Urology Clinic Research Articles (Page 1)

BackgroundRecurrent UTIs (rUTIs) in children can lead to renal scarring and chronic renal failure, if not managed early. The current standard of care involves antibiotic prophylaxis, which benefits remain controversial. There is a need for new interventions, other than antimicrobial use, to reduce the occurrence of rUTIs as well as the identification of groups to target. Our objective was to describe the pediatric population most susceptible to rUTIs, including renal scarring and adverse events associated with prolonged antibiotic use.MethodWe conducted a single-centre retrospective chart review of patients with rUTIs, diagnosed with urinary tract abnormalities or functional disorders, followed at the Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine urology clinic between January 2015 and December 2020. We described the population and evaluated the antimicrobial usage and uropathogens resistance patterns.ResultsIdentified patients with rUTI (n = 107) had underlying medical conditions such as Spina Bifida or neurogenic bladder (31%), double collecting system (22%), vesicoureteral reflux (42%) and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (7%). Almost all patients (87%) were prescribed antimicrobial prophylaxis, and a significant proportion developed resistance, with 70% of breakthrough UTIs being resistant to at least one drug, and 41% demonstrating multi-drug resistance.ConclusionWhile most patients received prophylaxis, it was not universally effective, leading to persistent concerns like renal scarring and adverse events associated with prolonged antimicrobial use. There is a critical need for the development of new strategies to prevent rUTI that would minimize reliance on antibiotic prophylaxis, given the escalating global threat of antimicrobial resistance.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-025-06273-5.

This study aimed to contribute to the literature by investigating whether Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRC) performed with Thulium Fiber Laser Lithotripsy (TFLLT) can be an alternative to Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PNL), which is still considered the gold standard, for the treatment of kidney stones measuring 20-30 mm, a more invasive procedure. Between April 2022 and June 2024, patients with a single kidney stone (Guy stone score 1) located in the renal pelvis, lower pole, or middle pole, measuring between 20-30 mm, were randomized at the Urology Clinic of Atatürk University Research Hospital. A total of 86 patients were included in the study. 44 patients (51.1%) underwent RIRS with TFLLT, and 42 patients (48.8%) underwent PNL. The mean stone size was 24.7 ± 1.8 mm in the RIRS group and 24.8 ± 1.7 mm in the PNL group. There was no statistically significant difference in demographics and stone characteristics between the two groups (p0.05). Stone-free rates were statistically similar between the two groups (p=0.714). The mean operative time was longer in the RIRS group, while the mean hemoglobin decrease and hospital stay were longer in the PNL group (p0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in postoperative complications between the groups (p=0.806). In the treatment of kidney stones measuring 20-30 mm, RIRC with TFLLT provides advantages over PNL, including lower blood loss, shorter hospitalization, lower fluoroscopy time, less postoperative pain, and lower analgesic consumption. With similar complication and stone-free rates, thulium fiber laser lithotripsy (TFLLT) performed via retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) may have the potential to be a safe and effective alternative to percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). Further studies with larger patient series will contribute to the literature.

