deteriorate and consequently productivity of cultured and wild fish decreases. The present study highlights the role of effective microorganisms (EM) as a probiotic in enhancing biological features and growth performance of the cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to copper metal under experimental conditions. Other metals that may interfere with toxic effects of copper on fish were measured. The conducted toxicity test showed that the copper 96hr LC50 is 6.30 mg/l, thus fish of the experimental groups were exposed to 0.1 of that dose (0.630 mg/l) as a sublethal chronic dose for 12 weeks. After this long-term exposure period, metal concentrations in gills, liver, kidney, muscles and skin of O. niloticus showed significant increase in the copper exposed group associated with histopathological changes and clear damage in gills, liver and kidney tissues comparing to the EM exposed group. Moreover, the results revealed significant improvement in growth indices, histological and biochemical aspects of EM exposed fish. The present study recommends the use of effective microorganisms in fish farms to enhance fish productivity and reduce the toxic effects of pollutants.

Research on the influence of anaerobic stabilization of various dairy sewage sludge on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs with the use of effective microorganisms

Sewage sludge was taken from a dairy WWTP belonging to Mlekovita Cooperative in Wysokie Mazowieckie. There were excess sludge, flotation sludge and a mixture of excess and flotation sludge from pre-treatment of dairy sewage.The initial content of 16 PAHs in excess sludge before fermentation was approximately 689µg·kg−1 in dry mass, whereas in post-flotation sludge (which constituted around 30% of raw sludge) it was approximately 95µg·kg−1 in dry mass. A mixture of excess and flotation sludge had the content of 497,7µg·kg−1 in dry mass. Through comparison of particular hydrocarbons content in raw sewage sludge to the total PAHs content, it was shown that tricyclic compounds, which constituted 46,3% of the PAHs sum (excess sludge), and tetracyclic compounds, which constituted 60,0% of the PAHs sum (flotation sludge), were the dominating fractions.In the sludge subjected to fermentation in reactors with mixed sludge and surplus activated sludge, the general trend of the course of changes in concentrations of PAHs was similar. Both in the sludge inoculated with EM and in that not inoculated with EM, a significant increase in the total PAHs contents was observed in the first fermentation phase (acidic fermentation) after 7 days of the process. Addition of EM into the sludge did not prevent the PAHs release, and therefore higher concentrations of PAHs sum were recorded during the hydrolysis stage than in sludge before fermentation. A decrease in the sum of PAHs was observed after 2 weeks of fermentation in relation to the quantity observed after 1 week of fermentation (except from post-flotation sludge). In the following weeks, there was further decrease in the concentration of the 16 PAHs sum in all sludge types. However, in sludge without EM inoculation, it was lower than in sludge with EM inoculation. The loss of the majority of tested hydrocarbons was reported in the final phase of fermentation.