Urinary Creatinine Levels Research Articles

Association between hypertension and 24-h urine composition in adults without urolithiasis in China.

To explore the association between hypertension and 24-h urine composition in adults without urolithiasis in China. Blood test and 24-h urine analysis were performed on 958 non-stone formers in six cities to select eligible participants. Eligible participants were divided into hypertension group and non-hypertension group according to WHO guidelines. The 24-h urine compositions between two groups were compared using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. A total of 584 adults without urolithiasis were included in this analysis. Compared with non-hypertension group, hypertension group had significantly older age, higher BMI, higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL, but lower eCCr value, lower levels of serum creatinine and serum sodium (all P value < 0.05). In univariable comparisons, hypertension patients had significantly higher level of urine potassium (mean difference [MD] = - 3.89mmol, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 7.37 to - 0.42, P = 0.014) but lower levels of urine creatinine (MD = 0.80mmol, 95% CI 0.21-1.39, P = 0.004) and pH (MD = 0.12, 95% CI - 0.01 to 0.25, P = 0.033) than non-hypertension adults. However, no significant difference was found in all 24-h urinary components between two groups (all P value > 0.05) in multivariate Logistic regression analyses. Our study demonstrated that hypertension did not independently influence the 24-h urine composition in adults without urolithiasis in China; however, we cannot make such an arbitrary conclusion that hypertension was not a risk factor for urolithiasis.

MP48-14 URINARY TIMP-2 AND MMP-2 ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR BLADDER COMPLIANCE IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH SPINA BIFIDA

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction (MP48)1 Apr 2020MP48-14 URINARY TIMP-2 AND MMP-2 ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR BLADDER COMPLIANCE IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH SPINA BIFIDA Benoit Peyronnet*, Claire Richard, Claude Bendavid, Juliette Hascoet, Magali Jezequel, Charlene Brochard, Quentin Alimi, Zineddine Khene, Guillaume Bouguen, Jacques Kerdraon, Andrea Manunta, and Xavier Game Benoit Peyronnet* Benoit Peyronnet* More articles by this author , Claire RichardClaire Richard More articles by this author , Claude BendavidClaude Bendavid More articles by this author , Juliette HascoetJuliette Hascoet More articles by this author , Magali JezequelMagali Jezequel More articles by this author , Charlene BrochardCharlene Brochard More articles by this author , Quentin AlimiQuentin Alimi More articles by this author , Zineddine KheneZineddine Khene More articles by this author , Guillaume BouguenGuillaume Bouguen More articles by this author , Jacques KerdraonJacques Kerdraon More articles by this author , Andrea ManuntaAndrea Manunta More articles by this author , and Xavier GameXavier Game More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000000903.014AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the predictive values of six urinary markers (NGF, BDNF, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-B1 et PGE2) for adverse urodynamic features and for upper urinary tract damage in adult patients with spina bifida. METHODS: A single-center prospective trial was conducted from March 2015 to March 2017 including all consecutive adult spina bifida patients seen for urodynamic testing. The urine was collected and stored at -80°C. A urodynamic and an upper urinary tract were systematically performed. At the end of the inclusion period, urines were defrosted and urinary NGF, BDNF, TIMP-2, TGF-B1 were assessed using validated ELISA kits. The urinary markers levels were adjusted on the urinary creatinine level. Urinary MMP-2 levels were assessed by zymography. RESULTS: Fourty patients were included. Only TIMP-2 and MMP-2 were significantly associated with poor bladder compliance (p=0.043 and p=0.039 respectively). TIMP-2 was also the only urinary marker significantly associated with upper urinary tract damage on imaging (OR=19.81; p=0.02). Of all urodynamic parameters, bladder compliance and maximum detrusor pressure were the only ones associated with upper urinary tract damage on imaging (p=0.01 and p=0.02), The diagnostic performances of urinary TIMP-2 for upper urinary tract damage were slightly superior to PdetMax and bladder compliance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.72. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary TIMP-2 and MMP-2 were significantly associated withpoor bladder compliance and urinary TIMP-2 was significantly associated with upper urinary tract damage.These findings support a pathophysiological role of extracellular matrix remodeling in poor bladder compliance of adult spina bifida patients. Source of Funding: university of rennesfondation de l'avenir © 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 203Issue Supplement 4April 2020Page: e699-e700 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2020 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Benoit Peyronnet* More articles by this author Claire Richard More articles by this author Claude Bendavid More articles by this author Juliette Hascoet More articles by this author Magali Jezequel More articles by this author Charlene Brochard More articles by this author Quentin Alimi More articles by this author Zineddine Khene More articles by this author Guillaume Bouguen More articles by this author Jacques Kerdraon More articles by this author Andrea Manunta More articles by this author Xavier Game More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Bortezomib interferes with DNA repair and exerts synergistic anti-multiple myeloma activity with doxorubicin

