Urea Research Articles

Effect of feeding rice distillers dried grain with solubles as major protein source on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Jersey crossbred calves

Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (RDDGS) is a byproduct of alcohol industry obtained by distillation of fermented rice. In the present experiment, chemical composition of RDDGS and the effect of supplementing RDDGS replacing soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of crossbred Jersey calves have been studied. The DM content of RDDGS was 89.58 ± 0.09%. The chemical composition (% DM) in terms of OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, TA, NDF, ADF, TCHO and AIA were 94.97±0.09, 48.43± 0.69, 5.45 ± 0.16, 6.50±0.27, 34.58±1.01, 5.03 ± 0.09, 40.50 ± 0.93, 16.82 ± 0.65, 42.91 ± 1.52 and 0.95 ± 0.06, respectively. Chemical analysis indicated that it is a good source of protein and other nutrients. The effect of feeding RDDGS in crossbred cattle was studied in a growth trial of 120 days and a digestibility trial of six days collection period. The animals in control group (T0) were fed on soya bean meal based concentrate mixture with paddy straw and green fodder as per requirement. In the treatment group (T1) soya bean meal in concentrate mixture was totally replaced by RDDGS. There was no significant difference between two groups of animals in terms of average DMI, CPI and TDNI. The blood parameters such as plasma glucose, protein, albumin, globulin, enzymes (AST and ALT) and urea also remained unaffected. The digestibility of DM, CP and EE were significantly higher in treatment group fed with RDDGS. The average daily gain (ADLG) was significantly higher in RDDGS supplemented group as a result of which feed conversion efficiency improved and thus economized the ration.

Changes of serum procalcitonin and lactate levels in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis complicated with infection and its clinical significance

Objective To investigate the changes and clinical significance of serum procalcitonin (PCT) and lactate levels in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Methods A total of 112 patients with DKA admitted to Wenling Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from June 2016 to June 2018 were enrolled.Thirty-five healthy controls in our hospital were selected as the control group.White blood cell counts (WBC), ketone bodies, creatinine (Scr), urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), PCT and lactic acid were measured in each group. Results Compared with the control group, the WBC [(10.26±4.19)×109+/L vs.(14.81±3.79)×109/L], ketone bodies [(2.36±0.79) mmol/L vs.(6.25±1.02)mmol/L], Scr [(116.51±41.47)μmol/L vs.(113.15±37.68)μmol/L], BUN [(76.15±17.33)ng/L vs.(143.64±16.59)ng/L], ALT [(81.65±22.56)U/L vs.(79.36±25.34)U/L], AST [(61.38±12.52)U/L vs.(78.37±11.74)U/L], PCT [(1.53±0.59)ng/mL vs.(5.75±1.21)ng/mL] and lactic acid [(3.67±0.56)mmol/L vs.(10.31±2.51)mmol/L] levels in the uninfected group and the infected group were significantly increased, the differences were statistically significant (t=3.706, 10.841, 13.484, 32.826, 8.195, 8.465, 23.546, 48.493, 13.622, 11.715, 13.115, 21.148, 11.979, 26.426, 34.766, 23.538, all P<0.05). Compared with the uninfected group, the WBC [(14.81±3.79)×109+/L], ketone body [(6.25±1.02)mmol/L], BUN [(143.64±16.59)ng/L], AST [(8.37±11.74)U/L], PCT [(5.75±1.21)ng/mL] and lactic acid [(10.31±2.51)mmol/L] levels of the infected group were significantly increased (t=5.349, 19.230, 18.559, 6.547, 19.225, 15.383, all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum lactate and PCT levels were stronger factors in patients with DKA.The ROC analysis showed that the areas under the ACU of PCT, lactic acid and combined detection were 0.849, 0.805 and 0.930, respectively.The sensitivity (90.91%) and specificity (89.47%) of the combined detection were better than the separate tests (PCT: 78.33% and 82.69%, lactic acid: 70.18% and 70.91%) (sensitivity χ2=3.398, 7.092, specificity χ2=3.896, 0.048, all P<0.05). Conclusion The serum PCT and lactate levels of DKA patients are significantly higher than healthy people, and those in the infected patients are higher than the uninfected patients.The combined detection of these two indicators has higher value in the diagnosis of patients with DKA co-infection. Key words: Diabetic ketoacidosis; Calcitonin; Lactic acid; Infection; Diagnostic value

