Usage Of Components Research Articles

Mechanical and tribological properties of magnesium composites– A review

Nowadays, the usage of magnesium components in automobile and aircraft sectors is increasing rapidly, because it reduces the vehicle weight due to the low density resulting in low fuel consumption and an increase in the efficiency of the vehicle. The purpose of this review is to highlight the different compositions of magnesium composites that can be helpful to various engineering solutions. The manufacturing methods of magnesium composites with their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The mechanical properties, friction coefficient, and wear rate of the magnesium matrix composites are highlighted. The savings in weight of the automobile components made of magnesium metals ranges from 20% to 70% lighter than aluminium components. The research gaps present in the research works in magnesium composites are highlighted.

BT21 Usability evaluation and reporting for mobile health apps targeting patients with skin diseases: a systematic review

Abstract Usability is an important method for evaluating emerging technologies, including mobile health apps, from a user perspective. However, many apps have been made available to the public with insufficient effort devoted to their design, development and evaluation. We conducted a systematic review to assess usability evaluation and reporting for mobile health apps targeting patients with skin diseases. The primary outcome was to assess the usability of patient/public-facing skin disease-specific smartphone apps. The secondary outcome was to assess the usability testing methods employed. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022347184). A search strategy combined terms for usability evaluation, user experience, skin disease and mobile health apps (search date 2012–27 May 2022). Six databases (Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Scopus) were searched providing 15 234 results. Nine studies were eligible for inclusion in the final analysis. A narrative synthesis of usability evaluation methods used was reported. All studies included an equal uptake between men and women. Two studies of interest included sun protection (n = 3) and skin cancer (n = 3), and one study identified cutaneous leishmaniasis, spina bifida, chronic pruritus, acne, psoriasis, rosacea laser treatments, actinic damage, monitoring benign moles, alopecia and inflammatory rash. All studies assessed app usability and/or feasibility, with eight of nine studies concluding that their app was useful and easy to use. Most studies were qualitative, employing usability questionnaires or semi-structured interviews. Common emerging themes included easy to use/easy to navigate, easy to understand, security/privacy, method of self-monitoring, data sharing with a healthcare provider, customizability, costs and ability to track progress. The most common modules of the apps included taking/storing skin photographs, reminders to monitor skin, education modules and e-diaries/rating of symptoms. Usability encompassed various concepts, including feasibility, usefulness and satisfaction. In conclusion, smartphone apps used in the context of health-related skin disorders have a high degree of usability and are being developed across a wide variety of disease processes and indications. The paucity of reported literature compared with the current explosion of app development and deployment highlights the importance of careful user-centred design and rigorous evaluation of these tools before they are released for widespread uptake. Future studies should aim to evaluate all usability factors rather than focusing on single components of usability as this would optimize greater long-term uptake of these apps.

Recent Development of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Performance Optimization Strategies: A Review.

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are the most promising low-temperature fuel cells and have received extensive attention. Compared to PEMFCs, the cost per unit of power can be significantly reduced for AEMFCs because, in theory, they allow the usage of non-precious metal catalysts and low-cost cell components. Owing to the development of advanced materials and performance improvement strategies, AEMFCs have achieved new records in both initial performance and durability. However, the high performance currently achieved is contingent on certain conditions, e. g., high Pt loading, large gas flowrates, and operation in pure O2 , which are far from practical applications. Therefore, the transition to commercially relevant performance and durability is the next goal of AEMFCs. This paper reviews the performance data of H2 -fueled AEMFCs since 2010 and summarizes possible performance optimization schemes, which can provide useful insights for developing next-generation AEMFCs.

Is sub-national healthcare social protection sufficient for protecting rare disease patients? the case of China.

Failing to provide social support to cover healthcare costs for rare diseases would lead to great financial distress for the patients and their families. People from countries without a well-developed health safety-net are particularly vulnerable. Existing literature on rare diseases in China focuses on the unmet needs for care of the patients and the difficulties of caregivers and physicians. Very few studies examine the state of social safety-net, the unresolved issues and whether the current localized arrangements are sufficient. This study aimed to gain in-depth knowledge of the current policy system and make sense of the local varieties, which would be essential for developing strategies for future policy changes. This systematic policy review focuses on the provincial level policies on subsidizing the healthcare costs for people with rare diseases in China. The cut-off point for the policies was March 19, 2022. The researchers coded the healthcare cost reimbursement policies and identified the different provincial level models based on the usage of reimbursement components in each provinces reimbursement arrangements. 257 documents were collected. Five provincial level models (Process I, II, III, IV and V) have been identified with the five components across the country: Basic Medical Insurance for Outpatient Special Diseases (OSD), Catastrophic Medical Insurance for Rare Diseases (CMIRD), Medical Assistance for Rare Diseases (MARD), Special Fund for Rare Diseases (SFRD) and Mutual Medical Fund (MMF). The local health safety-net in each region is a combination of one or more of the five processes. Regions vary greatly in their rare diseases coverage and reimbursement policies. In China, the provincial health authorities have developed some level of social protection for rare disease patients. However, there are still gaps regarding coverage and regional inequality; and there is room for a more integrated healthcare safety-net for people suffering from rare diseases at the national level.