目的探讨系统性免疫球蛋白轻链淀粉样变性（AL）初治患者的外周血免疫细胞表型特征及其与临床指标的相关性。方法采用流式细胞仪多参数免疫荧光分析技术，对36例AL初诊患者和28名健康供者的外周血单个核细胞的表面抗原CD3、CD56、CD4、CD8、CD25、CD45RA、CD28、CD57及核内抗原FOXP3进行检测和比较。根据梅奥2012分期对AL患者进行分期，比较Ⅰ~Ⅱ、Ⅲ~Ⅳ期患者的免疫细胞表型差异。分析λ轻链型AL患者T细胞亚群比例与多项临床指标的相关性。结果AL患者的外周血T（CD3+CD56−）和NKT（CD3+CD56+）细胞比例，T细胞中的CD4+CD8−、CD4−CD8+、Treg（CD4+CD25+FOXP3+）细胞比例与健康供者相比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。AL患者的CD4−CD8+细胞中，CD57+细胞的比例较健康供者显著降低（P<0.05），但CD45RA+和CD28+细胞的比例在AL和健康供者间差异无统计学意义。Ⅰ~Ⅱ期和Ⅲ~Ⅳ期AL患者T细胞及其亚群的比例差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在λ轻链型AL患者中，外周血CD4−CD8+细胞的比例与24 h尿蛋白和血肌酐呈正相关（P<0.05），与eGFR呈负相关（P<0.05），与其他临床指标无显著相关性。与此相反，CD4+CD8−细胞的比例与eGFR呈正相关，而与24 h尿蛋白和血肌酐呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论AL患者外周血的T细胞亚群与健康供者相比差异无统计学意义，但CD8+ T细胞的比例与肾脏损伤程度呈正相关，提示CD8+ T细胞的比例在评估AL患者肾脏预后中具有一定的价值。

DECREASING OF ERYTHROCYTES MEMBRANES PLASMALOGENS LEVEL AT THE DIABETES MELLITUS

Introduction. Plasmalogens are important part of glycerophospholipids and plays a role in the tissue development and metabolism. Changing their level shown in coronary heart diseases, peroxysomes disorders, Diabetes Mellitus (DM).Aim. Study the role of plasmalogens in the development of diabetes complication, especially in diabetic nephropathy (DN) presented interest in our study.Material and methods. In 12 healthy subjects (HS) and in 49 patients with DM2 in age 39 – 65 with disease duration from 2 month to 25 years the level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c, plasma triglycerides (TG) content, plasmalogens in blood serum (SP) and erythrocytes membrane (EP) were observed. The stage of DN detected by urine protein excretion level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood urine nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine level. Patients according to GFR and BUN level were selected into the main 3 groups: without proteinuria (BPU), with proteinuria and normal BUN (PU), with proteinuria and higher BUN (CKD).Results. FBG and HbA1c level were significantly higher in all DM patients than HS, by 2.1, p&lt;0.01 and in 1.7, p&lt;0.05 respectively and was comparable between DN groups. TG level were significantly higher by 1.7 times in DM group and shown relationship with severity of DN. SP and EP level were significantly lower in DM group and showed strong linkage between GFR and BUN level and suggest about involvement of plasmalogens into development of DN.Conclusion. In patients with DM SP and EP level significantly decreased, had a strong linkage with GFR, BUN and can reflect the severity of DN.

