Social-economic-natural complex ecosystem (SENCE) theory and its application: Historical contributions and future prospects.

Urban green spaces are recognized as essential elements of cities. They offer multiple benefits, including mitigating the urban heat island effect and its negative impact on public health. They also present opportunities for people to interact, recreate, and connect with nature. Rapid urbanization leads to a significant transformation of green spaces to impervious surfaces and urban infrastructures. A large number of cities throughout the world have experienced “urban heat island” (UHI) effects. UHI are characterized by a temperature difference between urban and rural regions. Urban green spaces can contribute to a broad range of ecosystem services, among which temperature mitigation is regarded as an important ecosystem regulating service. Understanding the influences of green space dynamics on the temperature variability is therefore of great interest for mitigating the UHI effect in cities. The UHI effect can be assessed by measuring surface air temperature and land surface temperature in the system. This study investigated green space dynamics and land surface temperature in the Vijayawada City, Andhra Pradesh, India. This research study addresses the pressing concern of environmental stress and green infrastructure (GI) deficiency, a rapidly urbanizing Tier-II study city. The central empirical concern is to assess spatial patterns of ecological degradation by integrating satellite-derived indices viz., Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Urban Heat Island (UHI), Air Quality Index (AQI), and City Biodiversity Index (CBI). These indicators are employed to diagnose areas with inadequate green cover, extreme thermal exposure, and air quality, which often overlap with low-income and high-density urban zones. The researchers have made systematic analysis and employed geospatial approach using multi-temporal Landsat imagery for quantification of NDVI and LST for the study region. UHI is computed by comparing urban LST with rural baselines. The biodiversity metrics are assessed using the Singapore Index Framework. Spatial overlays, zonal statistics, and descriptive ward-level synthesis are applied to integrate these indicators within ArcGIS 10.8. version. The result reveals 79% decrease in average NDVI during 1990 to 2024, with built-up areas increasing from 37% to more than 60%. LST values surpass 30°C in multiple wards, and UHI intensities reach up to 9°C, in thermally stressed zones like, Wards 2, 8, and 54. AQI values consistently exceed the permissible PM₂.₅ limit, especially in industrial and commercial corridors. Biodiversity analysis yields a critically low CBI score of 32/92, reflecting habitat fragmentation and weak urban ecology governance in the system. These findings highlight the zones with cumulative environmental burdens, particularly in low-income wards, which are lacking access to GI. Based on the results, the study evolves a Green Infrastructural Planning Framework and to recommend strategies/guidelines for mitigation of Environmental Stress. Finally, the study concludes that spatially disaggregated, multi-indicator diagnostics are vital for prioritizing GI interventions in the system. The proposed framework can guide municipal administrators, urban planners, policy makers in allocating green resources equitably in cities might provide greater benefits for climate mitigation.

Abstract Increasing urbanisation challenges biodiversity conservation, especially for wildlife adapting to fragmenting habitats. Carnivores are particularly affected, due to their large spatial needs and low densities. Solitary felids are particularly cryptic and detecting them is challenging; traditional methods often face financial and logistical constraints necessitating alternative approaches for species monitoring. Participatory science (PS) may offer a cost-effective, scalable solution; however, spatial bias, non-representative observations, and observer expertise remain concerns. This study assessed PS data reliability and applicability for modelling caracal ( Caracal caracal ) habitat selection within the rapidly urbanising Cape Peninsula of Cape Town, South Africa. We compared location data from PS ( n = 897) and GPS collars ( n = 14,253) using a framework to conduct a systematic assessment of spatial and temporal coverage, aptness, and application of the datasets. Resource selection functions for both datasets were evaluated for directionality, significance, and standard error to compare output similarity. Results showed general agreement between models for key habitat variables (e.g., distance to urban edge, roads, and vegetation greenness), suggesting that PS in cities is a useful complementary method to provide valuable longer-term ecological insights into habitat use by adaptable urban wildlife. While GPS telemetry captured finer-scale movement in our study system, PS data offered broader temporal and sufficient spatial coverage. Our assessment highlights both strengths and limitations of crowdsourced occurrence data, emphasising PS’s potential in urban carnivore ecology research when data limitations are carefully considered.