Developing STEM-Integrated Interactive Multimedia to Improve Students' Data Literacy and Technology Literacy

Facing industry 4.0 literacy requires a role of literacy. One of the literacies that are suitable for answering the challenges of this era is data and technology literacy. The STEM approach is the learning approach used to address the challenges of the Industry 4.0 revolution. However, the actual conditions in the field describing the application of interactive multimedia by integrating STEM and integrating data and technology literacy in learning still need to be improved. The solution is to develop interactive multimedia by integrating STEM. This research aims to produce valid and practical interactive multimedia by integrating STEM to improve the data and technology of students. The Research & Development stage was completed until limited product testing. The data in this research was obtained from experts' validity and practical results from the students of class 11 science. The data collection instrument consisted of the validity sheet given to the experts and the practicality sheet given to the students of class 11 science. The analysis results show that the STEM-integrated interactive multimedia produced is valid and practical according to students. The second value is included in the very good category. Experts rationally state that interactive multimedia integrating STEM is valid regarding material substance, visual communication display, learning design, software usage, and assessment of STEM components. Students stated that the interactive multimedia presentation integrating STEM was practical regarding usability, ease of use, attractiveness, and clarity.

Stopped Flow of Glycerol Induces the Enhancement of Adsorption and Aggregation of HRP on Mica.

Glycerol is a usable component of heat-transfer fluids, and is thus suitable for the use in microchannel-based heat exchangers in biosensors and microelectronic devices. The flow of a fluid can lead to the generation of electromagnetic fields, which can affect enzymes. Herein, by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectrophotometry, a long-term effect of stopped flow of glycerol through a coiled heat exchanger on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been revealed. Samples of buffered HRP solution were incubated near either the inlet or the outlet sections of the heat exchanger after stopping the flow. It has been found that both the enzyme aggregation state and the number of mica-adsorbed HRP particles increase after such an incubation for 40 min. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of the enzyme incubated near the inlet section has been found to increase in comparison with that of the control sample, while the activity of the enzyme incubated near the outlet section remained unaffected. Our results can find application in the development of biosensors and bioreactors, in which flow-based heat exchangers are employed.

PENDAMPINGAN PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN PENJADWALAN DALAM OPTIMALISASI PROSES PEMBELAJARAN

Scheduling learning activities is a routine activity every semester which is complicated and requires high accuracy. If the scheduling process is carried out inaccurately, there will be many implementation conflicts. In addition, learning scheduling must be completed on time so that the learning process can run according to the specified time. Likewise the scheduling process carried out at the Margarana Tourism Vocational School which has limited study space with a large number of subjects at all levels carried out each semester, this makes it difficult to maximize the use of classrooms. Through the Udayana Serving Program, assistance is provided for the management of the room arrangement system which can optimize the use for teachers of the Margarana Tourism Vocational School. The method of implementing community service is carried out by socialization, lectures, discussions and workshops in the form of training in the application system for setting up learning spaces. Evaluation results based on the implementation of the service program on testing the usability component of the system, that on average participants stated 58.67% agreed and 16% strongly agreed. Meanwhile, in the management application system standard test, 60% agreed and 20% strongly agreed. Based on the evaluation results, participants are able to understand and apply scheduling management, the scheduling system provides access for each teacher to set their own schedule and the leader can approve schedule submissions through the system.
 Keywords: Scheduling, Room, Vocational School, Learning Proces

Design and Additive Manufacturing of a Passive Ankle-Foot Orthosis Incorporating Material Characterization for Fiber-Reinforced PETG-CF15.

