Use Of Cinnamon Research Articles

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an Effective Indicator for Screening of Quorum Sensing Inhibition by Plant Extracts

Quorum sensing is a well-known mechanism used by many bacteria to control important virulence factors through the production and subsequent response to N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). Quorum sensing inhibition (QSI), targeting AHL-dependent signalling, has been reported as a strategy for the control of bacterial pathogenicity. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the capability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an indicator to rapidly screen for potential QSI caused by plant extracts based on pigment inhibition. Four ethanolic plant extracts including: dried flower buds of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L), bark of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia L), leaves of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam), and Al-Gutub (Tribulus terrestris L) dried fruits were investigated for their QSI ability in comparison with furanone (the known QS inhibitor). Agar well diffusion assay was used, in which the indicator isolate, P. aeruginosa, was inoculated onto Pseudomonas special agar medium containing 8 mm wells to load different concentrations of the plant extracts along with furanone or phosphate buffered saline (negative control). The results showed that furanone was successful in inhibiting the pyocyanin pigment of P. aeruginosa without interfering with the bacterial growth, this verified the ability of this bacterium as a potent QS indicator organism. Importantly, clove extract at different concentrations caused complete inhibition of the pyocyanin pigment with little impact on the bacterial growth. On the use of cinnamon, only the high concentrations showed clear dye inhibition of the indicator organism. Moringa also caused certain degree of dye inhibition but only at high concentrations. Conversely, Al-Gutub neither affected on the pyocyanin production nor on the bacterial viability. In conclusion, P. aeruginosa isolate, pyocyanin producer, was successful in the screening of QS inhibitors. This simple study recommends the use of such isolate without relying on the import of certain strains of Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aureofaciens, or Agrobacterium tumefaciens‎‎‎‎‎.

Effect of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) biomass on organoleptic quality of goat meat during shelf life

Abstract Cinnamon is an herbal spice that contains antioxidants and antimicrobials. The use of cinnamon in the postharvest industry of agricultural products has been widely practised and provides economic benefits. Goat meat is a postharvest product with high protein levels, making it susceptible to damage due to microbial growth during its shelf life. Goat meat also has a distinctive aroma that is less favoured by consumers. Appropriate methods are needed to improve the organoleptic quality of goat meat. This study aims to determine cinnamon’s effect on the organoleptic quality of goat meat. The design used was a factorial, completely randomised design. The factor I is Cinnamon concentration (K0:0%; K1:5%; K2:10%; K3:15%), and Factor II is the length of storage (H1:24 hours, H2:48 hours). The results showed that cinnamon marinade had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on taste and aroma but no significant effect (P>0.05) on texture and colour. The hedonic test showed that marination using 10%-15% cinnamon on goat meat was preferred in terms of aroma and flavour. The H2S test showed that samples marinated in cinnamon and stored for 48 hours did not show spoilage. Cinnamon has the potential to be a sustainable preservative.

A Systematic Review Evaluating Cinnamon's Effects on Glucose Utilizing a Ranking System to Assess Bias and Study Quality.

In the context of diabetes, the use of cinnamon continues to be among the most popular supplements taken by patients for glucose control. To strategically evaluate the available literature comparing various cinnamon species and statistically significant glucose effects after ranking studies based on two tools to assess bias and overall study quality, to clarify cinnamon's role in glucose control. The authors performed a systematic search based upon PRISMA guidelines. The search was conducted utilizing PubMed, AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Medline databases, with the final search performed in September 2022 with restrictions to human subjects and English language. Electronic searches were conducted utilizing the keywords "diabetes mellitus" combined with Cinnamomum zeylanicum/Cinnamomum cassia/Cinnamomum verum combined with blood glucose (BG). A second search utilized "cinnamomum zeylanicum/cinnamomum cassia/cinnamomum verum" combined with "blood glucose," and a final search utilized "diabetes mellitus" combined with "cinnamon." Data extraction and ranking of included studies utilizing the risk of bias 2 tool and modified Heyland Methodological Quality Scoring tool were performed independently by two review authors. These authors compared their results and reconciled any differences in scoring to generate a final ranking of studies. A third author was available for any discrepancies that could not be resolved but was not needed. Forty-five studies were included in the review and were scored for bias and quality. Overall 62% demonstrated statistical significance for positive effects in at least one parameter around BG control. Applying the ranking systems reduced the percentage closer to 50%. Safety was extremely well documented across studies with few adverse effects. Results are limited by heterogeneity of glucose parameters, leading to studies being ranked individually and not synthesized. Cinnamon supplementation likely has a modest positive effect on BG. Based upon the strong safety profile, utilization of this spice as an adjunct to pharmacologic therapy is reasonable.