The Effect of One Session Acute Exercise on the Urinary Excretion of Urinary Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, Protein and Creatinine Levels of Elite Football Players

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of one session acute exercise on the urinary excretion of urinary Gamma-glutamyl transferase, protein and creatinine levels in elite football players. A total of 30 Premier League football players with a mean age (26.1±3.80), a mean height (180.01±7.39), a mean weight (78.6±9.26) and a mean body mass index (24.87±1.13) were voluntarily and purposefully selected as statistical samples. The urinary sample of the players was collected in two stages. In the first stage, the players&amp;#39; urinary samples were taken on the rest day when they had not exercised for 24 hours. In the second stage, it was taken immediately after exercise and transferred to the laboratory. To test the hypotheses, especially to compare urinary protein, creatinine, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels before and after exercise, and to compare excretion levels of protein, creatinine, and gamma-glutamyl transferase between the positions, ANOVA test was used. There was a significant difference between the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase, proteinuria and creatinine before and after exercise (P

Effect of Extracts of Bryophyllum calycinum and Achyranthes Aspera on Urine Profile in Male Wistar Rats having Adenine Induced Chronic Kidney Disease

The study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of aqueous and alcoholic uniherbal and biherbal extracts of Bryophyllum calycinum and Achyranthes aspera on adenine induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in male Wistar rats. Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into eight equal groups, each of six animals. The rats of group I and II served as normal and adenine control, respectively. In group II to VIII, CKD was induced by administration of adenine (200 mg/kg b.wt.) daily along with drinking water for 28 days. After the 28th day, the rats of CKD induced Groups III to VIII were given aqueous and alcoholic plant extracts of B. calycinum and A. aspera @ 300 mg/kg b.wt. orally either as single extract or a combination as biherbal extracts (3:1) in 0.5 % sodium bicarbonate using syringe and rat gavage needle. CKD was confirmed by evaluating urine parameters. Significantly (p less than 0.01) increased levels of urine output, urine specific gravity, urine calcium, phosphorus, and total protein, with decreased levels of urine creatinine and urine pH were observed in all CKD groups as compared to normal control group by 28th day. These changes were significantly (p less than 0.05) reverted to near normal levels within next 42 days of daily administration of either single aqueous/alcoholic extract or a combination as biherbal extract (3:1), without statistical differences among formulations with regard to therapeutic/nephroprotective efficacy against CKD in terms of reducing the altered urine values towards near-normal by 42 days of oral administration.

Antidiabetic and Antinephropathic Potential of Ajwa Pit &amp; Pulp (Phoenix dactylifera) in Alloxanized Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Generally in the world, diabetes is the most significant cause of deaths and morbidity. Blood glucose lowering agents possess remarkable adverse effects like weight gain and hypoglycemia and thus hindering the achievement of glycemic control. Since earliest times till today, herbal preparations have been utilized for management of diabetes and its complications. Aims &amp; Objectives: To investigate antihyperglycemic and nephroprotective effects of Ajwa pit and pulp in alloxanized - diabetic and nephropathic rats. Place and duration of study: This study was conducted at Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore for the duration of four weeks. Material &amp; Methods: Adult male rats (weighing 120-150 g), total of 32 were purchased and divided into 4 groups. The group1 was normal control whereas group2 was diabetic control. Diabetes was induced in groups 2, 3 and 4 with 150mg/kg single alloxan monohydrate1.P Injection. Groups 3 and 4 were given Ajwa pit and pulp rations for 4 weeks. Blood and urine samples were taken on zero and 4 weeks for fasting blood glucose, serum and urine biochemical variables for renal functions. Results: The results revealed that Ajwa pits significantly decreased serum levels of glucose (252±60 vs. 348±67 mg/dl), serum urea (38±7.0 vs. 63±9.6 mg/dl), serum creatinine (0.39±0.1 vs. 0.58±0.1 mg/dl) and microalbuminuria marker (7.8±1.7 vs. 9.0±2.2mg/l). Moreover it improved urine creatinine (14.0±2.9 vs.10.0±2.7 mg/dl) and creatinine clearance (0.226±0.08 vs 0.117±0.04 ml/min) when compared to diabetic control rats. Effect of Ajwa pulp was far less than Ajwa pit. Ajwa pulp did not significantly decrease serum levels of glucose (290±60 vs. 348±67 mg/dl), urea (51±9.5 vs. 63±9.6 mg/dl), creatinine (0.66±0.2 vs. 0.58±0.1 mg/dl) and microalbuminuria marker (8.3±2.0 vs. 9.0±2.2mg/l). Also there was no improvement in urine creatinine (11.1±1.6 vs. 10.0±2.7 mg/dl) and creatinine clearance (0.130±0.05 vs 0.117±0.04 ml/min) levels when compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: Ajwa pit possesses strong antihyperglycemic and protective effect in renal damage by prolonged diabetes mellitus. Highest polyphenols, bioflavonoids and antioxidants are presumed to be responsible for this effect.

