Urine Sugar Levels Research Articles

Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance In Indian traditional system of medicine, Moringa oleifera Lam. Syn. Moringa pterygosperma Gaerth (Moringaceae) is commonly used as healing herb to treat diabetes. Aim of the study The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of M. oleifera leaves aqueous extract therapy on glycemic control, haemoglobin, total protein, urine sugar, urine protein and body weight. Materials and methods Variable doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg kg −1 of aqueous extract were administered orally by gavage for evaluating their hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects on fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and post prandial glucose (PPG) of normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced sub, mild and severely diabetic rats. Results The dose of 200 mg kg −1 decreases blood glucose level (BGL) of normal animals by 26.7 and 29.9% during FBG and OGTT studies respectively. In sub and mild diabetic animals the same dose produced a maximum fall of 31.1 and 32.8% respectively, during OGTT. In case of severely diabetic animals FBG and PPG levels were reduced by 69.2 and 51.2% whereas, total protein, body weight and haemoglobin were increased by 11.3, 10.5 and 10.9% respectively after 21 days of treatment. Significant reduction was found in urine sugar and urine protein levels from +4 and +2 to nil and trace, respectively. Conclusion The study validates scientifically the widely claimed use of M. oleifera as an ethnomedicine to treat diabetes mellitus.

Role of Cephalandra indica Q in the management of Diabetes Mellitus as an add-on medicine along with conventional antidiabetics

Objective : To ascertain the role of Cephalandra indica Q, in the management of patients suffering from Diabetes mellitus (type I or type II) continuing on anti-diabetic treatment for maintenance of blood sugar levels and to identify its reliable indications. Material and Methods : An open, prospective, observational study was carried out during the period July 1992 - March 2000; 96 patients with post-prandial blood sugar level more than 160 mg/dL even after taking anti-diabetic medicine were enrolled for the study. All the patients were administered with Ceplalandra indica Q in the dosage, one drop per kilogram of their body weight. The dose was divided in three parts, mixed with one ounce of water and was given three times a day, until disappearance of all signs and symptoms along with control of Blood sugar level. Fasting and post-prandial blood and urine sugar levels were measured on every follow-up visit of the patient. Other required investigations were also conducted. All the patients were advised to take low calorie and high fibre diet, do regular physical exercise and to avoid physical and mental stress. Results : Out of 96 patients registered, 88 patients were followed up. Mean FBS level of patients before treatment was 138.90 ± 24.388 (range 83 to 216 mg/dL) where as mean FBS after treatment was 115.86 ± 26.363 (range 64 to 202 mg/dL). Mean PPBS level before treatment was 265.08 ± 44.675 (range 178 to 386 mg/dL) where as mean PPBS after treatment was 204.75 ± 39.968 (range 116 to 341 mg/dL). Dosage of allopathic medicines was reduced in maximum number of patients but, it was completely withdrawn in 17 patients. There was improvement in signs and symptoms, along with decrease in recurrence: no recurrence in 9 patients, recurrence with less intensity in 55. The indications for Cephalandra also verified. Conclusion : This study shows some positive role of Cephalandra indica Q in maintaining blood sugar level. Future controlled studies with Cephalandra indica alone vis-à-vis other conventional anti-diabetic medicines, by doing the required laboratory tests, are suggested to explore more about the hypoglycemic effect of Cephalandra indica.