The Effect of Herbal Tea Formulation Made of Mangosteen Pericarp (Garcinia mangostana), Cinnamon (Cinnamon verum), and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) on Panelist Acceptance Level

Background: Herbal tea Is one of the herbal drinks that has been widely consumed by Indonesian people and known as tea that have functional properties, one of them is source of antioxidants. Antioxidants can be obtained from a lot of sources, such as the mixture of mangosteen pericarp, cinnamon, and cloves. The use of cinnamon and clove expected to increase the consumers’ preference towards this tea. Objectives: This research aims at evaluating the acceptance level of several sensory parameters of tea made of mixture of mangosteen pericarp, cinnamon, and clove. Methods: The experimental design used in this research was completely randomized design with three replications, resulting in 27 samples of herbal tea. Besides, the data obtained from panelists will be analyzed by using Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) in SPSS 25.0 software. Results: The results show that the addition of cinnamon and cloves showed a significant difference. The more addition of spices will lower the panelist score. It can be seen in the sample containing 24 grams of mangosteen pericarp, 3 grams of cinnamon (B4) which had the highest panelist score in color, taste, and bitterness aspects. While the lowest panelist score was obtained by a sample containing 12 grams of mangosteen pericarp, 3 grams of cinnamon and cloves (A1). Conclusions: The more spices added, especially cloves will reduce the liking score. The result obtained by this research can be used for optimization of the best formula so maximum points can be known.

Antifungal Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity Properties of Some Spices Extracts as Alternative Natural Antimicrobial Agents

In this study, extracts were obtained from rosemary, anise, cinnamon, ginger, peppermint, turmeric, fennel, clove, laurel leaves and thyme. The total phenolic content amount, antioxidant activity value and antifungal properties of these extracts were aimed to determine the extracts. Among the extracts, clove, cinnamon, turmeric and ginger were superior in terms of total phenolic content values, clove, cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, laurel leaves and rosemary extracts were superior in terms of antioxidant activity. The highest inhibition zone diameters among mold strains were determined by the use of extracts of cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, clove and laurel leaves against Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger strains. The results suggested the potential use of cinnamon and clove extracts as natural agents.

10.31248/RJFSN2023.162

The effect of selected spices on the proximate composition, shelf life and sensory properties of cashew nut butter was evaluated. Cashew kernels were milled into paste and spiced with ginger (Zingiber officinals), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), garlic (Allium sativum) and uda (Xylopia aethiopica) while unspiced cashew butter was used as control. The samples were evaluated for their proximate composition and sensory properties. These were kept at room temperature and analyzed for microbial properties. Proximate composition revealed that moisture content ranged from 25.66-36.09%, ash 4.08-5.35%, fat 40.16-55.31%, crude protein 1.64-2.35%, crude fibre 2.39-4.51%, while the carbohydrate content ranged 4.49-15.06%. The energy value was determined, and ranged from 433.15-525.16 Kcal. Ash content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in sample spiced with uda, fat and crude protein in ginger spiced sample, carbohydrate and crude fibre in uda and garlic spiced sample. Initial total bacterial count of the samples showed that the sample spiced with garlic had the lowest count (1.35×103 CFU/g) and after 2 weeks, cinnamon spiced butter had the lowest count (1.95×104 CFU/g). Initial total coliform count of the samples (1.05×10 - 5.35×10 CFU/g) was lower in the control sample and after 2 weeks, uda spiced butter had the highest count (1.55×102 CFU/g). Initial total mould count showed no growth for control sample and samples spiced with ginger and garlic. After 2 weeks, only the control sample recorded no growth; however, all butter samples had total mould count within the recommended standard of 103 CFU/g for mould. Sensory analysis revealed that the control sample was highly preferred by the panelist and this was followed closely by the cinnamon spiced sample. This study recommends the use of cinnamon for shelf life extension of cashew nut butter which will result in cashew butter of improved shelf life and nutritional qualities.