IL-4 Receptor α Chain Protects the Kidney Against Tubule-Interstitial Injury Induced by Albumin Overload.

Increasing evidence has highlighted the role of tubule-interstitial injury (TII) as a vital step in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Incomplete repair of TII during AKI could lead to the development of chronic kidney disease. Changes in albumin endocytosis in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) is linked to the development of TII. In this context, interleukin (IL)-4 has been shown to be an important factor in modulating recovery of TII. We have studied the possible role of IL-4 in TII induced by albumin overload. A subclinical AKI model characterized by albumin overload in the proximal tubule was used, without changing glomerular function. Four groups were generated: (1) CONT, wild-type mice treated with saline; (2) BSA, wild-type mice treated with 10 g/kg/day bovine serum albumin (BSA); (3) KO, IL4Rα–/– mice treated with saline; and (4) KO + BSA, IL4Rα–/– mice treated with BSA. As reported previously, mice in the BSA group developed TII without changes in glomerular function. The following parameters were increased in the KO + BSA group compared with the BSA group: (1) tubular injury score; (2) urinary γ-glutamyltransferase; (3) CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils are associated with increases in renal IL-6, IL-17, and transforming growth factor β. A decrease in M2-subtype macrophages associated with a decrease in collagen deposition was observed. Using LLC-PK1 cells, a model of PTECs, we observed that (1) these cells express IL-4 receptor α chain associated with activation of the JAK3/STAT6 pathway; (2) IL-4 alone did not change albumin endocytosis but did reverse the inhibitory effect of higher albumin concentration. This effect was abolished by JAK3 inhibitor. A further increase in urinary protein and creatinine levels was observed in the KO + BSA group compared with the BSA group, but not compared with the CONT group. These observations indicate that IL-4 has a protective role in the development of TII induced by albumin overload that is correlated with modulation of the pro-inflammatory response. We propose that megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis in PTECs could work as a sensor, transducer, and target during the genesis of TII.

Retrospective study: clinicopathological features and prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy with seronegative anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody.

BackgroundTo discuss the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) who are serum-negative for the anti-PLA2R antibody.MethodOverall, 229 IMN patients were retrospectively collected in this study and classified into anti-PLA2R antibody-negative (PLA2R−, 59 cases) and antibody-positive (PLA2R+, 170 cases) groups. The clinical and pathological features of the PLA2R− group were analyzed; 162 patients in both groups were followed up, and the PLA2R antigen was detected in renal biopsies from the PLA2R− group. Kaplan-Meier and survival analyses were used to compare differences in prognosis.ResultsSerum albumin levels were higher and 24-hour urine protein, creatinine, and beta 2-microglobulin (BMG) levels were lower in the PLA2R− group than in the PLA2R+ group; the proportion of acute and chronic tubular lesions was also significantly lower in the PLA2R− group than in in the PLA2R+ group. After treatment, the remission rate was significantly higher in the negative group than in the positive group (93.02% vs 74.78%,), especially the rate of complete remission (51.16% vs 23.47%). Furthermore, the PLA2R antigen-positive staining rate of 43 patients in the PLA2R− group was 62.79%. Although not significant, the survival rate was higher in the PLA2R− group than in the PLA2R+ group. BMG, 24-hour urine protein and acute and chronic tubular lesions were risk factors for kidney death, and 24-hour urine protein was an independent risk factor for kidney death.ConclusionsCompared with the PLA2R+ group, the PLA2R− group had mild clinical manifestations and pathological damage and a higher clinical treatment remission rate. Renal tissue PLA2R antigen testing can be considered for patients with seronegative IMN to increase the diagnostic rate.