Abstract Urban political ecology has developed as a critique of capitalist urbanization. This article develops the concept of alter‐urban political ecology to define urban environments emerging not from capitalist urbanization but from efforts to transform it. Drawing on archival research and ethnographic fieldwork in five urban farms in socialist Cuba, I argue that a Marxist critique of colonial capitalism matters less as an analytical tool and more as a reference point within Cuban politics for understanding urban–rural restructuring since the 1960s. The article brings debates on socialist cities into conversation with urban political ecology to analyse two moments of radical transformation: first, the Cordón de La Habana—a project that in 1968 mobilized Havana's urban workforce in periurban agriculture to disrupt the uneven development of colonial capitalism. Second, the practices of ‘organopónico’ urban farmers in Pinar del Río, who in 2013 navigated a political economy blending socialized land ownership, state planning, market sales and moral incentives. These experiences of urban and periurban agriculture demonstrate how urban–rural relations have been reimagined and transformed within Cuban socialism, offering new directions for urban political ecology beyond its capitalist foundations.

Urban forests serve as representations of nature within city landscapes. Green Forest, spanning 5,198,412 square meters, has been incorporated into the Municipality of Timișoara's public domain and designated as a forest park. This fact increased green space per capita and enriched biodiversity within Timișoara's landscape architecture. This study explores the diversity of Green Forest trees and highlights their contribution to the urban landscape. Statistical methods, including comparative and linear relationships analyses, were employed to assess significant variations in the dendrometric parameters of the analyzed tree species: mean tree height, mean trunk diameter at breast height (DBH), tree age, and stand density. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were applied to uncover underlying patterns in the data. Using ArchiCAD and Lumion, high-quality 3D visual representations were developed for an ecological education area, an active recreation region, and a passive recreation area within Green Forest. Due to their morphological characteristics and phenotypic traits, the predominant tree species include Quercus robur, Quercus cerris, Quercus rubra, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus campestris, and Robinia pseudoacacia, which contribute to Timișoara's urban aesthetic. Moreover, the results of the dendrometric analysis provide a foundation for further research in urban ecology. A key practical application of this study is landscape design renderings, which provide detailed and realistic visualizations to effectively communicate the design and functionality of Green Forest's spaces. If implemented, these developments will encourage public engagement with nature, promoting mental and physical well-being within the community.

Anthropogenic changes alter host–parasite dynamics, but the way urbanization influences these relationships remains understudied, despite the diversity in species and transmission modes. We investigated infection of the solitary wasp Isodontia mexicana Saussure, 1867 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) by the twisted-wing insect Eupathocera auripedis Pierce, 1911 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), a rarely documented obligate endoparasite, over a three-year period. We recorded 40 stylopized I. mexicana individuals out of 321 wasps examined, totaling 69 individual E. auripedis, including six found embedded in a single host. Female wasps were larger than males and showed no change in body size with stylopization, whereas stylopized males were significantly smaller than their non-stylopized counterparts. We observed density dependence between host and parasite: wasp abundance, stylopization rates, and the number of strepsipterans per host were all positively correlated. All variables declined significantly along a gradient from low to high urbanization, with tree cover the most important determinant for nesting habitat quality. Although open green space was not directly associated with host or parasite variables, it remains important for I. mexicana, which depends on these areas for tree crickets (Oecanthus spp.) to provision offspring and nectar from asters and mints. Thus, while nesting may be more dependent on forested areas, these highly mobile wasps likely rely on open green spaces for foraging which may serve as interception points for parasites. Further research is needed to better understand the influence of land cover on host–parasite interactions. Our findings highlight the utility of trap nests for improving the study of cryptic interactions, the use of stylopization as a bioindicator, and new insights into urban strepsipteran ecology.

This article analyses the 2019 dredging operations conducted as part of the Mombasa Port Development Program (MPDP) and focuses on the political-ecological conflicts generated by this flagship project of Kenya's Vision 2030 . Adopted in cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the MPDP aims to adapt to rapidly evolving global logistics standards and reinforce Mombasa Port's position as a leading regional logistics hub. The article highlights how the extraction of offshore sand along the southern coast of Mombasa for land reclamation has generated important ecological uncertainties around dredging's impacts on coastal ecosystems and local livelihoods. It demonstrates how these uncertainties became eminently political as they were reframed through dominant planning paradigms, leading to eventual contestations by marginalized and peripheral actors in Mombasa when expert narratives revealed their limits and biases. I highlight how, fundamentally, this process crystallized an epistemic rift between different actors and social groups with variegated socio-spatial trajectories and uneven political-economic power, resulting in conflicting representations of coastal environments. The article emphasizes two main conflicting representations of coastal landscapes that underpin this rift: one favored by powerful domestic and foreign actors who frame coastal areas as exploitable spaces of logistics circulation and the other emerging from peripheral and marginalized communities in the city who perceive coastal areas as endangered spaces of preservation . Empirically, these translate into three interrelated areas of contestation that culminated in legal disputes surrounding the impacts of dredging: knowledge controversies resulting from the questioning of dominant expertise on the impacts of dredging, rent and economic distribution conflicts around uses of coastal environments, and conflicting visions of coastal development.