Study Of The Cinnamomum Clan As An Antidiabetic

Ethnopharmacological research is an approach to exploring the local knowledge of specific communities about the use of medicinal plants. This article discusses the use of cinnamon (Cinnamomum) as an effective alternative medicine ingredient in several regions in Indonesia. The method used with data collection through literature search has been published in scientific research articles and journals. A literature search uses search engines published on several sites, such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. Based on the review, it can be concluded that the Cinnamomum clan is widely used in various ethnic groups in Indonesia as a natural ingredient to help control blood glucose levels and is used as an alternative supplement for people with diabetes mellitus. Among the species of the genus Cinnamomum that have the potential to help control blood glucose levels are Cinnamomum burmanii, Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamomum tamala, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum.

Brief review: investigation of the cinnamomum genus’s potential for managing diabetes

Ethnopharmacological research is an approach to exploring the local knowledge of specific communities regarding the use of medicinal plants. This article discusses the use of cinnamon (Cinnamomum) as an effective alternative medicine in several regions in Indonesia. The method used is data collection through searching for literature published in scientific research articles and journals. A literature search was conducted using search engines posted on several sites, such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. Based on the review conducted, it can be concluded that the Cinnamomum genus is widely used by various ethnic groups in Indonesia as a natural ingredient to help control blood glucose levels and is used as an alternative supplement for diabetes mellitus sufferers. Among the species from the Cinnamomum genus that have the potential to help prevent blood glucose levels are Cinnamomum burmanii, Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamomum tamala, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum.

Cinnamon modulates the pharmacodynamic & pharmacokinetic of amlodipine in hypertensive rats

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon on the pharmacodynamic (PD) & pharmacokinetic (PK) of amlodipine in hypertensive rats. The hypertensive control group of Wistar rats received L-NAME (40 mg/kg, daily, orally) only. The cinnamon group of rats was treated with cinnamon (200 mg/kg, daily, orally) along with L-NAME. Following 14 days treatment period, blood pressures of rats were monitored at designated intervals over 24 h utilizing a tail-cuff system for measuring blood pressure. To assess the oral PK; amlodipine was administered as a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg to rats and blood samples were collected at specified intervals over 24 h and analysed by UPLC-LC MS/MS.Synergistic decreased in rat’s blood pressure was observed in presence of cinnamon + amlodipine. Simultaneous administration of cinnamon ameliorates the Cmax and AUC0-t of amlodipine, the Cmax and AUC0-t was 11.04 ± 1.01 ng/ml and 113.76 ± 5.62 ng h/ml for the cinnamon + amlodipine group as compared to 4.12 ± 0.49 ng/ml and 48.59 ± 4.28 ng h/ml for the amlodipine alone group. The study demonstrates that the use of cinnamon considerably decreases the blood pressure levels and enhances the PK parameters of amlodipine in hypertensive rats.

Use of cinnamon and Bacillus subtilis probiotics in the diet of broiler chickens

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cinnamon and Bacillus subtilis on the growth, meat characteristics, and lipid profiles of broiler chickens. In experiments 1 and 2, a total of 320 day-old broiler chicks were assigned to D1 (control), D2 (4 g cinnamon/kg), D3 (6 g cinnamon/kg), D4 (8 g cinnamon/kg) with four replicates, and D1 (control), D2 (0.4 g B. subtilis (BS)/kg), D3 (0.6 g BS/kg), D4 (0.8 g BS/kg), D5 (6 g cinnamon/kg) with three replicates, and 10 chicks/replication for 35 and 30 days, respectively. In experiment 1, no significant difference was observed among diets for growth and meat yield. However, test diets performed better than the control diet in terms of water-holding capacity of meat (WHCM), cooking loss of meat (CLM), blood lipids profiles (BLP), sensory quality score (SQS) ( p > 0.05), and flavor ( p < 0.05). In experiment 2, there was no significant difference among diets for growth, meat yield, WHCM, CLM, and BLP of the bird ( p > 0.05), except for SQS ( p < 0.001). Notwithstanding, the D5 tended to increase growth, meat yield, WHCM, and SQS, and decrease CLM and BLP. Thigh meat showed higher SQS than breast meat in both experiments. Therefore, the 6 g cinnamon/kg diet may be used for producing a safe, quality, and cost-effective broiler.

Efficacy of Cinnamon and Nutritox® in counteracting aflatoxins on laying Japanese quails

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of use of Cinnamon or Nutritox® on alleviating aflatoxicosis in laying Japanese quail.