Evaluation of colistin nephrotoxicity and urinary level of kidney injury molecule-1 in hospitalized adult ICU patients

Introduction: Colistin is a cationic polypeptide antibiotic used for treatment of gram-negative infections. Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common adverse effects of colistin. Objectives: To determine the epidemiology of colistin nephrotoxicity and also to compare the changing pattern of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) in urine with serum creatinine and urine during the treatment with colistin in patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Patients and Methods: During 13 months, all patients admitted to adult ICUs of two university hospitals without any documented history of acute or chronic kidney diseases receiving at least one week of colistin were included. Required demographic, clinical, and paraclinical data of the study population was collected. Urinary and serum levels of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and KIM-1 were measured at six time points including days zero, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 of colistin treatment. Results: Six patients (18.18%) developed nephrotoxicity during colistin treatment. Nephrotoxicity was resolved without any intervention in three individuals. None of studied demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients had a significant association with the incidence of colistin nephrotoxicity. The pattern of KIM-1 urine level during the course of colistin treatment did not differ significantly among patients with and without nephrotoxicity. The accuracy of KIM-1 urine level in detecting colistin nephrotoxicity was significantly lower than that of serum creatinine on days 0th, 3rd, 5th and 7th. Conclusion: Nephrotoxicity of colistin is a common complication, usually reversible, KIM-1 was not more accurate than serum creatinine or urine in detecting nephrotoxicity of colistin.

Renal and renal sinus fat volumes as quantified by magnetic resonance imaging in subjects with prediabetes, diabetes, and normal glucose tolerance.

PurposeWe hypothesize that MRI-based renal compartment volumes, particularly renal sinus fat as locally and potentially independently acting perivascular fat tissue, increase with glucose intolerance. We therefore analyze the distribution of renal volumes in individuals with normal glucose levels and prediabetic and diabetic individuals and investigate potential associations with other typical cardiometabolic biomarkers.Material and methodsThe sample comprised N = 366 participants who were either normoglycemic (N = 230), had prediabetes (N = 87) or diabetes (N = 49), as determined by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Other covariates were obtained by standardized measurements and interviews. Whole-body MR measurements were performed on a 3 Tesla scanner. For assessment of the kidneys, a coronal T1w dual-echo Dixon and a coronal T2w single shot fast spin echo sequence were employed. Stepwise semi-automated segmentation of the kidneys on the Dixon-sequences was based on thresholding and geometric assumptions generating volumes for the kidneys and sinus fat. Inter- and intra-reader variability were determined on a subset of 40 subjects. Associations between glycemic status and renal volumes were evaluated by linear regression models, adjusted for other potential confounding variables. Furthermore, the association of renal volumes with visceral adipose tissue was assessed by linear regression models and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.ResultsRenal volume, renal sinus volume and renal sinus fat increased gradually from normoglycemic controls to individuals with prediabetes to individuals with diabetes (renal volume: 280.3±64.7 ml vs 303.7±67.4 ml vs 320.6±77.7ml, respectively, p < 0.001). After adjustment for age and sex, prediabetes and diabetes were significantly associated to increased renal volume, sinus volume (e.g. βPrediabetes = 10.1, 95% CI: [6.5, 13.7]; p<0.01, βDiabetes = 11.86, 95% CI: [7.2, 16.5]; p<0.01) and sinus fat (e.g. βPrediabetes = 7.13, 95% CI: [4.5, 9.8]; p<0.001, βDiabetes = 7.34, 95% CI: [4.0, 10.7]; p<0.001). Associations attenuated after adjustment for additional confounders were only significant for prediabetes and sinus volume (ß = 4.0 95% CI [0.4, 7.6]; p<0.05). Hypertension was significantly associated with increased sinus volume (β = 3.7, 95% CI: [0.4, 7.0; p<0.05]) and absolute sinus fat volume (β = 3.0, 95% CI: [0.7, 5.3]; p<0.05). GFR and all renal volumes were significantly associated as well as urine creatinine levels and renal sinus volume (β = 1.6, 95% CI: [0.1, 2.9]; p<0.05).ConclusionRenal volume and particularly renal sinus fat volume already increases significantly in prediabetic subjects and is significantly associated with VAT. This shows, that renal sinus fat is a perivascular adipose tissue, which early undergoes changes in the development of metabolic disease. Our findings underpin that renal sinus fat is a link between metabolic disease and associated chronic kidney disease, making it a potential imaging biomarker when assessing perivascular adipose tissue.

