Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Research Articles

Genetic Dissection of Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Disease and Yield Related Traits in Black Gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Genetic Dissection of Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Disease and Yield Related Traits in Black Gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Deciphering the Inter Allelic Interactions for Yield Components and Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Disease Resistance in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] using Generation Mean Analysis

Background: Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) caused by urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) is one of the destructive viral diseases for black gram cultivation. Development of resistant cultivars along with higher yield is the most efficient and cheapest way to alleviate the prevalence of ULCD. But for which understanding of inheritance of complex quantitative traits along with ULCD resistance is essential. Proper understanding of genetic architecture of complex traits can be obtained by using six-parameter model of generation mean analysis. Methods: Four diverse parents (VBN 8, DKU 87, LBG 623 and LBG 787) together with their six F1s (obtained during rabi, 2021-22), six BC1s, six BC2s and six F2s (obtained during summer, 2022) were evaluated for yield components in kharif, 2022 and rabi, 2022-23 and for ULCD during rabi, 2022-23 and late rabi, 2022-23 at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh for estimation of components of gene effects controlling various traits. Result: Additive-dominant model is inadequate for nine traits out of ten studied quantitative traits including ULCD except test weight. Dominant × Dominant [l] type of epistatic interaction, is predominant among the operating non-allelic interactions. Duplicate epistatic interaction in the inheritance is evident at least in few crosses for eight traits (Days to maturity, plant height, branches per plant, clusters per plant, pods per plant, pod length, seeds per pod and grain yield per plant).

Impact of Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Disease on Growth and Yield of Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) Genotypes

Blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), also known as urdbean, stands as a significant pulse crop cultivated globally. Among the viral diseases documented in blackgram, Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Disease (ULCD) emerges as particularly devastating, leading to substantial economic losses contingent upon factors such as seasonal variations and cultivated varieties. In this study, six cultivars of urdbean (M114, M218, M338, T9, N7, and M1008) were subjected to scrutiny regarding their growth and yield-related attributes under ULCD infection. Employing a randomized block design (RBD), data pertaining to each yield-contributing factor were meticulously recorded from both healthy and infected urdbean plants and analysed using two way ANOVA. A pronounced reduction across all yield parameters was noted in virus-infected plants, manifesting in diminished plant height by 2.02-37.01%, pod size by 1.10-51.30%, seed/pod ratio by 4.41-61.46%, 100-seed weight by 2.73%-51.37%, pod number per plant by 3.72-63.86%, and number of branches per plant ranging from 0.84 to 48.43%. Upon comparative analysis of all urdbean genotypes, it can be deduced that genotypes M114, M218, and M338 exhibit lesser susceptibility to urdbean leaf crinkle disease, thereby positioning them as promising candidates for breeding programs and cultivation endeavors aimed at achieving higher yields.

Genetics, genomics, and breeding of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a highly nutritious grain legume crop, mainly grown in South and Southeast Asia, with the largest area in India, where the crop is challenged by several biotic and abiotic stresses leading to significant yield losses. Improving genetic gains to increase on-farm yields is the primary goal of black gram breeding programs. This could be achieved by developing varieties resistant to major diseases like mungbean yellow mosaic disease, urdbean leaf crinkle virus, Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose, powdery mildew, and insect pests such as whitefly, cowpea aphids, thrips, stem flies, and bruchids. Along with increasing on-farm yields, incorporating market-preferred traits ensures the adoption of improved varieties. Black gram breeding programs rely upon a limited number of parental lines, leading to a narrow genetic base of the developed varieties. For accelerating genetic gain, there is an urgent need to include more diverse genetic material for improving traits for better adaptability and stress resistance in breeding populations. The present review summarizes the importance of black gram, the major biotic and abiotic stresses, available genetic and genomic resources, major traits for potential crop improvement, their inheritance, and the breeding approaches being used in black gram for the development of new varieties.

Smart Agri Disease Detection of Black Gram Plant Leaf Using the Cloud-Based Yolov8 Intelligent System

Infectious diseases affecting plants can have a major negative impact on economic output. Phenotyping plants is an essential part of plant characterization for tracking plant development over time. The urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) causes crinkled leaf disease, a plant disease that mostly affects black gram (Vigna mungo), a significant pulse crop in India. Crinkled disease is devastating to crops and the agricultural economy as a whole, causing farmers to lose out on a lot of money and harvests. Plant diseases cost USD 220 billion annually, according to the FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization). The early and accurate diagnosis of a disease (ULCV) is crucial for any economy that relies on agriculture. computer vision and Image processing are among the many cutting-edge methods for detecting plant diseases early. Preprocessing images, segmenting those images, extracting features, and applying machine learning algorithms to diagnose diseases are all viable options. Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) is used for feature extraction. One of the machine learning methods used for detection is YOLO, which is based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In other words, YOLO led to more reliable disease diagnosis.

Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus: A Mystery Waiting to Be Solved.

Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) affects mainly the urdbean or blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) causing distinct symptoms that often result in serious yield losses. It has been known to occur for more than five decades and is considered to be of viral etiology. The identity of the causal agent, often referred to as the urdbean leaf crinkle virus, is not unequivocally proved. There are few attempts to characterize the causal agent of ULCD; however, there is no unanimity in the results. Recent attempts to characterize the causal agent of ULCD using next-generation sequencing of the virome of ULCD-affected urdbean plants indicated the involvement of cowpea mild mottle virus; however, without conforming through Koch's postulates, the etiology of ULCD remains inconclusive. Claims of different insect vectors involved in the transmission of ULCD make this disease even more mysterious. The information available so far indicates that either two different viruses are causing ULCD or a mixture of viruses is involved. The identity of the virus/es causing ULCD still remains to be unambiguously ascertained. In this review, we attempt to analyze information on the various aspects of ULCD.

Effect of Leaf Crinkle Virus infection on Nodulation, Productivity and Yield of Black Gram Vigna mungo

In the present study, effect of Urd bean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) infection on the nodulation, productivity and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo) was investigated. Virus infection was shown to reduce the number, size and weight of nodules in both the cultivars of black gram viz., T-9 and IPU 94-1. Primary productivity was also adversely affected due to virus infection. Gross and net production rates decreased whereas respiratory loss increased in infected leaves. Virus infection also reduced the grain yield which ranged from 6.81 to 66 percent over healthy plants when inoculated at different growth stages. Decrease in the number of pods per plant and 100 grain weight was recorded. Early inoculated plants showed higher yield loss than the mid and late inoculated ones.

Optimization of Sprout Seed Abrasion Method for Efficient Inoculation of Leaf Crinkle Disease in Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Background: Urdbean leaf crinkle is one of the serious diseases of urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) which is caused by an ungrouped virus called Urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV). The disease is highly seed transmissible under natural conditions and in experimental conditions it is mechanically transmitted through sap inoculation. Methods: The aim of this study was to standardize the protocol for sap inoculation by sprout seed abrasive method by comparing the effects of different inoculation methods, such as pin prick and without pin prick, with 0.05M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) supplemented with additives and abrasives and to further validate the standardized protocol upon different urdbean genotypes. Result: This is the first effort on the optimization of protocol in which, pin pricking as inoculation method with potassium phosphate buffer (0.05M, pH 7.0) supplemented with 0.15% sodium sulfite+0.01M 2-Mercaptoethanol and 1% celite+2% carborundum showed 100% transmissibility foremost at 2nd trifoliate stage and further validation with various urdbean genotype resulted in percent transmission ranging from 92 to 100% which evinces the efficacy and repeatability of the methodology.

Detection of Resistance against Leaf Spot, Yellow Mosaic and Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Viruses in Mash Bean (Vigna mungo)

Among foliar diseases Leaf spot, yellow mosaic virus (YMV) and Urd bean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) are destructive diseases of mash bean (Vigna mungo) in Pakistan. Incorporation of resistance against biotic stress in plants is traditional strategy of crop improvement through breeding. Effective breeding for biotic stresses entails readily accessible resistant germplasm. 67 genotypes were evaluated for multi disease resistance was tested for two consecutive years (2019 and 2020) at Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal. Experiment was repeated with an idea to decrease the effect of environment and those material was selected which performed same in both years. Out of 67 genotypes 12 were resistant against leaf spot infection and 19 genotypes were found highly resistant against yellow mosaic virus during both years. In case of ULCV disease did not appear during 2020. However, 19 genotypes showed resistance against ULCV during first year of experiment. Two genotypes namely 3CM-703 and 4CM-720 exhibited resistance response to all foliar diseases under study. Three genotypes viz. 4CM-716, 4CM-720, 5CM-708 demonstrated resistance against YMV as well as leaf spot. 4CM716, 4CM720, 5CM708, 7CM701, 7CM702, 7CM704, 7CM705, 7CM706 expressed resistance against leaf spot and ULCV simultaneously. The data generated is useful for improvement of mash bean through breeding.