BackgroundUrinary frequency and vulvovaginitis are common diseases in girls, but there is insufficient emphasis on the relationship between them. This study aimed to investigate the effect of treatment for vulvovaginitis on urinary frequency in girls with urinary frequency and vulvovaginitis.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical data of 102 girls with urinary frequency and vulvovaginitis who visited the Urologic Surgery Clinic of our hospital between January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2023. After one week of treatment for vulvovaginitis we evaluated the improvement of urinary frequency symptoms. If there was a significant improvement or cure of urinary frequency it was considered that symptoms were related. If there was no significant improvement in urinary frequency, it was considered that symptoms were unrelated. Patients were grouped by their response to treatment. Clinical data were compared between the two groups.ResultsAmong the 452 girls with urinary frequency seen in the outpatient clinic, 102 (22.6%) had vulvovaginitis, and all showed daytime urinary frequency. Related group: 81 (79.4%) age 2-9 years, mean age (4.321±1.738), unrelated group: 21 (20.6%) age 2-9 years, mean age (4.905±1.947), there was no significant difference in age between the two groups. The children in the unrelated group had a statistically significant longer duration of urinary frequency (9.286±7.747 days) on first visit than girls in the related group (4.284±2.812 days) (P<0.05). The incidence of enuresis, constipation, and voiding with vulvar pain in the unrelated group (14.3%, 33.3%, and 38.1%) were higher than in the related group (0%, 9.9%, and 6.2%), with a statistically significant difference, all P<0.05. The incidence of urinary incontinence, vulvar secretions, and vulvar pruritus in the related group (0%, 12.3%, and 7.4%) didn’t vary significantly from the unrelated group (4.8%, 19.0%, and 9.5%), all P＞0.05. Girls with longer urinary frequency duration (OR=1.25, P=0.004), constipation (OR=4.295, P=0.046) and voiding with vulvar pain (OR=9.772, P=0.002) were more likely to have no improvement in urinary frequency after treatment of vulvovaginitis.ConclusionVulvovaginitis is a common cause of urinary frequency. Girls with urinary frequency combined with vulvovaginitis should first be treated for vulvovaginitis. For children with a long course of illness or accompanying constipation, and voiding with vulvar pain, treatment for urinary frequency should be started simultaneously with vulvovaginitis treatment, as well as treatment for constipation.

The poor access to urological care in rural, underserved communities of developing countries, where the burden of surgical diseases is high, deserves innovative approaches to bridge the gap between patients and urologists. Telemedicine as a cost-effective modality has been utilized to improve access to healthcare in most medical specialties, especially post-COVID-19. Rural dwellers with urological conditions span different age groups, both genders, and have a wide range of ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds, which may affect their perception of this innovation. Hence, this study seeks to explore the challenges of in-person consultations experienced by rural patients with urological conditions referred to tertiary facilities, as well as the awareness, perception, and willingness of these patients to accept telemedicine as an innovative tool to improve access to prompt urological care. An online questionnaire was used to survey willingly consenting adult (> 18 years) urological patients at a tertiary referral center on challenges to physical urological consultation, perception of access to urological care, and willingness to accept telemedicine consultation in urology. A total of 118 patients participated, with a mean age of 50.64 ± 17 years. 28%, 47%, and 41% of the patients perceived access to urological care as good, fair, and poor, respectively. 42.4%,59.3%, and 55.3% of the patients highlighted long waiting times, heavily busy clinics, and a limited number of urologists, respectively, as the major challenges of in-person urological clinic visits. One hundred and five (89%) patients were willing to have a telemedicine consultation as an alternative to a physical consultation. The influencers of willingness to accept telemedicine were the time from referral to consultation (p-value 0.046) and prior awareness of telemedicine (p-value 0.007). Telemedicine as a tool to improve access to urological care for rural patients in referral centers will be accepted by most patients, irrespective of ethnicity, age, or gender.

We aimed to evaluate the effect of intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) in patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), using three-dimensional assessment. Men presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) to the urology clinic of a state hospital between March 2023 and July 2025 were evaluated. Treatment-naïve 369 BPE patients aged 50-80 years were included in the study. Prostate volume (PV), IPP length, IPP transverse diameter, IPP antero-posterior diameter, and IPP volume were measured using transabdominal ultrasonography by a single radiologist. IPP volume was calculated using the following formula: length × transverse diameter × antero-posterior diameter × 0.52. The International Prostate Symptom Score (p = 0.014) and IPP volume (p = 0.018) were identified as two independent predictors of low Qmax in patients with BPE. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed for IPP volume. The optimal cut-off value was 3.65 mL, with an area under the curve of 0.823. At this cut-off value, sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 79%. In the multivariate correlation analysis, only IPP volume demonstrated an independent correlation with post-void residual volume (B = 0.211, p = 0.030). In the same analysis, parameters independently correlated with the International Prostate Symptom Score included IPP length (B = 0.219, p = 0.002), IPP antero-posterior diameter (B = 0.391, p = 0.009), and IPP volume (B = 0.188, p = 0.001). In addition to IPP length, a three-dimensional assessment of the intravesical prostate-incorporating its transverse and antero-posterior diameters-may be a more objective parameter for LUTS.