Alterations in levels of 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 during a current episode and after remission in unipolar and bipolar depression

IntroductionPrevious studies showed significant increases in DNA base damage markers and significant alterations in base excision repair enzymes in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. We aimed to investigate changes in urine 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and gene expression levels of 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) during a current depressive episode and after remission in bipolar and unipolar disorders. MethodsTwenty-four acutely depressed bipolar (BD), 33 unipolar depression (UD) patients and 61 healthy controls were included in the study. Clinical evaluations, blood and urine sampling were completed at baseline and at remission after eight weeks. The urine 8-oxo-dG levels were assessed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and adjusted for urine creatinine levels. The gene expression levels of OGG1 were determined from cDNA extracted from blood samples, using real time-polymerase chain reaction. ResultsAt baseline, patients presented significantly higher levels of 8-oxo-dG (p = 0.008), and lower gene expression of OGG1 (p = 0.024) compared to controls. Levels of either 8-oxo-dG or OGG1 expression did not differ between BD and UD. In patients who remitted by the 8th week (n = 30), 8-oxo-dG decreased significantly (p = 0.001), and gene expression levels of OGG1 increased by 2.95 times compared to baseline levels (p = 0.001). All comparisons were adjusted for age, sex, smoking status and body mass index. ConclusionOur results suggest that patients with bipolar and unipolar mood disorders present increased 8-oxo-dG and decreased gene expression levels of OGG1 in current depressive episodes, and that these changes might be reversed by the resolution of depressive symptoms. The causal relationship between DNA damage and repair requires further exploration.

The Application of Urinary NGAL Measurement for Early Detection of AKI in Hospitalized Patients with Poisoning.

Introduction Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury is critical for decision-making. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a biomarker introduced for early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI). We evaluated urinary NGAL level in hospitalized patients due to poisoning as a predictor of AKI. Methods We studied patients with poisoning due to various causes. Urinary NGAL and urine creatinine levels were measured. Serum creatinine levels were measured for all patients at baseline and after 24 and 48 hours. Then, a ROC curve developed for urinary NGAL, and cutoff point and accuracy of urinary NGAL test were determined. Results Ninety hospitalized patients with acute poisoning were consecutively recruited into the study over an eight-months period. With the gold standard test (i.e., serum creatinine measurement), 21 patients were diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) and 69 with non-AKI, whereas according to ROC curve, at a cutoff point of 110 ng/ml, urinary NGAL with an 81% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity distinguished 23 patients with AKI and 67 with non- AKI. The false positive and false negative values of urinary NGAL test were 8.7% and 19%, respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of urinary NGAL were estimated to be 73.9% and 94%, respectively. Conclusion Urinary NGAL test, with an AUC of ROC curve of approximately 90% and a sensitivity of 81%, can be used for early detection of AKI. It has a high specificity (91.3%), indicating that the percentage of false positive cases (8.7%) will be small.

Can urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin have a role in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass graft?

Introduction: The role of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a prognostic biomarker in acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with coronary bypass graft has been suggested in some studies. However, the results have been inconclusive in different studies. Objectives: In the present research, we investigated the diagnostic and prognostic roles of NGAL in Iranian patients who developed AKI after coronary bypass surgery. Patients and Methods: This study was cross-sectional conducted on adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Postoperative AKI was defined based on the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss and end-stage kidney disease) criteria. Patients were divided into AKI and non-AKI groups. The urinary NGAL and serum creatinine levels were measured at different times after surgery. Results: Out of 29 patients, men constituted 75.9% of cases. Mean age of the patients was 61.4±7.7 years old and the mean duration of surgery was 4.9±0.6 hours. Based on serum creatinine, AKI was diagnosed in 37.9%, 17.25%, and 13.8% of patients at first, second, and third day post-surgery, respectively. The urine NGAL increased by 48.35% and 34.5% at 2 and 6 hours after surgery, respectively. However, there was no significant association between the urinary NGAL level and the incidence of post-surgery AKI. Conclusion: This study showed that urinary NGAL was inapplicable to independently diagnose or predict the outcome of transient AKI associated with CABG.

