Urogenital Tract Infections Research Articles

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Clonality of Clinical Ureaplasma Isolates in the United States.

Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum are pathogens involved in urogenital tract and intrauterine infections and also in systemic diseases in newborns and immunosuppressed patients. There is limited information on the antimicrobial susceptibility and clonality of these species. In this study, we report the susceptibility of 250 contemporary isolates of Ureaplasma (202 U. parvum and 48 U. urealyticum isolates) recovered at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. MICs of doxycycline, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and levofloxacin were determined by broth microdilution, with MICS of the last three interpreted according to CLSI guidelines. Levofloxacin resistance was found in 6.4% and 5.2% of U. parvum and U. urealyticum isolates, respectively, while 27.2% and 68.8% of isolates, respectively, showed ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥4 μg/ml. The resistance mechanism of levofloxacin-resistant isolates was due to mutations in parC, with the Ser83Leu substitution being most frequent, followed by Glu87Lys. No macrolide resistance was found among the 250 isolates studied; a single U. parvum isolate was tetracycline resistant. tet(M) was found in 10 U. parvum isolates, including the single tetracycline-resistant isolate, as well as in 9 isolates which had low tetracycline and doxycycline MICs. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) performed on a selection of 46 isolates showed high diversity within the clinical Ureaplasma isolates studied, regardless of antimicrobial susceptibility. The present work extends previous knowledge regarding susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, resistance mechanisms, and clonality of Ureaplasma species in the United States.

The Global Prevalence of Infections in Urology (GPUI) Study: A Worldwide Surveillance Study in Urology Patients

The GPIU study is currently the only study registering health care-associated urogenital tract infections, especially in urology patients, in an ongoing surveillance protocol that can help to deliver data on adequate empirical antibiotic therapy in hospitalised urology patients according to guideline recommendations. The annual GPIU study will continue to be performed in November of each year under the URL http://gpiu.esiu.org/.

Urogenital Tract Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis among Women Attended at Different Units in a Referral Hospital in Spain

Urogenital Tract Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis among Women Attended at Different Units in a Referral Hospital in Spain

Chlamydia trachomatis serovar G infection in a bisexual male with urethritis

We report a case of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar G urogenital tract infection in a 33-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) seropositive Indian bisexual male. This case highlights the emergence of a new serovar in India. The patient was tested positive for C. trachomatis by both cryptic plasmid and omp A gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On further characterization using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and omp A gene sequencing, the strain was found to be C. trachomatis serovar G. His spouse was also found to be infected with C. trachomatis serovar G. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the clinical isolates obtained from both partners and were found to be identical to the isolates available in GenBank. The sexual network could not be traced further. Detection of a new genotype suggests importation of a new strain into the population probably by sexual contact with a person from a geographical area where the strain is common. Identifying circulating genotypes in the community can assist in developing strategies for improved sexually transmitted disease control.

In Vitro Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Ziziphora clinopodioides L. and Some Standard Antibiotics on Bacteria Isolated From Women's Urogenital Tract Infections

In Vitro Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Ziziphora clinopodioides L. and Some Standard Antibiotics on Bacteria Isolated From Women's Urogenital Tract Infections

Impact of asymptomatic urogenital tract infections on ejaculate parameters in infertile men with varicocele

Varicocele, a pathology developing in 15 % males, is associated with 30 % male infertility cases. The role of urogenital infections coinciding with varicocele in infertile men has not been studied in sufficient detail. Objective: to examine the effects of bacterial and viral infections on ejaculate parameters in infertile patients with varicocele. The study included 49 patients with infertility and varicocele and 26 healthy males undergoing prophylactic medical examination. Highlevel infection was recorded after examination of ejaculates and urethral scrapes of 49 patients: bacterial (30.6 %) and viral (14.3 %) pathogens. Quantitative analysis of viral DNA showed high contamination of ejaculates with herpes viruses (> 3 lg10/ml). Detailed analysis of spermatograms demonstrated a decrease in all basic parameters in patients with varicocele and infertility compared with those in healthy subjects. The presence of infectious agents had a statistically significant negative effect on ejaculate parameters. Spermiological examination revealed high level of sperm abnormalities (astenozoospermia, oligoteratozoospermia, and oligoastenoteratozoospermia) in patients with infertility, varicocele and bacterioviral infection of urogenital tract compared with uninfected infertile patients with varicocele. Laboratory tests for bacterial and viral infections should be recommended in infertility associated with varicocele even in the absence of clinical signs of these infections. Quantitative analysis of urogenital pathogens allows one to determine the necessity of etiotherapy of hidden infection and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