Background: Bladder cancer ranks as the second most prevalent urinary tract cancer globally, following prostate cancer, accompanied by a significant mortality rate, and cause several complications, for example weight loss, urinary tract infections, metastases to other organs, and can cause chronic kidney failure due to obstruction of urine flow Objective: This case presented the challenging progression of muscle invasive bladder cancer with chronic kidney disease complications and refuse therapies as a clinical lesson for case management. Case Presentation: This case reports the clinical course of a 78 year old man who presented to our hospital's urology clinic presenting with symptoms of hematuria, along with urinary dripping and discomfort. Result: The patient was diagnosed with muscle invasive bladder carcinoma, with a complication of chronic kidney disease, and refused therapies. Conclusion: Controlling bladder cancer that has invaded to the muscular layer and chronic kidney disease was difficult and give poor prognosis linked to their age, type of bladder cancer, and refusal to undergo therapies.

IntroductionWater vapor thermal therapy (WVTT) has emerged as a minimally invasive surgical therapy (MIST) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) management. While international studies have confirmed its safety and efficacy, real-world data from Japanese outpatient clinics remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the one-year clinical outcomes of WVTT performed in a single urology clinic, representing the first Japanese single-center report describing one-year clinical outcomes of outpatient WVTT.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study at Mizuhodai Urology, including 52 patients who underwent WVTT between March 2023 and September 2024. Baseline and follow-up assessments at one, three, six, and 12 months included quality of life (QOL, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)-QOL), prostate volume (PV), and postvoid residual (PVR) volume. Adverse events (AEs) were classified using the Clavien-Dindo system. Risk factors for the restart of BPH medication and failure of the first trial of void (TOV) were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsSignificant improvements in QOL, PV, and PVR were maintained throughout the 12-month follow-up period. All procedures were completed as day-case interventions under spinal anesthesia, with a median operative time of 3 min and a mean hospitalization duration of 259 min. Catheter removal was achieved in all patients, although the first TOV failed in seven cases. Restart of BPH medication was required in seven patients after a median of 339 days. Multivariate analysis identified PV ≥60 mL as a risk factor for medication restart and PV ≥70 mL for first TOV failure. AEs occurred in six patients within 14 days, all grade I-II, with no grade ≥III events.ConclusionClinic-based WVTT was safe and effective for BPH management, with sustained improvement in QOL, PV, and PVR at one year. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Japanese study reporting one-year outcomes of WVTT. These results support its feasibility as a minimally invasive, office-based therapy while underscoring the importance of patient selection in larger prostates.

Influence of Physician-Patient Gender Congruence and Language Interpreter Services in Urology.

Aim; This study was conducted to investigate postoperative pain and anxiety levels in patients undergoing ureterorenoscopy. Method; Descriptive and correlational study. A total of 165 patients who met the study criteria and agreed to participate were included in the study. Data were collected from the patients by direct interview within the first 24 hours postoperative in the urology clinic. Postoperative, the time when the patients came to the urology clinic was accepted as the zero (0th) hour, and the pain levels perceived were routinely evaluated every four hours by keeping the time difference constant at the specified time intervals (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24 hour). Pain perceptions was evaluated using Visual Analog Scale, and anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results; The results indicated that pain and anxiety were high in the first hours (0–4 hours) of surgery, and women experienced significantly more pain and anxiety (p &lt; 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between pain and anxiety (rspearman = 0.40 and p &lt; 0.05). Pain was found to be related to anxiety. Conclusion; Pain and anxiety levels of the patients were found to be high in the first hours after surgery. It is thought that these results will contribute to the assessment and management of patients' pain and anxiety levels and planning appropriate nursing interventions. Keywords: Ureterorenoscopy, pain, anxiety