Role of LIBS in Elemental Analysis of Psidium guajava Responsible for Glycemic Potential

The present study deals with the detection of elements responsible for glycemic potential of ripe and unripe fruit peel aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava (P. guajava). Treatment with the aqueous extract of unripe fruit peel showed a significant fall of 17.5% (p<0.001) in blood glucose levels (BGLs) of normal rats during fasting blood glucose (FBG) test with a dose of 400 mg/kg bw. In sub‐diabetic rats, a fall of 19.8% (p<0.001) was observed with the same dose during a glucose tolerance test (GTT). The significant fall observed in FBG, post prandial glucose (PPG) and urine sugar levels of severely diabetic rats was 20.7%, 17.5% (p<0.05), and 66.6% (p<0.01), respectively. On the contrary, the effect of ripe fruit peel aqueous extract showed a regular rise of 24.4% (p<0.01) in BGL of normal rats and of 90.0% (p<0.001) in sub‐diabetic rats. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been used for the identification of elements responsible for the glycemic potential of fruit peel aqueous extracts of P. guajava. Concentration of Mg was found higher in unripe fruit peel aqueous extract than in the ripe fruit peel aqueous extract whereas the concentration of K was found lower in the extract of unripe fruit peel than in the extract of ripe fruit peel. Thus, the LIBS results help in defining the role of Mg and K in diabetes management. However, the concentrations of other minerals, like Na, N, O, and C, are nearly the same in both of the extracts.

Assessment of antidiabetic potential of Cynodon dactylon extract in streptozotocin diabetic rats

This study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of single and repeated oral administration of the aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon (Family: Poaceae) in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, respectively. The effect of repeated oral administration of aqueous extract on serum lipid profile in diabetic rats was also examined. A range of doses, viz. 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon were evaluated and the dose of 500 mg/kg was identified as the most effective dose. It lowers blood glucose level around 31% after 4 h of administration in normal rats. The same dose of 500 mg/kg produced a fall of 23% in blood glucose level within 1 h during glucose tolerance test (GTT) of mild diabetic rats. This dose has almost similar effect as that of standard drug tolbutamide (250 mg/kg bw). Severely diabetic rats were also treated daily with 500 mg/kg bw for 14 days and a significant reduction of 59% was observed in fasting blood glucose level. A reduction in the urine sugar level and increase in body weight of severe diabetic rats were additional corroborating factors for its antidiabetic potential. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels were decreased by 35, 77 and 29%, respectively, in severely diabetic rats whereas, cardioprotective, high density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased by 18%. These results clearly indicate that aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon has high antidiabetic potential along with significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.

Evidence-based Critical Evaluation of Glycemic Potential of Cynodon dactylon.

The present study is an extension of our previous work carried out on Cynodon dactylon. This study deals with the critical evaluation of glycemic potential of ethanolic extract of defatted C. dactylon. The doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg kg−1 bw of the extract were administered orally to normal as well as Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats to study its glycemic potential. The effect of repeated oral administration of the same doses of ethanolic extract was also studied on serum lipid profile of severely diabetic (SD) rats. The dose of 500 mg kg−1 bw was identified as the most effective dose as it lowered the blood glucose levels of normal by 42.12% and of diabetic by 43.42% during fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glucose tolerance test respectively. The SD rats were also treated daily with this identified dose of 500 mg kg−1 bw for 2 weeks and a significant reduction of 56.34% was observed in FBG level. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels were also decreased by 32.94, 64.06 and 48.46% respectively in SD rats whereas, cardioprotective high density lipoprotein increased by 16.45%. The reduced urine sugar level and increased body weight are additional advantages. These evidences clearly indicate that the ethanolic extract of defatted C. dactylon has high antidiabetic potential along with good hypolipidemic profile.

Modulatory effect of butyric acid—a product of dietary fiber fermentation in experimentally induced diabetic rats

The effect of feeding of butyric acid on alleviation of diabetic status was studied. Diabetes was induced in rats using streptozotocin. Rats were fed with basal diet containing wheat bran (5%) as a source of insoluble dietary fiber and guar gum (2.5%) as a source of soluble dietary fiber. The experimental group received butyric acid at 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weight/day. The diabetic animals lost weight in spite of high diet consumption. The levels of water intake, urine output, urine sugar, fasting blood sugar increased during diabetic condition compared to control and these were reduced by nearly 20% in the fiber-fed diabetic group. Further supplementation of butyric acid at 500 mg/kg body weight/day ameliorated the diabetic status by nearly 40%. Urine sugar level during the diabetic state was reduced from 7.2 g/day to 3.6 g/day and fasting blood glucose from 270 mg/dl to 180 mg/dl. Butyric acid feeding at 500 mg/kg body weight/day was most effective in controlling the diabetic status.