Safety analysis of anti-radiation-induced injury drug of Andorin capsule——based on real-world big data research

Objective To retrospectively analyze the safety of anti-radiation injury drug of Andorin using real-world big data. Methods A total of 87 053 hospitalized cancer patients receiving radiotherapy from 2015 to 2017 were analyzed. Ten medical institutions with the largest number of patients treated with Andorin capsules were screened. Patients with 5 types of cancer including lung cancer, cervical cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, breast cancer and colorectal cancer with/without use of Andorin capsule were subject to propensity score matching (PSM). The safety of Andorin capsule as an adjuvant drug in the radiotherapy for cancer patients was evaluated by the results of blood biochemical detection and liver and kidney function test. Results In the relevant indexes of liver function, the AST and TBIL levels in the lung cancer patients with use of Andorin capsule were significantly lower than those in their counterparts without use of Andorin capsule (22.1 U/L vs.24.7 U/L, P=0.04 and 9.8 mmol/L vs.11.4 μmol/L, P=0.01), but all the results were within the normal range. In patients with cervical cancer, the ALT level in patients treated with Andorin capsule was considerably higher than that in those without use of Andorin capsule (24.7 U/L vs.21.1 U/L, P=0.01) and both the results were within the normal range. In terms of the renal function-related indexes, CRE and UREA were similar between patients with and without use of Andorin capsule in 5 types of tumors (P=0.09-0.86). In patients with cervical and colorectal cancer, the LDH in patients with Andorin capsule was significantly lower compared with that in those without use of Andorin capsule (P=0.04, 0.00), but both the results were within the normal range. Regarding the nutrition-related indexes, the TB level in breast cancer patients with use of Andorin capsule was significantly higher than that in those without use of Andorin capsule (69.4 g/L vs.67.1 g/L, P=0.030), but both the results were within the normal range. Conclusion As the first anti-radiation traditional Chinese medicine in China, Andorin capsule is utilized as an adjuvant drug for radiotherapy, which yields no significant liver and kidney toxicity and possesses high safety. Key words: Malignant neoplasm/radiotherapy; Radiation-induced injury; Anduorin

Effect of sevoflurane on aquaroprins 3 after the renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat model

Objective To investigate the protective effect of inhaled sevoflurane on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and the its relationship with aquaporins-3 (AQP3) in rat model. Methods SD rats (n=8) were allocated randomly and equally to operating group (group C), ischemia reperfusion group (group I/R), sevoflurane postconditioning group (group Spo). IRI models were established by 45 min of renal ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion. All animals were killed 24 h after IRI. Serum urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were detected. 24 h urine was collected to observe the change of the urine volume and urine specific gravity. The quantity of AQP3 in renal inner medulla was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results (1) 24 h urine volume was significantly increased in group I/R [(16.3±9.1) ml] and group Spo [(10.8±5.6) ml] as compared with group C [(5.4±0.2) ml] (Group I/R: F=11.472, P<0.01, Group Spo: F=7.429, P<0.05). The 24 h urine specific gravity was significantly reduced in group I/R (3.014±0.012) and group Spo (3.034±0.022) as compared with group C (3.074±0.003) (Group I/R: F=188.235, P<0.01, Group Spo: F=25.964, P<0.01). (2) BUN in group I/R [(20.530±1.690) mmol/L] and group Spo [(12.300±2.370) mmol/L] was significantly increased as compared with group C [(7.033±0.440) mmol/L] (Group I/R: F=477.867, P<0.01, Group Spo: F=38.195, P<0.01). Cr level in group I/R [(122.3±9.5) μmol/L] and group Spo [(82.0±13.2) μmol/L] was significantly increased as compared with group C [(28.7±4.3) μmol/L] (Group I/R: F=644.543, P<0.01, Group Spo: F=117.922, P<0.01). The renal function changes in BUN and Cr were significantly improved in group Spo as compared with group I/R (F=63.952, 49.124, P<0.01). (3) As compared with group C (861.6±85.4), the protein expression of AQP3 in group I/R (138.4±31.4) and group Spo (419.8±74.2) (F=505.385, P<0.05) was significantly down-regulated (P<0.05). There protein expression of AQP3 was significant higher in group Spo than group I/R (F=97.586, P<0.01). Conclusion Sevoflurane postconditioning could effectively protect renal function against IRI, which was significantly correlated with the up-regulation of of AQP3. Key words: Sevoflurane; Kidney; Ischemia-reperfusion injury; Aquaporins 3