Aqueous cinnamon extract ameliorates bowel dysfunction and enteric 5-HT synthesis in IBS rats.

Cinnamon protects against irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) in humans, but its efficacy and underlying mechanism of action remain poorly understood. Maternally separated (MS) IBS-D rat model and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced post-inflammatory IBS-D rat model are characterized by visceral hyperalgesia and diarrhea. This study used the two models to evaluate the effect of cinnamon extract (CE) on bowel symptoms. The MS rat model was also used to explore its underlying anti-IBS mechanism. cinnamon extract reduced defecation frequency and visceral hyperalgesia in MS rats in a dose-dependent manner and effectively improved visceral hyperalgesia in TNBS rats. The efficacy of cinnamon extract was comparable to the positive drug serotonin receptor 3 (5-HT3) selective antagonist, Ramosetron. Excessive 5-HT, a well-known pathogenic factor for IBS, in the colon and circulation of IBS rats was reduced after cinnamon extract intervention. Both, gene and protein levels of the colonic 5-HT synthetase, Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), were also decreased in CE-treated IBS rats. In addition, a luciferase assay revealed that cinnamon extract and its major components, catechin, procyanidin B1/2, cinnamic acid, and cinnamyl alcohol, significantly inhibited Tph1 transcription activity in vitro. These findings illustrated that aqueous cinnamon extract partially attenuated bowel symptoms in IBS models by directly inhibiting Tph1 expression and controlling 5-HT synthesis. This provides a scientific viewpoint for the use of cinnamon as a folk medication to treat IBS.

Safety of Cinnamon: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Purpose: Many evidence-based studies have indicated that cinnamon has therapeutic effects. However, it may not be entirely safe and its adverse effects may be ignored. The present umbrella review was conducted to elucidate the safety of cinnamon. Methods: Pertinent meta-analyses and systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials on cinnamon use in humans were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from their inception to September 15, 2021. All meta-analyses and systematic reviews on the safety or adverse effects of cinnamon were considered. PRISMA 2020 was used as the standard of reporting (PRISMA registration ID: 286746). Results: We identified three meta-analyses and one systematic review that described the safety of cinnamon. The quality of the meta-analysis and systematic reviews was evaluated using “Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews.” Their quality was rated as low in two (50%) instances and moderate in two (50%). There were no significant toxic- or side effects between cinnamon group and placebo group regardless of dose and duration. Conclusion: There is evidence to support that the use of cinnamon has no adverse reactions. It can improve the health status of patients as an adjuvant treatment. Future studies exploring better profile risks and protective factors for cinnamon use-related adverse effect are needed, in order that preventive approaches can be developed.

Dietary Cinnamon Bark Affects Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Breast Meat Quality in Broiler Infected with Eimeria tenella Oocysts.

Simple SummaryAntimicrobial tolerance problems have culminated in an increased focus on raising broiler chickens without using any antibiotics, and an increasing interest has developed in non-antibiotic feed supplements with potential productivity and health benefits. Previous studies have shown beneficial results linked to the addition of cinnamon to broiler diets under health conditions without induced coccidiosis. In this study, different amounts of dietary cinnamon, a phytogenic of the Lauraceae family, were evaluated for their effects on carcass characteristics and meat quality in broilers infected with oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Overall, emeriosis negatively affects bird slaughter weight, carcass yield, and most carcass traits. Compared with the positive control, cinnamon increased slaughter weight, carcass yield, and the percentage weights of heart, proventriculus, gizzard, breast, and pancreas. In addition, cinnamon at 2 g/kg diet improved performance, cocking loss, and meat tenderness among cinnamon groups. The ionophore salinomycin (Sacox®) group had the highest slaughter yield, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), and texture profile analysis (TPA) of meat. The current research offers equivalent and unbiased findings from a study of substitutes for commercial coccidiostats in a consistent experimental paradigm that applies well to commercial conditions.A total of 150 broiler chicks were used to determine the impact of dietary cinnamon bark powder (CBP; Cinnamomum verum) on breast meat quality, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of birds under coccidiosis, as one of the protozoan parasitic diseases. A total of 5 replicates of birds received 1 of the following 6 groups for 34 days: control groups (1 and 2) received a basal diet without the addition of CBP or salinomycin; group 3 received a basal diet with 0.066 g salinomycin; groups 4–6 were given a basal diet supplemented with 2, 4, and 6 g CBP/kg feed, respectively. On day 21, 4 × 104/100 µL of Eimeria tenella oocysts/bird were challenged, except for the negative control (NC). At the end of the experimental trial, five birds/group were sampled for carcass characteristics and breast attributes. Overall, emeriosis negatively affects slaughter body mass, carcass yield, and the majority of carcass characteristics in birds, and cinnamon can mitigate these effects. Cinnamon groups, particularly at the 2 g level, alleviated the negative effect on performance caused by coccidia infestation to the same or greater extent as the negative control and salinomycin treatment groups. Furthermore, when compared with the other experimental groups, the addition of cinnamon improved some physicochemical properties with some affecting meat quality, such as decreasing MFI and increasing toughness in cinnamon-treated groups. In summary, it can be concluded that CBP can enhance the shelf life, carcass, and quality of birds’ meat by maximizing the productive performance efficiency and breast meat productivity of birds under coccidiosis infestation. Further research is required to investigate the use of cinnamon to optimize the quality of meat and the productivity of both healthy and diseased broilers.