The individualization of patient-specific ankle joint orthoses is becoming increasingly important and can be ideally realized by means of additive manufacturing. However, currently, there are no functional additively manufactured fiber-reinforced products that are used in the field of orthopedic treatment. In this paper, an approach as to how additively manufactured orthopedic products can be designed and produced quickly and flexibly in the future is presented. This is demonstrated using the example of a solid ankle-foot orthosis. For this purpose, test results on PETG-CF15, which were determined in a previous work, were integrated into a material map for an FEA simulation. Therewith, the question can be answered as to whether production parameters that were determined at the test specimen level can also be adapted to real, usable components. Furthermore, gait recordings were used as loading conditions to obtain exact results for the final product. In order to perfectly adapt the design of the splint to the user, a 3D scan of a foot was performed to obtain a perfect design space for topology optimization. This resulted in a patient-specific and stiffness-optimized product. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that the orthosis could be manufactured using fused layer modelling. Finally, a comparison between the conventional design and the consideration of AM-specific properties was made. On this basis, it can be stated that the wearing comfort of the patient-specific design is very good, but the tightening of the splint still needs to be improved.

Neutron-Irradiation Testing of FPGA-Embedded Hadron Fluence Sensors

Hadron fluence monitors based on static random access memories (SRAMs) are being used at CERN and have been proposed for proton therapy facilities. Some of the limitations of the state of the art are related to the usage of separate components for sensing upsets and for reading them out, as these increase the power consumption, the board complexity and its size. Moreover, in some cases, due to radiation-tolerance requirements, the readout logic is fixed and it cannot be updated once the system has been implemented. In this work, we show how to overcome the mentioned limitations by using an SRAM-based field programmable gate array (FPGA) for implementing both the sensitive element (the configuration SRAM) and the readout logic (the firmware in the fabric). In fact, we describe the implementation of a compact, reprogrammable, low-power, actively self-reading hadron fluence sensor realized by means of a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA. Moreover, we present the customized radiation-hardening-by-design techniques adopted for the readout logic. We irradiated two sensor prototypes at the Jožef Stefan Institute’s TRIGA Mark II research reactor, under different neutron spectra and flux conditions. We discuss our results, which include the measurements of the radiation tolerance, the single event upset cross section of the configuration SRAM, the sensitivity to thermal neutrons, and the failure cross section of the readout logic.

A blended model to support brief interventions in primary care: A qualitative study of usability and acceptability of HealthEir in community pharmacy.

Brief interventions for lifestyle behaviour change are effective health promotion interventions. Primary care settings, including pharmacies, are the most frequently visited healthcare facilities and are well placed to provide brief health interventions. However, despite the evidence-based and policy guidance, barriers to brief interventions have limited their implementation. This study aimed to explore the usability and acceptability of HealthEir, a blended model with digital, print, and communication elements designed to support the delivery of brief health-promoting interventions in pharmacy practice. Usability tests using a think aloud protocol and set tasks (to assess usability) and semi-structured interviews (to assess acceptability) were conducted with fifteen patients and twelve pharmacists. Usability data were analysed deductively using Nielsen's five quality components of usability as a framework. Acceptability data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. All participants found HealthEir straightforward to use and completed the required tasks without assistance. A small number of patient and pharmacist participants identified opportunity for improvement of the digital element. Acceptability was also high, with individual comments from participants identifying opportunity for improvements to HealthEir, and two patients identifying privacy or safety concerns. The majority of comments regarding acceptability reflected wider social and cultural challenges such as perceptions of the roles of pharmacists and pharmacies and the low priority of preventative health interventions. HealthEir has been demonstrated to be a usable and acceptable support that has the potential to overcome barriers to delivery of brief interventions in pharmacies. Usability and acceptability testing identified minor changes that may further improve its design prior to piloting and implementation.

Design, implementation and control of physical series elastic actuated robotic manipulator

This paper discusses Design, Implementation and Control of Series Elastic Actuator (SEA). This model was mainly dependent on usage of mechanical off-shelf components which are weigh cheaper to purchasable models developed by companies. For an appropriate performance-to-cost component selection, cost-constrained design requires careful evaluation of important performance criteria. In addition, we used These models to create force and position tracking controllers that combine PID and disturbance observer control architectures model and practical based. SEA can be used as a compliant actuator, We have been keen to utilize a collaborative robot and tackle the safety issues that arise when robots and humans interact as well as the cost issue. As a result, The goal of this study is to show how to design and install hardware as well as implementing some software programs to produce a fully functioned University of Texas Series Elastic Actuator (UT-SEA).