Biochemical Impact Inflicted by Aphid Induced Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Disease (ULCD) Infection on Different Blackgram Genotypes

Aims: To investigate the variations in total protein content and anti-oxidative enzymes in blackgram genotypes showing various levels of resistance against aphid-mediated Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD).
 Study Design: Completely Randomized Design.
 Place and Duration of Study: The studies were carried out at the Insectary belonging to the Department of Agricultural Entomology and the Centre of Innovation at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India in January 2021.
 Methodology: The research was conducted on seven blackgram genotypes exhibiting different levels of resistance to ULCD. A pot culture study was established and the test plants were subjected for inoculation of urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) via feeding by 10 viruliferous Aphis craccivora adults/plant. The alterations in the total protein content, superdioxide mutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (PO) activity was estimated using spectrophotometric methods in comparison to healthy genotypes on 0, 15 and 30 days after inoculation (DAI).
 Results: No discernible increase in the levels of protein content was seen in either of ULCV inoculated or un-inoculated genotypes on the day of the inoculation. At post inoculation, leaf protein content of ULCV highly susceptible genotypes (VBN 8 and T9) was only marginally higher than that of resistant genotypes (CO 5 and CO 6), whereas in moderately resistant genotype (APK 1) it had only slightly increased. The SOD activity showed only a non-significant drop between inoculated versus un-inoculated plant leaves in highly susceptible VBN 8 and T9 genotypes. At 15 and 30 days post inoculation, a significantly less SOD activity was observed, but PO inversely increased compared to the latter under ULCV inoculated versus un-inoculated conditions in ULCV resistant CO 5 and CO 6 genotypes. While the susceptible ADT 5 and ADT 6 and highly susceptible VBN 8 and T9 genotypes did not show any significant increase in PO levels between inoculated versus un-inoculated conditions. Interestingly, ULCV inoculation considerably decreased the reduced CAT activity both in resistant and susceptible genotypes, when compared to the un-inoculated healthy ones.
 Conclusion: Fluctuations in the levels of antioxidant enzymes as well as the total protein content was significant only at 15 Days post inoculation. The ULCV infection tends to increase the total protein content in inoculated plants compared to un-inoculated plants. The aphid transmission of ULCV infection in different blackgram genotypes inflicted considerable increase in PO while decrease in SOD and CAT activities in resistant CO 5 and CO 6 genotypes.

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN LEAVES OF RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE URDBEAN GENOTYPES INFECTED WITH URDBEAN LEAF CRINKLE VIRUS (ULCV)

Urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) is a widespread and most destructive virus that causes leaf crinkle disease in black gram. Virus infection causes alteration in physiological and biochemical processes within the plant. In present study, effect of viral infection was investigated on chlorophyll content, total soluble sugar, total protein, phenolic contents, sodium dismutase (SOD) and nitrate reductase activities in the leaves of susceptible and resistant genotypes of urdbean at 30 days after virus inoculation. Disease symptoms were mild (6.7% to 10%) in resistant genotypes and severe (36% to 43%) in susceptible genotypes. ULCV infection resulted in a significant decrease in chlorophyll content in infected plants of all genotypes over control plants; however, magnitude of reduction was more in susceptible genotypes (41%) as compared to the resistant genotypes (14.35%). The total sugar and protein contents were significantly higher in the inoculated susceptible (210.26 % and 68.67%, respectively) as compared to the resistant genotypes (183.87% and 25.89%, respectively). Also, the total phenolic content was significantly higher in inoculated resistant genotypes (83.91%) over the susceptible genotypes (25.89%). There was significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in resistant genotypes as compared to susceptible inoculated genotypes. Similarly, a reduction in nitrate reductase activity was more in inoculated plants of resistant genotypes. Our results indicate that post-infection significant increases in total sugars and proteins in susceptible genotypes and phenols in resistant genotypes may have a role in disease resistance and development. Changes in enzymatic activities in resistant and susceptible genotypes might also have some role in resistance against ULCV.

EVALUATION OF MASH (Vigna mungo (L.) HEPPER) LINES/ GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE/ TOLERANCE TO URDBEAN LEAF CRINKLE VIRUS (ULCV) AND MUNGBEAN YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS (MYMV) USING CLUSTER ANALYSIS

A field experiment comprising of 40 mash bean genotypes were conducted to screen the germplasm for Mung bean yellow mosaic virus and urdbean leaf crinkle virus. The genotypes were also evaluated for chlorophyll contents. The experiment was laid out using randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance was done to find out differences among the genotypes for MYMV and ULCV and chlorophyll contents. Significant variation was found for both diseases and chlorophyll contents. Cluster analysis revealed that cluster 3 genotypes with lower ULCV and lowest MYMV disease. The genotype 20M011 showed no symptoms of the MYMV disease followed by 21M001, 21M009, 62027, M-97, 20M004, 19M008 which exhibited disease incidence of 1%. Regarding studies of ULCV disease in same genotypes it was revealed that minimum infestation was found in genotype 20M003 4.0% followed by 19 M010, 16M004, 17 M011, 20M003, 20M012, 21M002, 21M004, 21M005, 21M006 with a value of 8.0%. The genotypes with higher tolerance may be exploited in breeding programmes aimed at the development of varieties having higher disease tolerance.