Genetic diversity analysis of Croton antisyphiliticus Mart. using AFLP molecular markers.

Croton antisyphiliticus Mart. is a medicinal plant native to Cerrado vegetation in Brazil, and it is popularly used to treat urogenital tract infections. The objective of the present study was to assess the genetic variability of natural C. antisyphiliticus populations using AFLP molecular markers. Accessions were collected in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Goiás. The genotyping of individuals was performed using a LI-COR® DNA Analyzer 4300. The variability within populations was found to be greater than the variability between them. The F(ST) value was 0.3830, which indicated that the populations were highly structured. A higher percentage of polymorphic loci (92.16%) and greater genetic diversity were found in the population accessions from Pratinha-MG. Gene flow was considered restricted (N(m) = 1.18), and there was no correlation between genetic and geographic distances. The populations of C. antisyphiliticus exhibited an island-model structure, which demonstrates the vulnerability of the species.

Unexpected Septic Shock after Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy in a Patient Preoperatively Treated for a Urinary Tract Infection

Copyright 2016, Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received: 15 March, 2016 Revised: 13 June, 2016 Accepted: 5 July, 2016

In vitro evaluation on HeLa cells of protective mechanisms of probiotic lactobacilli against Candida clinical isolates

To characterize in vitro the ability of human Lactobacillus strains to inhibit the adhesion, to displace and to compete with clinically isolated Candida strains. Three types of assays were performed to determine the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 319, Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501, Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502 and a specific probiotic combination (SYNBIO) on adhesion of Candida pathogens to HeLa cells: blockage by exclusion (lactobacilli and HeLa followed by pathogens), competition (lactobacilli, HeLa and pathogens together) and displacement (pathogens and HeLa followed by the addition of lactobacilli). Bacterial adhesion to HeLa was quantified by microscopy after May-Grünwald/Giemsa stain. The inhibition results highlight a significant (P < 0·05) competition of the considered probiotics against all the Candida strains. The results suggest that the probiotic strains used in this study could prevent colonization of the urogenital tract by relevant pathogens such as Candida strains through barrier and interference mechanisms (mainly displacement and competition), but the degree of inhibition of adhesion was bacterial strain-dependent. The results support the potential of these Lactobacillus probiotic strains as anti-infective agents in the vagina and encourage further studies about their capacity to prevent and manage urogenital tract infections in females. To optimize the defensive properties of the vaginal microbiota, improving the health of many women by probiotic intervention.

S04.4 Trachoma strains in indigenous australian populations, variants of urogenitalchlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia trachomatis causes both urogenital tract (UGT) and ocular infections. One class of ocular infection is trachoma. Trachoma has a distinctive pathology, encompassing repeated rounds of conjunctivitis, which can lead to chronic inflammation, corneal scarring and blindness. It has long been that while strains that cause UGT infections are essentially all able to cause conjunctivitis, the strains that cause trachoma are rarely associated with UGT infection. Previous genetic studies have shown that the trachoma strains form a single evolutionary lineage within the C. trachomatis species. This presentation will encompass recent advances in the understanding of the evolutionary structure and dynamics of C. trachomatis . Much of the work described was directed towards understanding better how service providers should respond to instances in which UGT specimens from young children are found to be C. trachomatis positive. While this is regarded as indicative of sexual abuse, a conceivable mechanism by which this can arise is autoinoculation from an ocular C. trachomatis infection. This is particularly relevant to remote northern and central Australia, where trachoma still exists, and where the extent of child sexual abuse is contentious and politically loaded. Understanding the strains associated with trachoma in Australia could potentially underpin procedures for determining whether or not C. trachomatis in a paediatric UGT specimen is derived from an ocular infection. Genome sequences of historic trachoma associated C. trachoma isolates from Northern Australia will be presented. The results do not support the established model of a single trachoma lineage. While the isolates possessed alleles of the ompA gene previously associated with trachoma strains, these appeared to be recombined into multiple non-trachoma-associated lineages. Furthermore, there was evidence for acquisition of of pmpEFGH alleles similar to those found in trachoma lineages. It was concluded that ompA and pmpEFGH may be functionally associated with trachoma pathology. Disclosure of interest statement Much of the work presented was funded by the NHMRC project grants 1004123 and 1060768. Phil Giffard declares no other interests.