BackgroundClear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent subtype of renal cell carcinoma, and its prognosis in a metastatic stage is poor. Although therapeutic options are continuously improving, better combination therapies and individualized approaches are still needed. Reticulocalbin-1 (RCN1), located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is associated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis in many solid tumors, but its role in ccRCC has not been analyzed before.MethodsIn this study, we performed in-silico transcriptomic data mining to analyze RCN1 expression at mRNA and protein levels using large publicly available databases and conducted the first large-scale cohort study on the impact of RCN1 in ccRCC, including data from 306 patients who underwent tumor resection at the Clinic of Urology, University Hospital Bonn. We examined the correlation of RCN1 expression with clinicopathological parameters and overall survival. Additionally, we analyzed the association of RCN1 expression with CD8 T-lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. In vitro functional analysis was performed by silencing RCN1 using siRNA in Caki-1 and A498 cell lines to determine its role in tumor cell behavior.ResultsRCN1 is highly expressed in ccRCC at both the mRNA and protein levels in public databases, which was confirmed by our cohort data, where RCN1 was found to be highly and homogenously expressed in 63.7% of ccRCCs. High RCN1 expression was associated with shorter overall survival both at the mRNA (p < 0.001) and protein levels (p = 0.01). Furthermore, high RCN1 expression was correlated with higher tumor grade (p = 0.002), tumor stage (p = 0.036), presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.004), and distant metastases (p = 0.017). Clusters of macrophages tended to correlate with RCN1 expression (p = 0.051), but no significant correlation was found between RCN1 expression and the amount of CD8 T-lymphocytes. Additionally, silencing RCN1 led to a significant reduction in tumor cell migration and invasion.ConclusionOur results confirm that RCN1 is highly and homogenously expressed in ccRCC and correlates with poor prognosis and unfavorable clinicopathological parameters. RCN1 could serve as a reliable biomarker for prognosis in ccRCC and shows potential as a target for therapeutic approaches.

Transperineal 3T MRI-guided and transrectal MRI-ultrasound fusion prostate biopsies: Do lesion location and size impact diagnostic yield?

Dataset on characterisation of microbiome of prostate tissue and expressed prostatic secretions

Improving Clinic Access for Urgent Urology Referrals.

Introduction: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is common and heterogeneous, requiring risk-adapted therapeutic strategies. BCG remains standard for intermediate- and high-risk forms, but its effectiveness is influenced by limited access, variable tolerance, treatment resistance, and healthcare system disruptions. Material and Methods: This retrospective study aimed to identify prognostic factors for survival with an additional assessment of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although we could not directly evaluate the effect of COVID- 19 pandemic due to lack of recorded variables,we hypothesize it may have contributed to the limited impact of BCG therapy in our real-world setting. A total of 100 patients were selected from an initial group of 297 diagnosed in the Urology Clinic of Tg.Mures between 2006 - 2008, followed up until 2024. Prognostic analysis included clinical variables, RecScore and ProgScore were calculated using the EORTC risk calculator. No specific cut-offs were applied; the scores were analyzed as continuous variables. Results: Age over 70 and tumor multiplicity were significantly associated with increased mortality. RecScore was significantly correlated with the risk of relapse (p=0.0464). ProgScore showed a marginal association with mortality in univariate analysis (p=0.0561), but was not significant in multivariate models (p=0,9159). BCG therapy had a marginal protective effect, but did not significantly influence survival. Although we could not directly evaluate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic due to lack of recorded variables,we hypothesize that it may have contributed to treatment discontinuities in this real-life cohort. Conclusions: The results support the need for personalized, risk-based strategies and underline the importance of integrating real-world data into NMIBC management, especially in the context of systemic disruptions.