Cinnamon as a Useful Preventive Substance for the Care of Human and Plant Health.

Cinnamon is widely used as a food spice, but due to its antibacterial and pharmacological properties, it can also be used in processing, medicine and agriculture. The word “Cinnamon” can refer to the plant, processed material, or an extract. It is sometimes used as a substance, and sometimes used as a mixture or as compounds or a group. This article reviews research into the effectiveness of various forms of cinnamon for the control of plant diseases and pests in crops and during storage of fruit and vegetables. Cinnamon acts on pests mainly as a repellent, although in higher doses it has a biocidal effect and prevents egg-laying. Cinnamon and its compounds effectively hinder bacterial and fungal growth, and the phytotoxic effects of cinnamon make it a possible herbicide. This article presents the wide practical use of cinnamon for various purposes, mainly in agriculture. Cinnamon is a candidate for approval as a basic substance with protective potential. In particular, it can be used in organic farming as a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for use in plant protection, especially in preventive treatments. The use of natural products is in line with the restriction of the use of chemical pesticides and the principles of the EU’s Green Deal.

“Ceylon cinnamon”: Much more than just a spice

Societal Impact StatementCinnamomum zeylanicum (“Ceylon cinnamon/true cinnamon”) is native to Sri Lanka. In addition to generating significant foreign income, over 350,000 families are involved in the cinnamon industry, demonstrating its long‐established role in the Sri Lankan society. The spice constitutes many bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties, in addition to therapeutic and preventive effects against many diseases and disorders. New uses of cinnamon continue to emerge, and in this review, we discuss the opportunities for crop and product improvement, which will likely impact positively on the lives and livelihood of the population in Sri Lanka.SummaryCinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, known as Ceylon cinnamon, is native to Sri Lanka, whereas Cinnamomum cassia J. Presl (Cassia cinnamon) and other types of Cinnamomum spp. are grown in China and many other parts of Asia. Ceylon cinnamon is relatively expensive due to its chemical composition, high quality, proven health benefits, and ultra‐low levels of the toxic chemical compound, coumarin, which is reported in comparatively high concentrations in Cassia cinnamon. In Sri Lanka, more than 350,000 families are involved in the cinnamon industry. Among the total agricultural produce of Sri Lanka, cinnamon exports provide the second highest in terms of income (second only to tea). In addition to the use of cinnamon as a spice, leaf and bark extracts are used in the food industry to (a) improve the postharvest life of perishable foods through antimicrobial activity and (b) control pests in postharvest storage (insecticidal activity). The human health benefits include antioxidant activity and therapeutic and preventative properties against diseases and disorders. The potential uses of Ceylon cinnamon in the global food industry, health, and cosmetics sectors are abundant. However, to ensure maximum benefits to producers and consumers, accredited laboratory testing and legislative procedures need to be developed and strengthened to detect and reduce malpractice and product adulteration in the global marketplace. There are also considerable opportunities for crop improvement. The application of contemporary genomic and genetic approaches coupled to plant breeding will be needed to improve yields and disease resistance and to safeguard production in the face of the threats posed by global environmental change.