Pre-sizing of a modular high power density DC/DC converter with GaN components

Finding the most appropriate architecture to achieve a function is a major engineering challenge. In the power conversion context, the question that arises is: what is the best trade-off between an architecture based on a single high-power converter and another based on the combination of multiple low-power converters? This article aims to answer this question in the specific case of the isolated interface between the low voltage (28VDC) and high voltage (±270VDC) buses of an aircraft. Towards this goal, the targeted power electronics converter is carefully modeled in order to obtain an accurate and fast computing model. A technological database of the different usable components is then used to feed an optimization algorithm. The execution of the latter achieves an attractive and robust result showing an excellent performance in terms of power-to-weight ratio, which is the key index of this study. The precision and speed of this computer-aided design is based on analytical models that are quick to run and therefore enable exploring almost exhaustively the search space. More specifically, the high-frequency transformer has a large relative mass and generates significant losses that are difficult to assess. A major modeling effort has been undertaken and has been enabled to define a simplified but convincing and accurate model (successfully assessed on a wide bandwidth using an experimental setup). It was used for the first time in this optimization process. According to the targeted aeronautical specifications, the two best solutions would make it possible to achieve a mass power density of 4.5kW/kg, i.e. twice as high as traditional solutions. This result very clearly shows that the appropriate use of the new GaN transistors makes it possible to make a technological breakthrough. Considering the voltage and current ratings of these components, this shows that the combination of multiple partial converters is very promising and will make it possible in the future to achieve a significant increase in the compactness of electrical power conversion functions. This sizing study therefore clearly shows the potential of the standardized design of power electronics converters and the search for the best combinations (series, parallel) to meet any specific specifications. Additionally, the developed approach, based on a modeling effort, especially as far as the high-frequency transformer is concerned, and collection of manufacturer data, also makes it possible to limit the implementations and associated tests.Hence, the main contributions of this article are (i) the assembly of the analytical models of the various components constituting an isolated DC–DC power supply, (ii) the simplification of an analytical model of the planar HF transformer, its experimental validation and its first use in a loop of optimization, (iii) the fact of showing supporting figures that GaN technology enables technological breakthroughs to achieve high power density, which opens the way to modular architectures based on partial converters of electrical power, (iv) the comprehensive description of a powerful pre-study design tool enabling to greatly reduce power converters’ time to market.

Full Efficient NVM Usage For MCU

Non-volatile memory (NVM) is a type of computer memory that has the ability to retain stored data even when power is disconnected. Its significance is growing due to the increasing need for fast storage and access to large volumes of data. To maximize the potential of NVM, efficient usage is crucial, which involves optimizing data structures, reducing read and write operations, and minimizing data transfer between NVM-connected applications in areas where low latency and high throughput is essential, such as in-memory databases, high-performance computing, and real-time analytics. Improving NVM efficiency can also enhance the durability and reliability of stored data by reducing the frequency of writes, extending its lifespan, and minimizing the risk of data loss. The aim of this study is to achieve 100% NVM efficiency through software modules developed for Telematic Control Units, which is critical for optimizing reliability in automotive applications. Moreover, efficient use of NVM plays a vital role in the hardware supply chain, covering the various stages of creating, deploying, and managing hardware components that use NVM. It is necessary to minimize waste, reduce costs, and improve the quality of manufactured products. Efficient use of NVM is crucial in optimizing the production and management of NVM-based hardware to minimize the number of discarded components, increase usable components produced, and reduce the need for rework. Therefore, the efficient use of NVM is vital for obtaining higher quality and cost-effective hardware components in the supply chain. The study describes the use of fully efficient NVM for Telematic Control Units, which provides a reliable and efficient solution, especially in addressing the supply problems experienced in hardware today.

The effect of hip exoskeleton weight on kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography during human walking

In exoskeleton research, transparency is the degree to which a device hinders the movement of the user, a critical component of performance and usability. Transparency is most often evaluated individually, thus lacking generalization. Our goal was to systematically evaluate transparency due to inertial effects on gait of a hypothetical hip exoskeleton. We predicted that the weight distribution around the pelvis and the amount of weight applied would change gait characteristics. We instructed 21 healthy individuals to walk on a treadmill while bearing weights on the pelvis between 4 and 8 kg in three different configurations, bilaterally, unilaterally (left side) and on the lumbar portion of the back (L4). We measured kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity during randomly ordered trials of 1.5 min at typical walking speed. We also calculated the margin of stability to measure medial–lateral stability. We observed that loading the hips bilaterally with 4 kg had no changes in kinematics, kinetics, dynamic stability, or muscle activity, but above 6 kg, sagittal joint power was increased. Loading the lumbar area increased posterior pelvic tilt at 6 kg and decreased dynamic stability at 4 kg, with many individuals reporting some discomfort. For the unilateral placement, above 4 kg dynamic stability was decreased and hip joint power was increased, and above 6 kg the pelvis begins to dip towards the loaded side. These results show the different effects of weight distribution around the pelvis. This study represents a novel, systematic approach to characterizing transparency in exoskeleton design (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05120115).