Mice deficient in IL-12p35 or IL-12p40 develop renal lesions during Chlamydia muridarum urogenital infection

Objective To study the roles of IL-12 and IL-23 in the development of protective immunity and pathological changes during chlamydial urogenital infection. Methods C57BL/6J wild type (wt) mice and mice deficient in IL-12p35 (IL-12p35 KO) or IL-12p40 (IL-12p40 KO)were inoculated intravaginally with 1×104 IFU of live Chlamydia muridarum (C. muridarum) organisms. Half mice of each group were reinfected on day 114 after primary infection. Vaginal swabs were taken every 3 or 4 days to monitor live organism shedding. The mice were sacrificed after 114 or 143 days of primary infection and the vaginal tract and kidney samples were collected for pathological analysis. The numbers of chlamydial inclusion bodies and bacteria in kidney homogenates were titrated after 100 days of primary infection. Results The infection time courses of mice deficient in either IL-12p35 or IL-12p40 were similar after primary infection, but were prolonged as compared with the wild type mice. All mice regardless of genotypes developed severe pathological damages in upper genital tracts with no significant difference among different groups. Almost all IL-12p40 KO mice and some IL-12p35 KO mice showed pathological changes in kidney samples. No obvious abnormality was observed in any of the kidneys from wild type mice. Neither the age-matched IL-12p35 KO nor IL-12p40 KO mice developed any gross pathological changes in kidney in the absence of chlamydial infection. C. muridarum inclusions were detected in kidney samples with gross pathological damages from IL-12p35 KO mice and IL-12p40 KO mice. No inclusions were ever detected in kidneys from the wild type mice. The numbers of chlamydial inclusions in the IL-12p40 KO mice were much higher than those of the IL-12p35 KO mice. Live bacteria were detected in mice deficient in either IL-12p35 or IL-12p40, but not in the wild type mice. No significant difference with the number of live bacteria was found between IL-12p35 KO mice and IL-12p40 KO mice. Conclusion IL-12 and IL-23 could inhibit the spread of C. muridarum infection from genital tract to kidney. The deficiency of IL-12 or IL-23 might relate to the renal lesions induced by Chlamydia infection. Key words: Chlamydia muridarum (MoPn); IL-12p35; IL-12p40; Urogenital tract infection; Renal lesion

Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum detected with the same frequency among women with and without symptoms of urogenital tract infection.

There is mounting evidence stating that Ureaplasma urealyticum causes non-gonococcal urethritis in males, whereas Ureaplasma parvum does not seem to be of clinical significance. However, the clinical role of U. parvum and U. urealyticum in lower urogenital tract infections in females remains unclear. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of U. parvum and U. urealyticum among 145 Ureaplasma spp. culture-positive women with symptoms of lower urogenital tract infection (n = 75) and those without (n = 70), and to determine possible associations between the detection of U. parvum and U. urealyticum with selected characteristics. Endocervical, urethral, and vaginal swabs, and first voided urine were obtained. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to differentiate ureaplasmas. No significant association between the detection of U. parvum or U. urealyticum and symptom status was found. Significantly more women aged 25 years and younger were infected with U. urealyticum (23.4 %) compared to those aged above 25 years (9.2 %) [odds ratio (OR) 3.0 (1.1; 8.1); p = 0.03] and significantly less women aged 25 years and younger (83.5 %) were infected with U. parvum compared to those aged above 25 years (95.5 %) [OR 0.2 (0.1; 0.9); p = 0.03]. The detection of Chlamydia trachomatis was significantly associated to both U. parvum and U. urealyticum (p = 0.021), and to U. parvum alone with borderline significance (p = 0.063). Although neither U. parvum nor U. urealyticum seem to cause symptoms in females, their role in the female urogenital tract remains unknown, taking into account their ubiquity, possible augmentation of the urogenital microenvironment, and ascending capability to the sterile upper reproductive tract.