EVALUATION OF MUNGBEAN ADVANCE LINES/VARIETIES AGAINST TWO MAJOR DISEASES OF MYMV & ULCV

Among pulses, Mungbean is an important pulse crop in the world. It contains huge amount of protein and have high nutritional value. The most important viral diseases of Mungbean are the Mungbean yellow mosaic and urdbean leaf crinkle viruses. Yield and quality of seed is affected by these two diseases. The screening studies were completed in research area of Plant Pathology Research Institute, Faisalabad during 2020-2021. Thirteen Mungbean lines/varieties were tested against both diseases. A check Mungbean Kabuli was sown after every two test entries. In case of yellow mosaic virus 02 lines (TM1601 &TM1742) were found highly resistant, 04 lines (TM1608, TM1609,TM1714 &TM1723) showed the moderately resistant type of reaction, 04 lines (TM1730, TM1745, TM1748&TM1751) were found moderately susceptible ,02 were susceptible(TM1717 & TM1722) and Mungbean were found highly susceptible. The level of resistance was 10.52% while of moderately resistance was 21.05%. In case of urdbean leaf crinkle virus 02 lines (TM1609& TM1748) were found resistant, 06 lines (TM1608, TM1722, TM1723,TM1730, TM1742 & TM1745) exhibited moderately resistant, 04 lines (TM1601, TM1717, TM1723 &TM1730) showed moderately susceptible, 02 lines ( TM1714 & TM1751) were found susceptible and Mungbean responded highly susceptible type of reaction. The level of resistance was 10.52 while moderately resistant was also 31.57 %.

Prevalence and transmission of leaf crinkle disease infecting urdbean in Tamil Nadu

Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) caused by an ungrouped virus is a destructive and serious disease of urdbean(Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Urdbean is commonly infected by leaf crinkle disease and is distinguished by the symptoms of extreme crinkling, curling, puckering, rugosity of leaves, stunting of plants and malformation of floral organs. An intensive survey was conductedduring the year of2018-2019 in major blackgram growing districts of Tamil Nadu viz., Pudukkottai, Tiruchirappalli,Villupuram, Tenkasiand Coimbatore. The highest disease incidence was recorded in Pudukkottai (24.95%) and lowest incidence was recorded in Coimbatore (17.89%).The transmission of ULCD by seed sprout abrasion and sap inoculation methods was 70.59% and 63.30% respectively. The transmission of ULCD by infected seeds was ranging from 71.89 to 83.62%.

Screening for urdbean leaf crinkle disease at field condition in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Screening for urdbean leaf crinkle disease at field condition in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

​Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Disease- Assessment of Seed Transmissibility and Its Effect on Yield and Seed Quality in Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Background: Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) is one of the most devastating biotic stress factors which is responsible for drastic yield loss in urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. The etiology of ULCD is still unknown and there are conflicting reports on its transmission through seed, insect vectors, grafting and infected sap. Methods: Per cent seed transmission of ULCD had been studied during kharif, rabi and summer during the year 2019-2020 under natural and insect proof conditions. The effect on yield and seed quality parameters due to ULCD infection was studied. Urdbean cultivar VBN 8 was used in the present study. Result: The per cent seed transmission of ULCD was recorded ranging from 52.88 to 71.64% under natural conditions. In the insect proof glasshouse condition, the seed transmission was 83.62%. All the yield and seed quality parameters were adversely affected upon ULCD infection. The reduction in yield was recorded as 64.36% over the uninfected healthy plants. In ULCD infected seeds, the germination was reduced (84%) as compared to healthy seeds (92%).

High yielding multiple blooming and leaf crinckle virus resistant greengram variety:VBN 4

Green gram variety VBN 4 is derived from PDM 139 x BB 2664. The average yield of VBN 4 is 1024kg/ha . It is 16.8 and 21.3 per cent yield increase over VBN (Gg) 3 and CO 8, respectively. It matures in 65 – 70 days. It recorded seed yield of 1251kg/ha under irrigated condition. It is 27.5 and 31.2 per cent increase over VBN (Gg)3 and CO 8, respectively. In rainfed condition, this variety recorded seed yield of 936kg/ha. It is 12.0 and 15.7 per cent increase over VBN (Gg) 3 and CO 8, respectively. Special traits of this variety are multi bloom, non-shattering type, moderate resistance to Mung bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and powdery mildew diseases and resistance to urd bean leaf crinkle virus disease. It is suitable for cultivation in Adi, Puratasi, Markazhi/Thai and chithirai pattam in Tamil Nadu. Key wordsGreen gram, VBN 4, seed yield, multi bloom.  