Clinical study on Anzhong-Fuyuan decoction combined with western routine therapy for helicobacter pylori positive chronic atrophic gastritis

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Anzhong-Fuyuan decoction combined with western routine therapy in the treatment of helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)-positive chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Methods A total of 110 H.pylori positive CAG patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups according to random number table method, 55 in each group. The control group was treated with quadruple therapy. On the basis of the control group, the study group was treated with Anzhong-Fuyuan decoction. Both groups were treated continuously for 40 days. The serum level of pepsinogen I (Pepsinogen Ⅰ, PG Ⅰ), pepsinogen Ⅱ (PG Ⅱ), gastrin (GAS), endothelin (ET), CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by ELISA. The eradication rate of H.pylori was measured by 14C urea breath test, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results The total effective rate was 92.7% (51/55) in the study group and 78.2% (43/55) in the control group. There were significant differences between the two groups (χ2=4.681, P=0.031). The eradication rate of H.pylori was 89.1% (49/55) in the study group and 76.4% (42/55) in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups (χ2=3.911, P=0.048). After treatment, the level of serum PGⅠ(84.87 ± 13.95 g/L vs. 78.05 ± 12.69 g/L, t=3.434) and PGⅠ/PGⅡ (6.71 ± 1.26 vs. 5.86 ± 1.13, t=2.861) in the study group was significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and PGⅡ (12.64 ± 1.94 g/L vs. 13.31 ± 2.10 g/L, t=3.725) was significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01). The serum level of gastrin (10.76 ± 3.06 mmol/L vs. 8.11 ± 2.84 mmol/L, t=4.707) was higher than that of control group (P<0.01), endothelin (56.64 ± 4.42 ng/L vs. 60.42 ± 5.13 ng/L, t=4.140) was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the level of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in the study group was significantly lower than those in the control group (t=11.100, 9.571 and 8.687, respectively, all Ps< 0.001). Conclusions The Anzhong-Fuyuan decoction combined with routine therapy can significantly enhance the gastric mucosal secretion ability of H.pylori positive CAG patients, increase the ratio of PGⅠ/PGⅡ, promote the repair and regeneration of gastric mucosa, reduce the level of inflammatory cytokines. Key words: Helicobacter pylori; Gastritis, atrophic; Anzhong-Fuyuan decoction; Quadruple therapy; Clinical application

Value of early lactate level in predicting progression of acute kidney injury in patients with extremely severe burns

Objective To investigate the value of early lactate levels in predicting the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with extremely severe burns. Methods A retrospective case control study was conducted to analyze 30 severe burn patients with early AKI who met the AKI hierarchical diagnostic criteria JP3 (RIFLE) and occurred within 72 hours after injury in the aluminium dust explosion accident in Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province on August 2, 2014. There were 20 males and 10 females, aged 20-50 years [(37.1±7.4)years]. The total area of burn was 75%-100% of total body surface area (TBSA) [(95.5±4.3)% TBSA]. Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score ranged from 7 to 20 points [(13.0±2.7)points]. According to the progression of renal injury within one week after injury, the patients were divided into aggravation group and non-aggravation group, with 15 patients in each group. Laboratory examinations upon admission such as white blood cell (WBC), platelet, and plasma albumin, medical treatments during the first week after burn injury and 30-day mortality were compared between the two groups. The blood lactic acid, urea nitrogen, creatinine concentration and crinetime kinase in 72 hours after injury were compared between the two groups. The receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curve of early blood lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine concentration and crinetime kinase in patients with early AKI after injury was drawn to evaluate its predictive effect on early AKI aggravation in patients with severe burn. Results The plasma albumin concentration of patients in the aggravation group was higher than that in the non-aggravation group on admission to ICU (P 0.05). In the aggravation group, the blood lactate concentration at 24 and 48 hours after injury did not change significantly compared with the first detection after injury (P>0.05), but the concentration at 72 hours after injury was significantly lower than the first detection (P 0.05). The first blood lactate concentration in the aggravation group was significantly higher than that in the non-aggravation group (P 0.05). The blood urea nitrogen concentration of patients in the early AKI aggravation group was higher than that in non-aggravation group on admission (P 0.05). The serumn creatine and creatine kinase concentrations of patients in the aggravation group were higher than those in non-aggravation group 24, 48, and 72 hours after burn injury (P 0.05). The total area under ROC curve of first blood lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and crinetine kinase in early AKI patients were 0.872 (95%CI 0.703-1.000, P 0.05), 0.411 (95%CI 0.143-0.679, P>0.05) and 0.656 (95%CI 0.400-0.911, P>0.05). The optimum threshold for the first blood lactate concentration after injury was 3.5 mmol/L. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting early AKI exacerbation were 100% and 72.7%, respectively. The 30-day mortality rate in the aggravation group was significantly higher than that in the non-aggravation group (P<0.05). Conclusion The first blood lactate concentration in patients with severe burn is an early predictor of AKI aggravation, and its early predictive value is better than that of routine indicators such as serum creatinine blood urea nitrogen and crinetine kinase. Key words: Burns; Acute renal failure; Lactic acid

