Chemotherapy and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXi) are primary treatments for canine urethral transitional cell carcinoma (uTCC), a tumor known for its aggressiveness and poor prognosis. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the clinico-pathological characteristics, treatment modalities, and prognostic factors of 35 dogs with confirmed uTCC that received chemotherapy and COXi. Upon admission, urethral obstruction (UO) and urinary tract infection (UTI) were observed in seven (20%) dogs each. Gemcitabine (n = 20; 57.1%) and vinblastine (n = 10; 28.6%) were commonly used as first-line therapies, with four dogs also receiving radiation therapy. Based on RECIST, one (2.9%) dog achieved complete remission, nine (25.7%) partial remission, 20 (57.14%) showed stable disease, and five (14.3%) progressed. Among dogs with UO, six (85.7%) showed resolution or improvement after the first chemotherapy dose. The median time to local progression was 171 days (range: 107-235), and the median survival time was 333 days (range: 158-508). Dogs with UO upon admission had a higher risk of local progression, while both UO and UTI were associated with an increased risk of overall disease progression and tumor-related death. Additionally, gemcitabine significantly improved metastatic control. This study identified UO and UTI as negative prognostic factors, highlighting the importance of a multimodal approach in managing uTCC.

Progression of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in dogs often leads to urinary obstruction. This observational pilot study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) balloon therapy for the palliative treatment of TCC with partial urethral obstruction. Three client-owned dogs diagnosed with TCC causing partial urethral obstruction were enrolled. After ultrasonographic and cystoscopic examination, IRE pulse protocols were delivered through a balloon catheter device inflated within the urethral lumen. After the procedure, the patients were kept overnight for monitoring and a recheck was planned 28 days later. No complication was observed during the procedure and postprocedural monitoring. After 28 days, one dog had a complete normalization of the urine stream, one dog had stable stranguria, and one dog was presented with a urethral obstruction secondary to progression of the TCC. On recheck ultrasound, one dog had a 38% diminution of the urethral mass diameter whereas the other two dogs had a mass stable in size. IRE balloon therapy seems to be a feasible and apparently safe minimally invasive novel therapy for the palliative treatment of TCC causing urethral obstruction. Further studies are needed to better characterize the safety, efficacy, and outcome of this therapy.

我々は膀胱から尿道に渡る移行上皮癌と診断された症例に遭遇した。症例に対し、膀胱と尿道の全摘出術を適用し、排尿機能維持のために小腸の一部を用いて導管を作成、腹壁への尿路変更を実施した。術直後から良好な尿流出を認め、造影X線CT検査では小腸導管は造影効果が認められ、血流は良好であることと良好な尿の排出が確認された。術後397日の定期検査では全身状態は良好に維持されていたが、術後495日目に斃死した。下部尿路系の移行上皮癌に対し、獣医学領域における新たな治療法が示唆された。

尿道移行上皮癌に罹患した12歳7カ月齢のミニチュア・ダックスフンド，避妊雌に対して尿道全摘出及び膀胱─膣吻合による尿路再建術を実施した．尿路欠損部が広範であったため，膀胱尖部に小孔を作製し，膀胱尖を腹側方向で反転させて膀胱体を尾側に移動し，膣と縫合した．術直後より随意ではないものの，外陰部からの排尿が可能であった．第126病日のX線CT検査で内側腸骨リンパ節転移が疑われたが，症例のQOLは維持されていた．尿道全摘出及び膀胱─膣吻合による尿路再建術の報告は少なく，また本症例のように膀胱を反転させて行った報告は存在しない．今回の術式は，膀胱の機能は温存できてはいないが，雌犬の尿道移行上皮癌に対する治療の選択肢の1つになるかもしれない．

Partial Urethrectomy for Female Urethral Transitional Epithelial Cell Carcinoma

Prostatic urethral transitional cell carcinoma with prostatic invasion in a dog was imaged with abdominal radiography and abdominal ultrasonography antemortem. Synchrotron in-line x-ray phase contrast imaging computed tomography (XPCI-CT) was performed on the prostate ex vivo at the Canadian Light Source Synchrotron and compared to histology. XPCI-CT imaging provides greater soft tissue contrast than conventional absorption-based x-ray imaging modalities, permitting visualization of regions of inflammatory cell infiltration, differentiation of invasive versus noninvasive tumor regions, and areas of necrosis and mineralization. This represents the first report of XPCI-CT images of an invasive prostatic urothelial neoplasm in a dog.

Previously reported radiation protocols for transitional cell carcinoma of the canine lower urinary tract have been ineffective or associated with increased side effects. Objectives of this retrospective, cross-sectional study were to describe safety of and tumor responses for a novel palliative radiation protocol for transitional cell carcinoma in dogs. Included dogs had cytologically or histologically confirmed transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder or urethra, and were treated with 10 once-daily fractions (Monday-Friday) of 2.7 Gy. Thirteen dogs were sampled, with six treated using radiation as first-line (induction) therapy and seven treated using radiation as rescue therapy after failing previous chemotherapy. Within 6 weeks of radiation, 7.6% (1/13) dogs had a complete response, 53.8% (7/13) partial response, 38.5% (5/13) stable disease, and none had progressive disease. Three patients presenting with urethral obstruction had spontaneous micturition restored during the treatment protocol. A single patient with unilateral ureteral obstruction was patent at recheck examination. Median survival time from time of initial diagnosis was 179 days. Median survival time from start of radiation was 150 days. Acute radiation side effects occurred in 31% (4/13) patients and were classified as grade 1 or 2. No significant late side radiation side effects were reported. No variables examined were identified as prognostic factors. Findings indicated that the reported radiation protocol was safe in this sample of dogs with bladder and urethral transitional cell carcinoma. Future prospective studies are needed to determine utility of this treatment as a rescue therapy in patients with complete urinary tract obstruction.