Introduction. Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies, characterized by high rates of recurrence and progression—even in its superficial forms, such as non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Recent research has increasingly focused on the molecular and genetic profiles of these tumors, as these factors, together with tumor grade and stage, play a crucial role in determining disease prognosis.Objective. To investigate the impact of molecular genetic subtypes in NMIBC on disease prognosis and assess the feasibility of their evaluation in routine clinical practice.Materials &amp; methods. We conducted a retrospective study that included 162 patients with newly diagnosed primary NMIBC treated at the University Urology Clinic between 2011 and 2021. Subsequently, an IHC study of postoperative material from patients with antibodies to GATA3, CK5/6 and FOXA1 was carried out. Subsequently, patients were monitored, and the percentage of relapses and progressions was assessed depending on the molecular genetic subtype. The median follow-up was 36 months.Results. Based on IHC results, tumors were classified into four subtypes: luminal (96; 59.3%), luminal-like (51; 31.5%), intermediate (5; 3.1%), and basal-squamous-like (10; 6.2%). During follow-up, recurrence and progression rates differed significantly between groups. Luminal tumors exhibited low recurrence (33.3%) and progression rates (2.1%), while luminal-like tumors showed higher recurrence (54.9%) but maintained low progression risk (5.9%). In contrast, intermediate and basal-squamous-like subtypes were associated with aggressive behavior: both demonstrated high recurrence rates (100% and 90.0%, respectively) and elevated progression risk (25.0% and 50.0%, respectively) (p &lt; 0.05).Conclusion. Basal-squamous-like tumors demonstrate the worst prognosis in terms of disease recurrence and progression, necessitating more aggressive treatment, whereas luminal tumors are associated with the most favorable outcomes.

ABSTRACTPreoperative fasting, a common practise before surgical procedures, is primarily aimed at reducing the risk of pulmonary aspiration during anaesthesia. However, prolonged periods of fasting can lead to discomfort and postoperative complications, including nausea and vomiting, which contribute significantly to patient dissatisfaction and delayed recovery. This study aims to examine the relationship between preoperative fasting durations and postoperative nausea–vomiting. This study is a descriptive and correlational. The research was conducted at the Urology Clinic of a tertiary care hospital, with 259 hospitalised patients included in the study. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews with patients 24 h after surgery. The Patient Assessment Form and the Apfel Simplified Risk Factors Model were utilised for data collection. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 25. The average preoperative fasting duration for solid food was determined to be 12.52 ± 2.71 h, and for liquid food was 10.79 ± 2.68 h. It was found that 28.2% of patients experienced postoperative nausea, and 19.9% of the patients experienced vomiting in the postoperative period. Differences were observed in nausea scores according to age, smoking, and postoperative opioid use. A low‐level positive correlation was observed between the duration of surgery and nausea scores. In conclusion, patients are exposed to prolonged fasting durations. There is a relationship between preoperative fasting durations and the severity of postoperative nausea.

Widespread antibiotic use has promoted a concerning rise in bacterial resistance. To counteract this trend and improve the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments, implementing antibiotic stewardship and an active surveillance system is crucial. Our primary aim was to analyze the local urinary bacterial spectrum and antibiotic resistance trends. All positive urine culture results (9423) obtained between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2023 at the Urology Department, University of Szeged were analyzed. Spearman's rank correlation test was then used to examine changes in bacterial spectrum, resistance trends of the five most common bacteria, and incidences of multidrug-resistant strains and nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infections. The proportion of Escherichia coli decreased significantly from 53 to 40% (p < 0.001), whereas that of Proteus mirabilis increased from 4 to 6% (p = 0.018). We observed significant decreases in E. coli for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (p = 0.011), cefuroxime (p = 0.033), and gentamicin (p < 0.001); Enterococcus faecalis for gentamicin (p = 0.002); Klebsiella pneumoniae for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (p < 0.001); Pseudomonas aeruginosa for ciprofloxacin (p = 0.001) and gentamicin (p = 0.006); and P. mirabilis for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (p = 0.018) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (p = 0.022). Only K. pneumoniae showed a significant increase in resistance trends (fosfomycin, p < 0.001). The incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria decreased significantly from 14.35% to 8.92% (p < 0.001), whereas that of C. difficile infections decreased by two-thirds. Antibiotic stewardship based on accurate surveillance can counteract the increasing trend of antibiotic resistance and help manage urinary tract infections in the future, as well as might reduce the incidence of multidrug-resistant strains and C. difficile.