DXD motif-dependent and -independent effects of the chlamydia trachomatis cytotoxin CT166.

The Gram-negative, intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis causes acute and chronic urogenital tract infection, potentially leading to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The only partially characterized cytotoxin CT166 of serovar D exhibits a DXD motif, which is important for the enzymatic activity of many bacterial and mammalian type A glycosyltransferases, leading to the hypothesis that CT166 possess glycosyltransferase activity. CT166-expressing HeLa cells exhibit actin reorganization, including cell rounding, which has been attributed to the inhibition of the Rho-GTPases Rac/Cdc42. Exploiting the glycosylation-sensitive Ras(27H5) antibody, we here show that CT166 induces an epitope change in Ras, resulting in inhibited ERK and PI3K signaling and delayed cell cycle progression. Consistent with the hypothesis that these effects strictly depend on the DXD motif, CT166 with the mutated DXD motif causes neither Ras-ERK inhibition nor delayed cell cycle progression. In contrast, CT166 with the mutated DXD motif is still capable of inhibiting cell migration, suggesting that CT166 with the mutated DXD motif cannot be regarded as inactive in any case. Taken together, CT166 affects various fundamental cellular processes, strongly suggesting its importance for the intracellular survival of chlamydia.

Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis in urogenital tract of Brazilian women.

BackgroundThe role of Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium in urogenital tract infections remains unknown. Furthermore these mollicutes present a complex relationship with the host immune response. The role of inflammatory cytokines in infections also makes them good candidates to investigate bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasma genital infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect the above-mentioned mollicutes by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) methodologies in vaginal swabs and dosage of cytokines.MethodsVaginal swabs and peripheral blood were collected from 302 women, including healthy individuals. The molecular findings were correlated with some individual behavioral variables, clinical and demographic characteristics, presence of other important microorganisms in vaginal swabs, and levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6.ResultsM. hominis and M. genitalium were detected in 31.8% and 28.1% of samples, respectively. The qPCR results were associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the infections studied. The frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis was 3.0%, 21.5%, 42.4%, and 1.7% respectively. Increased levels of IL-1β were associated with the presence of M. hominis and signs and/or symptoms of the genital infection of women studied.ConclusionIL-1β production was associated with the detection of M. hominis by qPCR. The sexual behavior of women studied was associated with the detection of mycoplasma and other agents of genital infections.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0792-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Lessons learned from the Philadelphia Collaborative Preterm Prevention Project: the prevalence of risk factors and program participation rates among women in the intervention group.

BackgroundWomen who deliver preterm infants are at a much greater risk for repeating a preterm birth (PTB), compared to women without a history of PTB. However, little is known about the prevalence of the risk factors which account for this markedly increased risk. Moreover, little or nothing is known about the feasibility of providing treatments and services to these women, outside of the context of prenatal care, during the inter-conception period, which provides the best opportunity for successful risk-reduction interventions.MethodsThe Philadelphia Collaborative Preterm Prevention Project (PCPPP), a large randomized control trial designed to identify and reduce six major risk factors for a repeat preterm birth among women immediately following the delivering of a preterm infant. For the women assigned to the PCPPP treatment group, we calculated the prevalence of the six risk factors in question, the percentages of women who agreed to receive high quality risk-appropriate treatments or services, and the of rates of participation among those who were offered and eligible for these treatments or services.ResultsUrogenital tract infections were identified in 57% of the women, while 59% were found to have periodontal disease. More than 39% were active smokers, and 17% were assessed with clinical depression. Low literacy, and housing instability were identified in, 22 and 83% of the study sample, respectively. Among women eligible for intervention, the percentages who accepted and at least minimally participated in treatment ranged from a low of 28% for smoking, to a high of 85% for urogenital tract infection. Most PCPPP enrollees (57%) had three or more major risk factors. Participation rates associated with the PCPPP treatments or services varied markedly, and were quite low in some cases, despite considerable efforts to reduce the barriers to receiving care.ConclusionThe efficacy of individual level risk-reduction efforts designed to prevent preterm/repeat preterm in the pre- or inter-conception period may be limited if participation rates associated with interventions to reduce major risk factors for PTB are low. Achieving adequate participation may require identifying, better understanding, and eliminating barriers to access, beyond those associated with cost, transportation, childcare, and service location or hours of operation.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01117922)