Cinnamomum species: Spices of immense medicinal and pharmacological values

Cinnamon has been in use by humans for thousands of years, as early as 2,000 B.C. The Arabs transported cinnamon via cumbersome land routes, resulting in a limited, expensive supply that made the use of cinnamon a status symbol in Europe in the Middle Ages. Cinnamomum belonging to the family Lauraceae is a large genus comprising more than 200 species that grow in Asia, Australia and Pacific Islands. The species that are commercially important are Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. C. verum JS Presl.), C. cassia Blume, C. tamala Nees and C. camphora Seib. Various related species are also cultivated as a source of cinnamon spice, including Chinese cassia (Cinnamomum cassia), Vietnamese or Saigon cinnamon (C. loureiroi), Indonesian cinnamon (C. burmannii) and Malabar cinnamon (C. citriodorum). Out of these, C. zeylanicum is the most used commercial species all over the world and largely cultivated in Sri Lanka and India. The cinnamon crop grows well at an altitude of 300–350 m to 1000 m above sea level and requires average temperature of 27°C and annual rainfall of 1500–2500 mm. Proximity to sea, humid conditions and salt water are favourable condition for the crop. The essential oil from cinnamon contains phenyl propanoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. Cinnamon has several effective medicinal and pharmacological properties controlling human ailments like diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, arthritis, heart disease, indigestion, teeth decay etc. An updated account of geographical distribution, cultivation practices, harvesting, active constituents, biological and medicinal properties and value added products of cinnamomum species are discussed herein.

Evaluation of low-field versus high-field proton NMR spectroscopy for quality control of cinnamon samples

The use of cinnamon as a spice for cooking or as a dietary supplement for its nutraceutical properties is widespread around the world. In this study, 28 samples, 14 cooking spices and 14 dietary supplements, were analysed using both high-field (400 MHz) and low-field (60 MHz) NMR. High-field NMR analysis was performed for profiling, quantitative analysis and classification of the samples between Ceylon cinnamon and cassia cinnamon. Then, the capabilities and limitations of low-field NMR for quality control of cinnamon were studied and discussed. At last, the chemometric treatment of low-field NMR spectra has proved to be an interesting way of predicting quantification of their contents in coumarin and (E)-cinnamaldehyde. For dietary supplements, this approach allowed to identify samples containing a higher quantity of hepatotoxic coumarin and thus presenting a potential risk to the health of consumers.

Low-cost analytic method for the identification of Cinnamon adulteration

In this work, a novel low-cost and non-destructive method for true cinnamon authentication -based on Near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and chemometrics- is presented. The use of cinnamon as a spice and flavouring agent is widespread throughout the world. Due to its high cost, true cinnamon -Cinnamon verum, which is only produced in Sri Lanka- it is adulterated with Cinnamon cassia due to its low commercial value. On the other hand, Cinnamon cassia contain a high content of coumarin (1%) which is a family of compounds containing 1,2-benzopyrone structures that are present only in minimal amounts in the barks of Cinnamon verum (0.04%). Due hepatotoxic effects of coumarin in animals and sensitive persons, the Food Safety Regulatory Agencies have imposed restrictions on the use of coumarin in their countries. Near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and chemometric analysis were used jointly for evaluate adulterations of true cinnamon.

The use of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Bark) for Patients with Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is common, yet no curative treatment identified. Cinnamon is a herbal substance, which has many applications in medicine.
 AIM: The aim of the study was to study the effect of cinnamon on patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
 METHODS: Sixty patients with documented CP/CPPS randomized into two groups during 2018 and 2019 in Baghdad. The first group received 60 capsules each contained 1 g of cinnamon. The other group received 60 capsules each contained 1 g of sugar powder (placebo). All the patients instructed to take one capsule twice daily for 1 month. National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) was reported for both groups at baseline and after 1 month of treatment. The primary outcome was a patient perceivable improvement defined as a reduction of the NIH-CPSI by 6 or more points after 1 month, whereas improvement of sub-scores of NIH-CPSI (pain, urinary symptoms, and quality of life) considered as a secondary outcome, and adverse reactions reported.
 RESULTS: Thirteen patients (43.3%) of the cinnamon group have 6 or more points of reduction in the total NIH-CPSI compared to four patients (13.3%) of the control groups (p = 0.01). The improvement in total NIH-CPSI score was mainly due to improvement in pain sub-score, whereas in urinary symptoms, there was marginal change with no significant change in the quality of life score. The only reported side effect was gastric upset in one patient.
 CONCLUSION: The study concluded that cinnamon improves NIH-CPSI in patients with CP/CPPS.
 REGISTRATION: The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with the ID: NCT03946163.