Background: Vitamin A and D are both fat-soluble vitamins that are crucial for maintaining overall health and are highly indispensable, despite their minimal daily requirements. Their involvement in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis has linked them to the development of various tumours, particularly those associated with an increased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer of the prostate (CAP). Objective: This study aims to assess the levels of vitamin A and D among adult men with BPH and prostate cancers attending the clinic at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, to establish any form of relationship between these vitamins and the disease conditions. Methods: A total of one hundred thirty-eight consenting male subjects 50 years and above diagnosed with prostate enlargement (68) and prostate cancer (70) with Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) above 4ng/ml and attended the urology clinic as well as healthy non-prostate diseased subjects’ men (69) attending general clinic all at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba were recruited for the study. A 5 mL venous blood sample was collected from subjects and controls, and the samples were dispensed into specimen containers to determine the total PSA and Vitamins A and D levels using the ELISA method. Data generated were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 20 with the application of mean, student’s test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, adopting a p-value less than 0.05 (p&lt;0.05) as statistically significant. Results: Vitamin D levels among individuals in the hyperplasia and prostate cancer group were significantly higher than those in the control subjects. In contrast, vitamin A levels showed no significant difference compared to the hyperplasia and prostate cancer group. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between vitamin A and D, as well as between serum total PSA and both disease conditions. However, no correlation was found between the vitamins (A and D) and serum PSA in the control group. Conclusion: Maintaining normal serum vitamin A and D levels among males will not only help to reduce the risk or severity of prostate cancer but also be of great benefit to prostate health.

The University of Ulm was founded in 1967. Except for the Department of Urology all other specialities of the existing municipal hospital joined the University Medical Center. At that time, the department of urology was-with > 250beds-the world's largest urology department. There is conflicting historical data, but based on new information the first chairperson took office in July 1984. Initially the Department of Urology was a section of the Surgical Center, but it quickly attained the status of an independent University Urology Clinic. The clinic was awell-known transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) center (Hösel, Marquardt), which evolved to include, among other things, an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) center and most notably an oncologic surgery, pioneering the development of the ileal neobladder (INB). The term "neobladder" was coined in Ulm. Large annual live surgeries and operative teaching seminars, and more than 100visiting professors in Ulm popularized the INB technique and enhanced the clinic's reputation. Significant structural improvements included expanded operating capacity, which was facilitated by 4operating rooms exclusively for the use of Department of Urology and adedicated urology intensive care unit jointly managed by anesthesiologists and urologists. The staff of the department increased significantly with external reinforcement by senior physicians from other institutes, and ultimately 4chairmen of renowned departments (Berlin, Charité, Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Gainsville, Florida, USA, and Bangkok, Thailand) emerged from Ulm as well as numerous heads of national urology departments (e.g., in Karlsruhe, Kassel, and Wiesbaden).

There is significant variation in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) biopsy processing and reporting. The objective of this study was to review pathology reports from a large IC/BPS patient cohort to identify differences in findings. We hypothesize that variation in IC/BPS bladder biopsy reporting might be most frequent when it comes to mast-cell counts. We performed a retrospective analysis of 461 diagnostic pathology reports collected from our IRB-approved prospective study of patients diagnosed with IC/BPS at the Urology Clinic at Wake Forest Baptist Hospital from October 2011 to July 2023 (IRB00018552). Data were assigned as continuous or categorical variables. Groups were compared using Student's t test, Mann-Whitney, or Chi-squared tests. Staining strategy for mast-cell visualization differed between pathologists and included in order of frequency mast-cell tryptase (TPSAB1), CD117 (KIT), unspecified stain, a combination of stains, and toluidine blue. Mast-cell count was reported as a single number, range, or qualitatively. Pathologists used units of high-powered field (HPF), mm2, or did not specify. As expected, average mast-cell count per HPF was significantly lower than per mm2 across all stains (p < 0.0001). Average count with KIT was significantly lower than TPSAB1 (p < 0.0001). This trend remained significant when considering only KIT and TPSAB1 counts per HPF (p = 0.0007). Additionally, reports identified squamous metaplasia, acute inflammation, and/or chronic inflammation. There is a lack of standardization regarding histological analysis of bladder biopsies from patients with IC/BPS, leading to inconsistent data and confusion surrounding the significance of pathology report findings.