Influence of Abemaciclib, a New CDK 4/6 Inhibitor, Decrease in Potassium Electrollytes and Urea in a Patient Suffering from Metastatic Breast Cancer

A 46-year old patient suffering from metastatic breast cancer (FIGO IV D) underwent various chemotherapies and radiation treatments in the past. From November 4, 2018 the patient was treated with 300 mg Abemaciclib (2 × 150 mg). During therapy, her pain subjectively decreased. After 14 days the patient suffered nausea, emesis and exsiccation. She was therefore hospitalized and intensively monitored. Leukopenia and anemia on a common scale were treated in the usual way. Despite normal retentions, we detected a significant decrease in potassium and calcium. Surprisingly, we also detected a decrease in urea. Because of the continuous decrease in potassium and calcium, we substituted the electrolytes. After two weeks, all labor

Development of Carbon Felt Electrode Using Urea for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

Development of Carbon Felt Electrode Using Urea for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

The effects of aralia saponins on the expression of VEGF and MMP-9 in type 2 diabetic nephropathy mice

Objective To observe the effect of aralia saponins on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the kidney of diabetic nephropathy mice. Methods After 10 days of adaptive feeding, 90 clean Kunming mice were randomly divided into the normal group (n=10) and 5 model groups (model group, positive drug benazepril intervention group, aralia saponins low, middle and high doses treatment groups). Excepted the normal group, the kidney damage model of type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice was induced by high-fat and high-sugar diet for one month plus disposable streptozotocin (STZ). The model was successfully constructed and killed after 6 weeks of treatment. A total of 25 mice failed to establish the model. And totally 55 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups with 11 mice in each group. The serum changes of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), insulin, inflammatory factors interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in each group were detected. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and MMP-9 protein in renal tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results Compared with the normal group, the levels of blood glucose, insulin, BUN, SCr, IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α in the model group were significantly increased (P<0.05). The above indexes were decreased in positive drug group and aralia saponins treatment groups. The contents of insulin, BUN and SCr in the high dose of aralia saponins group were significantly lower than those parameters in benazepril group (P<0.05). In addition, the contents of blood glucose, IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α in the three dose aralia saponins groups were significantly lower than those parameters in the benazepril group (P<0.05). Compared with the normal group, the expression level of VEGF protein in the model group was significantly higher (P<0.05), and the expression level of MMP-9 protein was significantly lower (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, both benazepril and aralia saponins can reduce VEGF (P<0.05), increase MMP-9 (P<0.05). In addition for VEGF and MMP-9, the high dose of aralia saponins group and benazepril group was basically same. Conclusions Aralia saponins can significantly reduce blood glucose, insulin and serum inflammatory factors, while downregulate VEGF and increase MMP-9 protein levels, thereby protecting the kidneys of diabetic nephropathy mice. Key words: ARALOSIDE; Diabetic nephropathies; Vascular endothelial growth factors; Matrix metalloproteinase 9; Mice

Pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium intravenously infused during liver transplantation