Hepatitis E Virus in Finland: Epidemiology and Risk in Blood Donors and in the General Population.

Autochthonous hepatitis E (HEV) cases have been increasingly recognized and reported in Europe, caused predominantly by the zoonotic HEV genotype 3. The clinical picture is highly variable, from asymptomatic to acute severe or prolonged hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. The main route of transmission to humans in Europe is the ingestion of undercooked pork meat. Transfusion-transmitted HEV infections have also been reported. The aim of the study was to determine the HEV epidemiology and risk in the Finnish blood donor population. A total of 23,137 samples from Finnish blood donors were screened for HEV RNA from individual samples and 1012 samples for HEV antibodies. Additionally, laboratory-confirmed hepatitis E cases in 2016-2022 were extracted from national surveillance data. The HEV RNA prevalence data was used to estimate the risk of transfusion transmission of HEV in the Finnish blood transfusion setting. Four HEV RNA-positive were found, resulting in 1:5784 (0.02%) RNA prevalence. All HEV RNA-positive samples were IgM-negative, and genotyped samples represented genotype HEV 3c. HEV IgG seroprevalence was 7.4%. From the HEV RNA rate found in this study and data on blood component usage in Finland in 2020, the risk estimate for a severe transfusion-transmitted HEV infection is 1:1,377,000 components or one in every 6-7 years. In conclusion, the results indicate that the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV (HEV TTI) in Finland is low. However, continuous follow-up of the HEV epidemiology in relation to the transfusion risk landscape in Finland is necessary, as well as promoting awareness in the medical community of the small risk for HEV TTI, especially for immunocompromised patients.

Material Behavior of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel (HSLA) WAAM Walls in Construction

Additive manufacturing with steel offers new opportunities for the construction sector. In particular, direct energy deposition (DED) processes such as Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM or DED-Arc), are able to create large structures with a high degree of geometric freedom, like force-flow-optimized steel nodes and frameworks, as well as truss structures. By using high-strength steel, manufacturing times can be shortened because less material has to be applied. In order to enable the usage of WAAM components in the construction industry, profound knowledge of the material behavior is necessary. Based on reliable process parameters, extensive experimental and numerical investigations are carried out to characterize the influence of layer orientation and overhang angle on the mechanical parameters of WAAM high-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) walls. The results have been compared to HSLA steel sheet material. It is shown that comparable characteristics exist for Young’s modulus E, yield strength Rp,0.2 and tensile strength Rm with regard to civil engineering applications. The influence of the loading direction on the material level is similar. Only the yield strength shows a slight dependence on the layer orientation for WAAM walls (difference 4.5%). The overhang angle has no influence on the material parameters.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Usage of Blood for Transfusions: A 2-Year Experience from a Tertiary Center in Korea

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak affected the utilization and management of blood products in hospitals. Blood shortages occurred owing to social distancing policies and reduction in blood donors. However, only a few studies examined whether these changes affected blood usage and transfusion patterns. We retrospectively reviewed blood component usage according to hospital departments and phases of surgery in transfused patients admitted between 1 March 2019 and 28 February 2021, in a single center in Anyang, Korea. We also analyzed the length of hospital stay and mortality to determine prognosis. In 2020, 32,050 blood components were transfused to 2877 patients, corresponding to 15.8% and 11.8% less than the rates in 2019, respectively. Postoperative usage of blood products significantly decreased in 2020 (3.87 ± 6.50) compared to 2019 (7.12 ± 21.71) (p = 0.047). The length of hospital stay of the patients who underwent postoperative transfusion in 2019 (n = 197) was 13.97 ± 11.95 days, which was not significantly different from that in 2020 (n = 167), i.e., 16.44 ± 17.90 days (p = 0.118). Further, 9 of 197 postoperative transfusion patients died in 2019, while 8 of 167 patients died in 2020 (p = 0.920). The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in limited blood supply and reduced postoperative transfusions; however, patient prognosis was not affected.