Influence of organic chromium supplementation on the performance of beef calves undergoing weaning-related stress

ABSTRACT: Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P&lt;0.05). In addition, weaning-related stress caused an increase in chromium excretion in the urine, and chromium supplementation reduced stress, which resulted in lower cortisol and total protein levels during weaning.

Protective effects of spirulina against hemato-biochemical alterations, nephrotoxicity, and DNA damage upon lead exposition.

The current study was aimed at exploring the protective efficacy of spirulina against the hemato-biochemical alterations and nephrotoxicity induced by lead (Pb). Female rats aged 12 weeks were treated for 4 weeks with Pb (0.344 g kg-1 bw) associated or not with spirulina (5.3 g kg-1 bw). Renal damage induced by Pb was related to a severe anemia, increases of oxidative stress-related parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (+29%), protein carbonyl (PCO) (+66.3%), and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) (+110%)), plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (+80%), creatinine and urea levels in plasma, and uric acid concentration in urine, as well as genotoxic changes (+89.3% and +60% for DNA and mRNA levels, respectively). Conversely, LDH and antioxidant enzyme activities in kidney were decreased, as well as the levels of plasma uric acid, and urinary creatinine and urea levels. Spirulina-supplemented rats exhibited normal peripheral blood and renal parameters and renal histology. It can be suggested that Arthrospira platensis alleviates damages induced by Pb, thanks to its high phenolic content and antioxidant capacity.

Nephroprotective effect of Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Background and aimIn the present study, we investigate the phytochemical composition and the nephroprotective effects as well as the antioxidant properties of Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract in alloxan-induced experimental diabetes in rats. Experimental procedureWistar rats were divided into four groups of seven rats each: Group I: Normal control (NC) received saline solution at 9‰ given by intraperitoneal way; Group II: Diabetic control (DC) received alloxan (150 mg/kg b.w) intraperitoneally; Group III: Normal control (NC + AHA) received saline solution at 9‰ and treated orally by AHA aqueous extract (400 mg/kg/b.w); Group IV: Diabetic control (DC + AHA) received alloxan solution (150 mg/kg b.w) intraperitoneally and treated by aqueous extract of AHA (400 mg/kg/b.w/day) orally after one week of alloxan administration. After 30 days, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis, respectively. Glomerular damage markers, including creatinine, serum urea, urine creatinine and urine urea levels were estimated. Creatinine clearance was also assessed. Oxidative stress parameters were assessed in the kidney homogenate. Results and conclusionAlloxan-exposure resulted in significant increase in blood glucose and serum level of glomerular damage markers. The antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly downregulated associated with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level over the baseline values. Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract supplementation significantly improved the studied parameters. In concluding, the results obtained suggests that Artemisia herbs-alba aqueous extract supplementation reduces alloxan-induced free radical generation, potentiates the antioxidant defense system and alleviates renal sensitivity to oxidative stress.

Maternal effects on offspring growth indicate post-weaning juvenile dependence in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)

BackgroundIn animals with altricial offspring, most growth occurs after birth and may be optimized by post-natal maternal care. Maternal effects on growth may be influenced by individual characteristics of the mothers, such as social status, individual investment strategies and the length of association with offspring. The prolonged juvenile dependence seen in humans is a distinctive life history adaptation, which may have evolved to facilitate sustained somatic and brain growth.In chimpanzees, offspring are typically weaned at approximately 4 years old, yet immature individuals continue to associate with their mothers for up to 10 years beyond weaning. Whether this lengthy association or the individual characteristics of mothers influences growth patterns in this species is not clear.The relationship between urinary creatinine and specific gravity is an established non-invasive measure of muscle mass in humans and chimpanzees. We analysed the urinary creatinine and specific gravity of 1318 urine samples from 70 wild chimpanzees from the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast aged 4 to 15 years.ResultsWe showed a clear increase in urinary creatinine levels with age in both males and females, replicating established growth curves in this species and reaffirming this measure as a reliable proxy for lean body mass. Comparing those who experience maternal loss (orphans) with non-orphan chimpanzees, maternal presence beyond weaning age and into late juvenility positively influenced offspring muscle mass throughout ontogeny such that orphans had significantly less muscle mass than age-matched non-orphans. In age-matched offspring with mothers, those with high-ranking mothers had greater muscle mass. Accounting for variation in muscle mass attributable to maternal presence, we found no effect of maternal investment (length of inter birth interval, from own birth to birth of following sibling) on offspring muscle mass.ConclusionChimpanzee mothers have an extended and multi-faceted influence on offspring phenotypes. Our results suggest that maternal investment extends beyond lactation and into early adulthood and has clear benefits to offspring physical development. Therefore, prolonged juvenile dependence, although unique in its form in human societies, may be a trait with deeper evolutionary origins.