Clinical role of Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum presence in female lower urogenital tract : is there a place for routine screening and treatment?

Sexually transmitted infections represent major health problem in females all over the world if remained undiagnosed and untreated. They can have adverse influence on reproduction and health of a mother and a newborn. The development of molecular methods has permitted the detection of an array of microbes whose pathologic roles in urogenital infections need to be further studied. Ureaplasmas ( Ureaplasma spp.), being originally found in 1954 from male urogenital tract, are prokaryotic cells without a cell wall, ranging from 0.1 to 1 μm in length. Fourteen known Ureaplasma serovars have been divided in two species based on their phenotypic and genotypic features, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum detected and identified separately using polymerase chain reaction assays. Both are generally considered as genital tract commensals. U. urealyticum is most probably associated with male urethritis which has not been found for U. parvum . Recent studies with supposedly healthy women reported their detection rate between 18-87 % for U. parvum and 6-10 % for U. urealyticum . Even though they have been found to be associated with chorioamnionitis, preterm birth and perinatal complications more commonly then other commensals in this region the rising question regarding their pathogenic role in females remains unsolved and the guidelines regarding the diagnostic screening and treatment are inconsistent. The aim of our paper is to review the microbiological characteristics, diagnostic methods and epidemiology of newly differentiated U. parvum and U. urealyticum , and to assess evidence speaking pro and contra their clinical role in causing lower urogenital tract infection in women. Since both bacteria are susceptible to antimicrobials it is of utmost importance for clinicians to decide whether or not to search for one or both of them routinely and treat accordingly in order to prevent ascending upper genital tract infection as well as complications in pregnancy and newborns.

Anaerobes in biofilm-based healthcare-associated infections.

Anaerobic bacteria can cause an infection when they encounter a permissive environment within the host. These opportunistic pathogens are seldom recovered as single isolates but more frequently are involved in polymicrobial infections, together with other anaerobes or aerobes. Nowadays it's known that some anaerobic bacteria are also able to grow as biofilm even if this feature and its role in the healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are still poorly characterized. As consequence, the involvement of biofilm-forming anaerobic bacteria in infections related to healthcare procedures, including surgery and medical devices implantation, is underestimated.The current knowledge on the role of biofilm-growing anaerobes in HAIs has been here reviewed, with particular reference to respiratory, intestinal, intra-abdominal, wound, and urogenital tract infections. Even if the data are still scarce, the ability to form biofilm of opportunistic anaerobic species and their possible role as causative agents of HAIs should alert even more clinicians and microbiologists on the need to search for anaerobes in clinical samples when their presence can be reasonably assumed.

Presence of aerobic micro-organisms and their influence on basic semen parameters in infertile men.

Urogenital tract infections in males are one of the significant etiological factors in infertility. In this prospective study, 72 patients with abnormal semen parameters or any other symptoms of urogenital tract infection were examined. Semen analysis according to the WHO 2010 manual was performed together with microbial assessment: aerobic bacteria culture, Chlamydia antigen test, Candida culture, Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma-specific culture. In total, 69.4% of semen samples were positive for at least one micro-organism. Ureaplasma sp. was the most common micro-organism found in 33% of semen samples of infertile patients with suspected male genital tract infection. The 2nd most common micro-organisms were Enterococcus faecalis (12.5%) and Escherichia coli (12.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (7%), Chlamydia trachomatis (7%) and Candida sp. (5.6%). Generally, bacteria were sensitive to at least one of the antibiotics tested. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the presence of aerobic micro-organisms in semen and basic semen parameters: volume, pH, concentration, total count, motility, vitality and morphology.