Objective To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium intravenously infused during liver transplantation. Methods Twenty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ or Ⅳ patients of both sexes, aged 18-60 yr, with body mass index of 20-30 kg/m2, scheduled for elective living donor liver transplantation, were enrolled in this study.Total intravenous anesthesia was used.The induction dose of cisatracurium for anesthesia was 0.15 mg/kg.When T1/T0 was restored to 10%, cisatracurium was injected intravenously at an initial rate of 1.5 μg·kg-1·min-1.The infusion rate was adjusted according to the monitoring results of muscle relaxation, and T1/T0 was maintained at 10%.The total amount of cisatracurium infused and infusing time were recorded during dissection phase, anhepatic phase and neohepatic phase, and the consumption of cisatracurium per unit time was calculated.Before skin incision, at 5 and 30 min of anhepatic phase, at 5 and 30 min of neohepatic phase and at the end of operation, the body temperature and stroke volume variation were recorded, blood samples were collected from the radial artery for blood gas analysis and for measurement of blood K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations, and blood samples were collected from the internal jugular vein for determination of serum creatinine (Cr), urea nitrogen (BUN) and β2 microspheres protein (β2-MG) concentrations. Results There was no significant difference in the amount of cisatracurium per unit time between dissection phase and anhepatic phase (P>0.05). The amount of cisatracurium per unit time was significantly higher in neohepatic phase than in dissection phase and anhepatic phase (P<0.05). Compared with baseline before skin incision, blood pH value was significantly decreased at 30 min of anhepatic phase and 5 min of neohepatic phase, serum Mg2+ concentrations were decreased at 5 and 30 min of neohepatic phase and at the end of operation, the serum Cr, BUN and β2-MG concentrations were increased, the serum Ca2+ concentration was decreased at 5 min of anhepatic phase, and SVV was increased at 5 and 30 min of anhepatic phase (P< 0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion Muscle relaxation induced by cisatracurium infused intravenously in the anhepatic phase of liver transplantation is weakened. Key words: Atracurium; Liver transplantation; Infusions, intravenous; Dose-response relationship, drug

In-Vivo Study of Protective Role of Moringa oleifera Aqueous Pod Extract in Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity

The present study investigates aqueous pod extract of Moringa oleifera for its protective role in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. The experiment was designed for 14 days and male wistar rats were used as experimental animal. Rats were divided into 7 groups (n = 6). Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (vehicle control), group 3 (cisplatin control) given cisplatin, 12 mg/kg Body Weight (BW) intraperitoneally in 0.9% saline on 11 th day of treatment. Group 4 to 7 was given pod extracts via oral gavage in different doses 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg BW form day 1-13, group 6 and 7 was also given cisplatin (12 mg/kg BW) on day 11. On 14 th day blood sample were collected for serum analysis and all animals were sacrificed to study biochemical markers of renal dysfunction and histopathology study. Serum analysis of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen showed treatment with lower dose (i.e., 200mg/kg BW) significantly lowers the enhanced levels in cisplatin treated rats. Biochemical analysis showed lower dose significantly enhanced renal Catalase, SOD, and GPx activity while higher dose significantly enhances GPx and lowers renal MDA level in treated rats. The extract also improves histological damage. The study concluded that M. oleifera aqueous pod extract reduces renal damage caused by cisplatin treatment.

Zataria multiflora Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Nephrotoxicity in Mice

Background: Cisplatin (CP), as an anticancer drug, causes nephrotoxicity. Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZM), a medicinal plant, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: The current study investigated the effects of ZM on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: In the current experimental study, 22 male mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control; the ZM, 200 mg/kg during seven days via gavage; the CP, 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally on the 5th day of study; and the ZM + CP. Serum creatinine and urea levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels in renal tissue of mice were histopathologically and immunohistochemically assessed to determine nephrotoxicity. Results: CP caused a significant increase in serum creatinine and urea levels, increased oxidative stress in kidney tissue, caused histological changes, and increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. ZM significantly mitigated the toxic effects of CP on the kidney tissue. In addition, treatment with ZM significantly reduced immunoreactivity of caspase-3. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggested that the ZM as a potential antioxidant compound with scavenging free radicals and anti-apoptosis property attenuated the nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin.