Evidence of Cu(I) Coupling with Creatinine Using Cuprous Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Polyacrylic Acid Gel-Cu(II) in Facilitating the Determination of Advanced Kidney Dysfunctions.

An electrochemical-based sensor created for creatinine detection has been developed for early point-of-care (POC) of diagnosis of renal illnesses. Useful information for the preventive diagnosis and clinical treatments of congenital disorders of creatinine mechanism, advanced liver and kidney diseases, and renal dysfunction can be obtained by the noninvasive evaluation of the creatinine levels in urine. The direct detection of creatinine can be achieved using the modified nanocomposite of cuprous nanoparticles encapsulated by polyacrylic acid (PAA) gel-Cu(II) fabricating on a screen-printed carbon electrode. Here, we report that the degree of kidney dysfunction failure can be determined by an amount of Cu(I) bound with the creatinine through the adsorptive mechanism on the modified electrode. Under cyclic voltammetry scans, the amount of creatinine was measured from the adsorptive signals of the redox peak current identifying the Cu(I)-creatinine complex with a natural logarithm of the creatinine concentration ranging from 200 μM to 100 mM. For this detection range, the theoretical calculation was postulated to describe experimental behaviors of the adsorptive mechanism as creatinine diffused to adsorb on the composite-modified electrode to reduce oxidized copper nanoparticles and transformed to Cu(II)-creatinine complexes. Interestingly, there was evidence that anodic peak potentials had been reduced in magnitudes and shifted negatively by natural logarithm during the formation of the Cu(I)-creatinine complex. For practical usage in POC technology, the creatinine detection in interference was carried out using differential pulse voltammetry to solely determine faradaic currents of creatinine-copper formation. With the interference of urea, glucose, ascorbic acid, glycine, and uric acid in artificial urine, the sensor showed promising results of the interference-free determination with 99.4% sensitivity efficiency, whereas for human urine interference, this sensor showed 85% sensitivity efficiency in detecting creatinine. This shows that this composite-modified sensor (PAA gel-Cu(II)/Cu2O NPs) has great potential for use in the next-generation devices for creatinine sensing to determine the progression in kidney dysfunctions.

Nephroprotective effect of melatonin and L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin-C) against ampicillin- induced toxicity in Funambulus pennanti

ABSTRACT Ampicillin is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics against intra-renal infections. Prolonged use of ampicillin has been found to be associated with a high rate of free-radical generation and oxidative stress induced nephrotoxicity. In the present study, we report the comparative effects of melatonin and vitamin-C (Vit-C) in ameliorating the biochemical and structural alterations in renal tissues caused by ampicillin sodium. Biochemical parameters such as acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine and urea levels in urine and serum as well as oxidative stress parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase activity, total antioxidant status (TAS%) and lipid peroxidation in the renal cortical tissues were accessed upon treatment of melatonin and Vit-C following ampicillin sodium administration in Funambulus pennanti. Ampicillin treatment increased ACP, ALP, creatinine and urea levels in serum and urine, indicating renal damage. It also induced oxidative stress by increasing lipid peroxidation and decreasing the activity of antioxidative enzymes. However, the exogenous melatonin or Vit-C treatment inhibited ampicillin mediated renal damages. Melatonin or Vit-C pre-treatment significantly decreased ACP, ALP, creatinine, urea, TBARS level and increased SOD, catalase activity and TAS%. Our results suggest that the antibiotic induced nephrotoxicity can be ameliorated by melatonin or Vit-C via reduction of oxidative stress in renal tissues.