Protection promoted by pGP3 or pGP4 against Chlamydia muridarum is mediated by CD4+ cells in C57BL/6N mice

Urogenital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections. There is currently no commercially available vaccine against C. trachomatis. The highly conserved plasmid of chlamydiae has been considered to be a virulence factor and the plasmid proteins have important roles in the Chlamydia-specific immune response. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with plasmid proteins in the prevention of C. muridarum lung infection in a mouse model. C57BL/6N mice were immunised 3 times subcutaneously with recombinant pGP3 or pGP4 and infected with C. muridarum. Immunisation of the mice with recombinant pGP3 or pGP4 protein caused a significantly lower chlamydial burden in the lungs of the infected mice; the lower IFN-γ level indicated a reduced extent of inflammation. In vitro or in vivo neutralisation of C. muridarum with sera obtained from immunised mice did not reduce the number of viable C. muridarum in the lungs of mice. However, adoptive transfer of the CD4+ spleen cells isolated from the immunised mice resulted in a significantly reduced bacterial burden. Our results indicate that it is not the pGP3- and pGP4-specific antibodies, but the CD4+ cells that are responsible for the protective effect of the immune response to plasmid proteins.

Virulence genes spectrum and spermatozoal immobilization phenomenon of Staphylococcus aureus strains from genitourinary infection associated with infertility

Objective To study the effect of Staphylococcus aureus from sperm of infertile male patients with genital urinary infection on spermatozoa,as well as the virulence genes spectrum of these Staphylococcus aureus.Methods A total of 89 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from infertility males'sperm between December 2009 and January 2011.The ATCC29213 strain of Staphylococcus aureus were considered as negative control.Computer assisted system:Sperm Class Analyzer V.3.2.0 was used to screen the influence of all strain on the robust semen according to the semen analysis method in the WHO (2010) guideline.The antimicrobial susceptibility test of all isolated strains was performed by agar dilution method including the common antibiotics,quinolones,sulfonamides and so on.The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were determined by Cefoxitin disk diffusion and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for mecA gene.SCCmec genotypes were conformed via Multiplex-PCR and DNA sequencing,the virulence genes were also detected by PCR method.Results Twenty-two strains of Staphylococcus aureus could significiantly weaken the mobility of spermatozoahe than the ability in the negative control Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 (P＜0.05).The remainning 67 isolates could not inhibit the activity of sperm (P＞ 0.05).All the isolates were sensitive to the vancomycin,linezolid and furadantin.Instead,they displayed high-level antibiotics resistance to fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin),erythromycin,gentamicin and tetracycline.Among the 51 MRSA isolates,the SCCmec genotypes were shown as follows:SCCmec Ⅰ was indentified in 2 isolates,SCCmec Ⅲ in 12 isolates,SCCmec Ⅳ in 2 isolates,SCCmec Ⅴ in 25 isolates,the remaining ten were undefined genotyping.The putative 14 virulence determinants in the 89 isolates were detected by PCR,results were shown as follows:22 isolates of S.aureus had gene for hlg,3 isolates for see,1 isolate for sea,1 isolate for seg,1 isolate for sei,only 1 isolate had genes for hlg and sea simultaneously and 1 for seg and sei simultaneously.Conclusions The Staphylococcus aureus isolated from urogenital tract of infertile male patients with genitourinary infection could inhibit significantly the mobility of spermatozoa; In our research,the primary virulence determinate was hlg encoding γ-hemolysin,and the gene sea,see,seg and sei,which encoded enterotoxins were also scatteredly distributed in the Staphylococcus aureus. Key words: Infertility; Urogenital tract infection; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec; Virulence