Inheritance of Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus Disease in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Background: Blackgram or Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is an important food legume crop of Indian sub-continent. Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus (ULCV) disease is an emerging major yield limiting factor. The yield loss due to ULCV disease ranges from 62 - 100%. So far, no information is available on the genetics of this disease. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the nature of inheritance of ULCV disease in blackgram. Methods: The present investigation was conducted at the National Pulses Research Center, Vamban, Tamil Nadu, India. Seven crosses were made between ULCV susceptible [VBN (Bg] 4, VBN 6 and VBN 8) and resistant (Mash 114, Mash 1008 and VBG 11053) genotypes during Nov-Dec 2016 season. All F2 populations were artificially screened during July-Aug, 2017 for their resistance against ULCV disease through sap transmission technique. Individual plants in F2 generation were scored as resistant and susceptible based on the symptom appearance. Disease reaction was recorded on 60 days after sap transmission. Ratio for ULCV disease (resistance: susceptible) in the segregating population was tested through Chi-square test. Result: Among crosses viz., VBN 6 x Mash 114, VBN 6 x Mash 1008, VBN 8 x Mash 114, VBN 8 x Mash 1008 and VBN 8 x VBG 11053 had digeneic inhibitory gene action (13R:3S). The cross VBN (Bg) 4 x Mash 1008 had trigeneic inhibitory gene action (49R:15S). The cross VBN (Bg) 4 x Mash 114 did not fit into any genetic ratio. Differences in number of genes involved for ULCV might be due to the presence of similar allelic pattern for a gene among male and female parents. Gene symbols were assigned for six genotypes viz., S1S1S2S2ii [VBN (Bg) 4], S1S1s2s2ii (VBN 6 and VBN 8) and s1s1s2s2ii (Mash 114, Mash 1008 and VBG 11053). Hence, delayed selection in recombination breeding was suggested to enhance the ULCV disease resistance in black gram.

Field screening of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes for resistance against Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus

In the current study one hundred and seven greengram genotypes screened at Department of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore using AICRP pest susceptibility scale. It was observed that RME-16-3, RME-16-12, MLT-GG R-16-007, MLT-GG R-16-009, COGG 1319 (rabi-greengram) were highly resistant (HR) to Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus (ULCV). None of the greengram genotype is highly resistant in kharif season. Resistance in each case were associated with lower incidence, lower spread and milder symptoms relative to the susceptible cultivars. KEM 16-1, KEM 16-8, KEM 16-20, KME -33, MLT- GG K-16-01, MLT- GG K-16-05 (kharif-greengram) and RME-16-10, MLT-GG R-16-008 (rabi-greengram) were highly susceptible (HS). In susceptible cultivars of greengram, the disease is characterized by enlargement of trifoliate leaves and crinkling of the leaf lamina. However, severity of the symptoms varies in different cultivars. Early infected greengram plants showed complete sterility. The affected plants become stunted and gave a bushy appearance and no pods were formed in severely affected plants. Better understanding of resistance of genotypes will help in improvement of varieties resistant to viral diseases will certainly brighten the prospects of plant virus control in the coming decades.

Prospects of Mungbean as an Additional Crop in Rice Wheat System of Punjab Pakistan

Mungbean is a beneficial as well as crucial pulse crop which has high economical and commercial values widely grown in Asia. It is cheap source of dietary protein, iron and minerals. It belongs to family Leguminosae and is valuable grain legume which comprises major portion of proteins, minerals, vitamins and essential amino acid. In Pakistan it ranks second in Pulses production after Chickpea. Mungbean suffers from several diseases due lack of good cultural practices and insight about the genome of this crop. These diseases caused by fungus, bacterium and viruses. Major diseases including Yellow Mosaic disease (YMD), Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD), Cercospora leaf spot disease (CLSD) and were caused by yellow mosaic virus, Cercospora canesens and Urdbean leaf crinkle virus respectively. Annually, 40-80% grain yield losses were caused due to these diseases. To overcome these threats scientists/researchers are using approaches to develop resistant and high yielding Mungbean genotypes/cultivars. The area under Mungbean cultivation is decreasing day by day because most of varieties were matured at 100 to 120 days which were not suitable in our cropping pattern. There is a dire need to develop those varieties having high yield, resistant to diseases and insect pest, early and synchronize maturity (60-80 days).