An Architectural Pattern for Dynamic Component Integration

The continuing increase of interest in Component-based Software Engineering (CBSE) signifies the emergence of a new development trend within the software industry. CBSE deals with the usage of reusable software components to provide complex integrated solutions at shorter development time and minimum cost. This engineering approach emphasizes the identification, selection, evaluation, procurement, integration, and evolution of reusable components for constructing complex and large-scale software solutions. Component-based development approach has a great potential for significantly reducing the cost and time to market of large-scale and complex software systems, improving system maintainability and flexibility. However the usage of components imposes some problems in the development process. Especially, the complexity of the integration process is increased due to the black box nature of the products. Integration is further influenced by problems due to architectural mismatches, component incompatibility etc. Apart from these general static integration problems, necessity for intelligent services and context aware computing paves way for the dynamic integration of components. Patterns have promising benefits in solving software design problems and their benefits have been realized in the design of component integration also. Patterns exist in different levels. Architectural patterns provide the overall structure of a system; design patterns deal with localized design choices; Idioms define patterns of usage within a particular language. Design patterns express proven techniques making it possible to reuse successful designs and provide a common vocabulary to share design descriptions. Architectural patterns cover a wider realm, specifying system-wide structural properties for an application, and impacting on subsystem architecture. This report presents the study of literature related to patterns and its application in the design of component-based systems. An Architectural pattern has been proposed in this report, for the design of a component-based system that dynamically integrates components. The dynamism is achieved using a service model.

Repair and recycling of PCBs and their components based on obsolescence index: a domestic electrical appliances case study.

Population expansion and improving living standards, particularly in developed nations, have led to an increase in the usage of domestic electrical equipment, worldwide energy consumption, and CO2 emissions per capita. To limit the usage of non-reusable components and the amount of garbage that must be transferred at the end of a product's life cycle, longer-lasting electrical domestic appliances are a pillar of the circular economy. In recent years, the complexity of printed circuit boards (PCBs) used in the manufacture of modern electrical devices has increased, leading to an increase in device failures. This study focuses on the maintenance and recycling of domestic electrical appliance components and printed circuit boards. The proposed methodology for PCB repair is defined as a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) problem implemented in MATLAB environment and successfully tested to a variety of domestic appliances such as refrigerator, dishwasher and washing machine. The possibility of recycling metal parts of electronic components, which were replaced after PCBs' repair was also studied. Metals' percentage concentration of PCB electronic components for three customer's budgets considering metals and valuable metals recovery as given from the corresponding average metal recovery and calculated from different recycling procedures presented in the literature. The results of the proposed procedure in terms of valuable metals gave 38.4078ppm of silver. We also compared the suggested procedure with other works in terms of environmental perspective considering four measures, namely the gross energy requirement (GER), the global warming potential (GWP), the acidification potential (AP), and the solid waste burden (SWB). In terms of economic perspective and considering the existence of silver (Ag) in the electronic components, the recommended method gave comparable amount of money. Finally, a comparison of different recycling works from a technical viewpoint is also conducted. Moreover, a reparability index of domestic electrical appliances is introduced to further quantify the results of the proposed algorithm.

Computerised Gate Firing Control for 17-Level MLI using Staircase PWM

A basic 7-level MLI topology is developed and the same is extended to the 9-level then further increased to 17-levels. The developed structure minimizes the component’s count and size to draw out the system economy. Despite the various advantages of MLIs, efficiency and reliability play a major role since the usage of components is higher for getting a low Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) value. This becomes a major challenge incorporated in boosting the efficiency without affecting the THD value. Various parametric observations are done and realized for the designed 9-level and 17-level MLI, being the Total Standing Voltage (TSV), efficiency, cost function per level count, and power loss. The respective parameters are compared with several existing and modern circuits and found to be effective in their performance. A novel single-phase 17-level asymmetrical Multi-Level Inverter (MLI) topology is developed to reduce the number of overall components. The developed topology generates 17-levels by using unequal DC sources. The developed MLI is proved under various tests conducted experimentally for the various loads like resistive, inductive, and combinational loads. A detailed comparison is done on several factors and represented graphically represented. Further, the proposed design provides a less TSV value is 6 Vdc, efficiency is 94.21% and cost factor per level CF/L value for both values of α is 2.01 and 2.05 and devices count with a low THD value 41.4% with respectively.