Urethrovaginal Anastomoses Applied to a Urethral Transitional Cell Carcinoma in a Ovariohysterectomized Cat

Late Recurrence after Radical Cystectomy: Patterns, Risk Factors and Outcomes

Objective To evaluate treatment results and prognostic factors of 47 patients withprimary urethral transitional cell carcinoma treated with post-operative adjuvant radiotherapy. Methods From October 1998 to October 2008, 47 patients with primary urethral transitional cell carcinoma received postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. Thirty-one patients had stage T_3/T_4 disease, 7 had lymph node metastasis. Thirty-nine patients had G3 tumor, 13 had stump-positive. The median radiotherapy dose was 60 Gy (36-64 Gy). 81% patients (38/47) were treated with regional irradiation. Results The median follow-up time was 21 months (6 -88 months). The follow-up rate was 92%. The median overall survival time was 35 months (5 -88 months). The 2-and 5-year overall survival rates were 57% and 49%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the median overall survival time was better in patients with stage T_1 or T_2 compared with stage T_3 or T_4 tumor (42 months vs. 19 months,Χ~2 =7. 28,P=0. 007), with age of ≤65 years compared with >65 years (28 mouths vs 18 months,Χ~2 =8.23 ,P =0. 004). There was no significantdifference in the long term survival in patients with non-radical surgery compared with radical mastectomy (21 months vs. 20 months, Χ~2 = 0. 90, P = 0. 344). In multivariate analysis, the stage T_3 or T_4 (Χ~2 = 7. 89, P =0. 005), >65 years old (Χ~2 = 4.85, P = 0. 028), renal pelvis involvement (Χ~2= 5.65, P = 0. 018), and tumor located in the mid or inferior segment (Χ~2=6. 08 ,P =0. 014) were factors associated with poorer prognosis. Conclusions Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy can improve the efficacy of patients with locally advanced urethral transitional cell carcinoma. Advanced T stage and > 65 years age are associated with poorer prognosis. Key words: Urethral neoplasms/surgery; Urethral neoplasms/radiotherapy; Prognosis

B6C3F1 mice chronically exposed to 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB), a contaminant of dichloroaniline-derived herbicides, developed a number of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions, including carcinoma of the urinary tract. Groups of fifty male and fifty female B6C3F1 mice were exposed by gavage to TCAB at dose levels of 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg five days a week for two years. Control animals received corn oil:acetone (99:1) vehicle. Decreased survival of male mice in the mid-dose group and of male and female mice in the high-dose groups was related mainly to the occurrence of urethral transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma and resulting urinary obstruction. Increased urethral transitional cell carcinomas were seen in all treated male groups in a dose-related manner as well as in the females treated with 30 mg/kg TCAB. Administration of TCAB was also associated with increased transitional cell hyperplasia of the urethra. Most nonneoplastic lesions of the urogenital tract were considered secondary to local invasion and urinary obstruction by the urethral transitional cell carcinomas. The mechanism of tumor induction is uncertain, but the high frequency of tumors in the proximal urethra of male mice suggests that the neoplasms result from the exposure of a susceptible population of urothelial cells to a carcinogenic metabolite of TCAB.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Ureter in a Patient With Buttock Pain: A Case Report

Upper Tract Urothelial Recurrence Following Radical Cystectomy for Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: An Analysis of 1,069 Patients With 10-Year Followup

1662: Contiguous and Non-Contiguous Prostatic Urethral Transitional Cell Carcinoma- does It Impact the Survival?

Primary urethral neoplasm is an uncommon diagnosis, and carcinomas arising from urethral caruncle are rare. Optimal treatment guidelines are not available because of the limited number of diagnosed cases. However, an aggressive treatment approach is needed to provide the best chance of cure.

Concomitant Carcinoma In Situ Is a Feature of Aggressive Disease in Patients With Organ-Confined TCC at Radical Cystectomy

A 15-year-old, male neutered cat was referred for investigation of dysuria. A retrograde urethrography was performed which showed two space-occupying masses within the lumen of the mid-to-proximal urethra. Exploratory coeliotomy revealed two urethral masses. Segmental urethrectomy was performed to resect the mass, and the lower urinary tract was reconstructed by vesico-urethral anastomosis. Histopathology showed the mass to be a transitional cell carcinoma with incomplete surgical margins. Tumour regrowth was suspected when dysuria was found approximately 318 days after surgery. Clinical signs were palliated by radiation using weekly fractions of 6 Gy for three weeks. The cat died of unknown causes 386 days postoperatively.

URETHRAL TUMOR RECURRENCE FOLLOWING CYSTECTOMY AND URINARY DIVERSION: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN 768 MALE PATIENTS

THE MANAGEMENT OF URETHRAL TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA AFTER RADICAL CYSTECTOMY FOR INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER

Conservative management of mucosal prostatic urethral involvement in patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.