Oral use of interferon-alpha delays the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in nonobese diabetes mice.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the nonobese diabetes (NOD) mouse model is thought to be an autoimmune CD4 Th1-like cell-mediated disease. We tested the efficacy of oral use of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy on IDDM in NOD mice. Using urine and blood sugar levels as indicators of IDDM, oral administration of murine IFN-alpha (100 IU/body) to NOD mice significantly delayed the onset of symptomatic diabetes. However, oral use of IFN-alpha did not prevent diabetic NOD mice from losing weight once NOD mice were symptomatic, suggesting that orally administered IFN-alpha is a prophylactic rather than therapeutic approach to the management of IDDM.

Epidemiological study on factors relating to chronological fluctuation of blood pressure

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors relating to chronological fluctuation of blood pressure using routine health examination data. The persons observed were general inhabitants aged 30-69 living in a rural town in Tochigi Prefecture. The observation period was from 1979 to 1988, and the cumulative population observed was 23,360 persons. The examination items evaluated were smoking habit, drinking habit, height-weight ratio, urinalysis (sugar and protein), total serum cholesterol, and blood hemoglobin concentration. The incidence of fluctuation in these series was defined as "those whose blood pressure was judged as normal by WHO classification in one year and who was hypertensive in the next year." The risk of developing hypertension was evaluated for the factors under study. The results were summarized as follows: 1. For the height-weight ratio, the relative risk of the 100-119% group was 1.6(p < 0.01), and that of the > 120% group was 2.3(p < 0.01) compared to the control group. 2. For the urinalysis, the relative risk of the group with abnormal urine sugar levels was 1.6(p < 0.05), and that of the urine protein was 3.0(p < 0.01) compared to the control group. 3. For the total serum cholesterol, the relative risk of the 159-199mg/dl group was 2.8(p < 0.01), and that of the > 200mg/dl group was 3.6(p < 0.01) compared to the control group. 4. Obesity, abnormal urinalysis, and high total serum cholesterol were factors relating to chronological fluctuation of blood pressure. 5. Statistically significant differences were not observed for the smoking habit, drinking habit, and blood hemoglobin concentration.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Diabetic Patients

In a retrospective study of 1566 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 136 were found to have diabetes mellitus for a prevalence of 8.7%. There were 100 males and 36 females, and the average age patient age was 52 years. Saudis accounted for 94 (69%) of the cases. The prevalence of diabetes was 13% for Saudi patients as compared with 5% for non-Saudis (P < 0.005). Sputum conversion took an average of 46 days. There was a 19% prevalence of lower lung field lesions. Ninety-three (68.4%) patients were on insulin therapy, 25 (18.9%) were on oral hypoglycemics, and 18 (13.2%) were managed on diet alone. Of 104 patients who were sputum positive, 100 showed conversion after treatment with first-line antitubercular drugs. There was no statistically significant difference in the sputum conversion between diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Enteral Nutrition: Potential Complications and Patient Monitoring