Highly-efficient Peroxymonosulfate Activation for Sulfacetamide Degradation over Nitrogen-functionalized Graphene: the Effect of Thermal Annealing Temperature on Reactive Functional Groups

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) prepared through thermal annealing of graphene oxide (GO) and urea was employed as a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator to degrade sulfacetamide (SAM). The fine tuning of the concentrations of functionalities and catalytic performance of NG was realized via tweaking thermal annealing temperature. NG600 (NG prepared at 600 °C) with the controlled N bonding configurations (a high N doping level (16.0 wt%) and a most optimum amount of pyridinic N (38.4 %N), pyrrolic N (31.8 %N), graphitic N (25.9 %N)) performed best as PMS activator. Quenching experiments disclosed that radical pathway contributed more to SAM degradation than non-radical pathway. SO4•- was the key reactive species for the SAM degradation in the NG/PMS system.Key words: metal-free catalysis, nitrogen-doped graphene, peroxymonosulfate, sulfacetamide, sulfate ra

Study on Photocatalytic Cement Concrete for the Degradation of Textile Dyes

This process is developed in the way that low level usage of chemical such as Titanium-di-oxide and urea along with the cement concrete structure for the photocatalytic activity under sunlight. When the cement concrete structure is introduced the sustainability of the process is increased so the efficient use of the reactant is achieved. From this study we obtained that the photocatalytic way of separation of waste ions can increase the purification process. The feed water is the waste from the common effluent plant with high in BOD and COD content. Two crystalline forms of TiO 2 , viz. anatase and rutile were tested for their photocatalytic activity. The extent of photocatalytic degradation was found to increase with increasing TiO 2 concentration up to 2 g/L TiO 2 , 5 g/L urea above which degradation remained practically constant. Textile waste degradation was enhanced at acidic conditions and in the addition of hydrogen peroxide. For the assessment of catalyst activity on repeated use, experiments were performed; after thrice successive uses, TiO 2 had sufficiently retained its photocatalytic activity and to perform the kinetic studies.

The clinical features of children with Kawasaki disease in PICU

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of children with Kawasaki disease(KD) in pediatric intensive care unit(PICU). Methods Medical record of children with KD at PICU were collected.At the same time, 29 cases of KD in PICU were 1∶3 matched by age, gender and the time admitted in hospital with those admitted in general pediatric department(control group). Results PICU patients had longer length of hospital stay, longer fever duration compared with control group.In addition, patients in PICU had higher neutrophil percentage, C reaction protein, creatinine, urea nitrogen, N-terminal natriuretic peptide and procalcitonin, but lower hemoglobin, blood platelet and albumin compared with the control group.What′s more, patients in PICU tended to find hemoglobin<100 g/L, platelet<150×109/L, albumin<30 g/L, abnormal in urine routine and echocardiographic and more likely to have fever longer than 10 days when used intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) compared with control group.And PICU patients were more likely to require therapy with antibiotics, albumin, glucocorticoid and the second dose of IVIG.Some part of children in PICU group were treated with IVIG and glucocorticoid because of doubted severe infection before KD diagnosed, all patients in the control group used IVIG after the diagnosis. Conclusion Patients who admitted in PICU are severe and not typical in clinical manifestation.These patients are easily misdiagnosed as sepsis and more likely to be IVIG-refractory and have coronary artery damage.We still worry that somebody might be misdiagnosed as sepsis, who are treated with IVIG and get better.Because they are not diagnosed as KD, these patient would not followe up like KD, but have potential risk of cardiovascular disease and need more alarming. Key words: Kawasaki disease; Pediatric intensive care unit; Clinical feature; Misdiagnosis

Effects of PRECEDE-PROCEED model on community health management of chronic kidney disease patients

Objective To explore the effects of PRECEDE-PROCEED model on the health management of community patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to improve the comprehensive prevention and control of CKD. Methods Totally 105 patients with stage 3 or stage 4 CKD from community hospitals in partnership with Xinxiang Central Hospital were selected by convenient sampling in September 2017, who received management with PRECEDE-PROCEED model for 6 months. The Disease Knowledge Questionnaire developed by the Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University was used to evaluate the patients' illness perception at inclusion as well as 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after intervention, and the changes of relevant clinical and biochemical indicators were examined at the same time points. Results The subjects' illness perception scores at inclusion as well as 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after intervention were (31.40±8.79) , (45.32±10.51) , (56.57±12.16) and (72.83±14.75) , respectively. The longer the intervention, the deeper the illness perception was (F=233.574, P<0.01) . The subjects' systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, serum protein, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, uric acid, blood calcium, blood phosphate and glomerular filtration rate decreased gradually as the duration of intervention became longer (P<0.01) . Conclusions PRECEDE-PROCEED model can effectively improve the illness perception of community patients with CKD, retard the progress of CKD, and bring better health management effects. Key words: Chronic kidney disease; PRECEDE-PROCEED model; Health management