Enteral feedings are safely tolerated by most patients. When complications occur, gastrointestinal disturbances are most frequently encountered, followed by mechanical and metabolic complications. Nurses can prevent many of the problems associated with enteral feeding through careful monitoring. Based on the current literature, the authors make the following recommendations: 1. All patients receiving tube feedings should be placed on a protocol that provides guidelines for (a) confirming correct tube placement; (b) preventing/managing tube obstruction; (c) handling and selecting formulas; (d) administering formulas; and (e) monitoring patients. 2. Fine-bore tubes are easily misplaced or dislodged; ensure correct positioning both before and during feeding. Food coloring should be added to all feedings to help detect aspiration/tube displacement. 3. Multiple factors can cause diarrhea in tube-fed patients and, therefore, require periodic assessment. These factors include concomitant drug therapy; malnutrition/hypoalbuminemia; formula-related factors (for example, lactose content, osmolality); and bacterial contamination. 4. Urine sugar and acetone levels should be checked every 6 hours (until stable). Vital signs and fluid intake and output should be determined every 8 hours, and weight should be measured on a daily basis. Serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose levels should be determined daily, until serum levels stabilize. Weekly measurements of trace elements should be made to ensure adequate mineral replacement. 5. Use a controller pump to administer continuous feedings at a constant rate or to administer formulas that are viscous. Flush feeding tubes with water every 4 hours during continuous feedings, after giving intermittent feedings, after giving medications, and after checking for gastric residuals. If tube obstruction occurs, attempt to irrigate the tube with either water or cola. 6. Select feedings that contain appropriate nutrient sources, caloric density, and osmolality; handle feedings in a way that minimizes bacterial contamination.

Contingency management of food misbehavior in a psychiatric patient with diabetes

A contingency management procedure was instituted with a hospitalized 52-year-old male psychiatric patient to alter behavior associated with an exacerbated diabetic condition. A ten-day baseline indicated consistently elevated urine sugar levels and that the patient frequently violated his prescribed low sugar diet by stealing, trading and hoarding high sugar foods. Beginning in baseline, the patient was instructed to measure his urine sugar levels and post the results on a chart next to his bed. During two of the intervention procedures used in the additive design, the patient could earn coupon booklets from the hospital commissary if his daily average urine sugar levels were less than a set criterion. Two such criteria were employed before the reinforcement contingencies were faded. By the end of the intervention, urine sugar levels were under control and follow-up measures six months post-treatment indicated durable treatment effects.

Effects of serpasil on lipids, lipoprotein lipase and lipogenic enzymes in alloxan diabetic rats

Diabetes intensifies the development of atherosclerosis. Treatment with antihypertensive drug, serpasil, arrested the progression of atherosclerosis in alloxan diabetic rats by significantly decreasing the concentration of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides of serum, liver, kidney and aorta. Serpasil also decreased fasting blood sugar and urine sugar levels in these rats. Serpasil administration remarkably altered the deranged lipid metabolism in alloxan diabetic rats by nearly restoring the lipolytic and lipogenic enzyme activity to that of the normal

Self-regulated eating behaviors in a diabetic mental patient

A diabetic mental patient was taught to self-regulate eating behaviors to reduce her urine sugar level as a criterion for external reinforcement. In a design which incorporated Baseline (B), Treatment 1 (T1), Treatment 2 (T2), and Reversal (R) conditions, a grounds privilege card was issued either contingent upon achieving a criterion urine sugar level (T1 and T2) or noncontingently (B and R). A one-way analysis of variance showed that the full privilege card (T2) produced significantly lower average urine sugar levels than did the partial privilege card (T1) or either of the noncontingent conditions. Some ramifications of patient manipulativeness and extremes in self-regulating eating behaviors are discussed.

Prevalence of pathogenic yeasts and humoral antibodies to candida in diabetic patients.

The prevalence of oral yeasts and humoral precipitating antibodies to candida was estimated in 204 unselected diabetic patients (172 outpatients and 32 inpatients). Yeasts, mainly Candida albicans, were isolated from the mouths of 41% of the outpatients and precipitins were found in 17.5% although none of the patients had clinically overt candidiasis. The extent of oral yeast colonisation and incidence of antibodies was not related to their antidiabetic treatment or to the duration of their diabetes. It was, however, related to the blood glucose and urine sugar levels at the time they were sampled, the highest incidence being among the diabetic inpatients with high blood glucose levels at the time of sampling and the lowest among outpatients with normal blood glucose levels at the time of sampling. There was no such correlation when diabetic control over the previous 12-month period was considered.