Assessment of renal function and renal morphology in preterms and term newborns

Objective To explore the relationship between renal volume and function in the preterm and term newborns at different gestational ages. Methods This study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from October 2016 to March 2018.A total of 626 newborns with different gestational ages were included and the renal volume was determined by ultrasonography.Blood samples were taken for laboratory tests to detect renal function including urea, creatinine, uric acid and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Results A total of 352 preterm and 274 full term newborns were enrolled at birth.The mean gestational age of the neonates was (36.0±3.5) weeks and the mean birth weight was (2.59±0.77) kg.The mean renal volume of the preterm infants was (19.57±4.30) cm3 and estimated glomerular filtration was (21.68±5.99) mL/(min·1.73 m2); the mean renal volume of the term infants was(23.03±3.80) cm3 and estimated glomerular filtration was(46.60±10.21) mL/(min·1.73 m2). The renal volume and estimated glomerular filtration of term infants was significantly greater compared to the preterm infants(t=12.96, 33.10, all P<0.001). The renal volume was highly linear positively correlated with gestational age, birth weight and birth length(r=0.546, 0.605, 0.592, all P<0.001). The renal volume was highly linear positively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration(r=0.396, P<0.001). The renal volume was negatively correlated with urea, creatinine and uric acid(r=-0.210, -0.280, -0.176, all P<0.001). Conclusions The renal volume increases with gestational age and birth weight in neonates.Estimated glomerular filtration increases with renal volume in neonates.The preterm infants have immaturity kidney size and poor development so that they need special medical care. Key words: Early newborn; Infant, preterm; Infant term; Renal volume; Renal function; Estimated glomerular filtration

Nutritional value and nephrotoxicity effect of dillenia pentagyna fruit on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Background: Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. (Dilleniaceae) is an endangered medicinal plant, commonly known as “agai” and distributed randomly in the Terai belt of North East states of India. D. Pentagyna extract has been studied for therapeutic possessions. Objective: The proximate parameters and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis in the same plant of D. pentagyna of four-time harvest stage during the maturation of fruits were studied and also the antihypoglycemic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of D. pentagyna fruit. Materials and Methods: The proximate compositions were determined by measuring the amount of water removed from the food AOAC method and the chemical fingerprinting was carried out by HPTLC method. An acute oral toxicity study was carried out in healthy male Wister rats (110 g). The dose was finally made to 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for oral administration after the LD50 estimation. Results: The most phenolic concentration was continuously decrease with during the maturation of fruits. After 21 days of treatment, level of blood glucose, as well as albumin, protein, creatinine, urea, and uric acid were significantly decreased when compared with the diabetic control. Hydroalcoholic (80% alcohol to 20% DW) extracts will be subjected to further extensive studies to isolate and identify their active constituents which are useful for against antidiabetic. Conclusion: D. pentagyna fruit could act as a source of functional compounds for the control of diabetes mellitus.

Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced oxidative stress in kidneys: Role of brahmi as an antioxidant supplement

Purpose: Nephrotoxicity is a known, but rare complication of anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy and is known to be due to induction of oxidative stress and immune reaction to the drugs. In the current study, we have made an attempt to evaluate the effect of Brahmi in attenuating the oxidative stress caused by isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) in the kidneys of Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were administered INH and RIF with concomitant supplementation of Brahmi for 28 days. The levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine, and acid phosphatase were measured to evaluate kidney function along with catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation to assess the kidney antioxidant status. In addition, the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were also measured. The protective efficacy of Brahmi was compared to that of Silymarin. Results: Brahmi caused a statistically significant (P

소형 상용차용 전기 가열 모듈에 의한 동결 요소수의 해동 및 열전달 특성에 관한 수치적 연구

소형 상용차용 전기 가열 모듈에 의한 동결 요소수의 해동 및 열전달 특성에 관한 수치적 연구