Abstract Urbanization can modify species interactions, including those between parasites and their hosts. In birds, urbanization can either increase or decrease avian malaria (haemosporidian) infection, depending on host species, parasite, or study location. However, temporal coordination between parasites and hosts, which may impact infection outcomes, has not been studied in urban ecology. To fill this gap, we collected blood samples from wild blue tit nestlings ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) in urban and forest habitats to examine how their hatch dates affected the prevalence and intensity of haemosporidian infection. To separate parasites and quantify parasite load, we newly developed a species‐specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. We found that Leucocytozoon prevalence was driven by nestling hatch date: nestlings that hatched earlier in the spring had a lower probability of being infected, independent of habitat type. In the few heavily infected nestlings, intensity of infection was associated with low body mass, suggesting fitness risks of infection. These results highlight the importance of breeding early to avoid early‐life infection with malaria parasites. Underappreciated phenological effects may underpin other ecological impacts of urbanization.

The Urban Biotic Homogenization (UBH) hypothesis predicts that urban areas are ecologically homogenous at both intra- and inter-city scales. This hypothesis has played a central role in the field of urban ecology over the past two decades. However, the body of literature testing this hypothesis shows mixed results, with only half of studies finding support for UBH. Here we argue that the UBH hypothesis has been overstated in magnitude and scope. While UBH does occur in certain scenarios, metacommunity theory suggests that in many scenarios, biotic heterogeneity should arise. Furthermore, unique social-ecological processes can create or maintain biotic heterogeneity at the local patch to landscape scales. Urban biotic homogenization versus diversification may be scale-dependent, though this is largely overlooked in research. Thus, we argue that biotic heterogeneity as a phenomenon may explain a majority of urban biodiversity's species diversity and distribution. We present three core tenets of urban ecosystems, which we argue facilitate biotic heterogeneity rather than homogeneity: metacommunity dynamics, human dimensions of management and variation in urban typologies within and across cities. We present examples from the literature and a series of novel research questions that can catalyse investigations into the relationships between urbanisation and biotic heterogeneity, and what applications can come from such research.

From the Ganga to Aarey: Judicial Activism and Urban Ecology in Environmental PILs

Urban microforests, inspired by the Miyawaki method, exemplify the contemporary shift toward ecological urbanism—an approach that conceives the city as a living ecosystem where environmental and social processes coevolve. Within this framework, the Roman “green archipelago” of microforests, from the San Lorenzo pilot project to the 15 Microforests for the 15-Minute City initiative, offers a significant laboratory for examining how small-scale green infrastructures can mediate between ecological restoration, pedagogy, and civic engagement. The study adopts four analytical lenses—ecology, pedagogy, civic engagement, and conviviality—to interpret the microforest as a regenerative infrastructure that reconfigures urban space through proximity, participation, and care. These dimensions reflect the idea of conviviality as elaborated by Illich (1973): a condition of shared agency and mutual responsibility between people and their environment. Findings from the Roman case studies reveal both the transformative potential and fragility of microforests—their success depending on sustained educational activation, cultural programming, and institutional cooperation. Building on these insights, the ongoing Third Mission initiative MiCS—Microforests Cultural Hub Sapienza: A Bridge Between Ecology and Community reframes the microforest as a civic infrastructure and living laboratory, where schools, universities, and local communities co-produce ecological and cultural value. Ultimately, the paper argues that microforests embody a new form of regenerative small-scale urbanism, capable of cultivating environmental literacy, collective stewardship, and convivial urban life within the broader trajectory of ecological transition.

Classical population growth models predominantly rely on instantaneous reproduction and density-dependent regulation, often failing to explain why populations remain seemingly stable for extended periods before undergoing rapid and unexpected expansion. This study introduces the Delay-Based Theory of Pigeon Population Growth (DBTPPG) as a new, mechanism-driven population growth theory that places reproductive delay at the centre of population dynamics. Grounded in avian life-history biology, discrete-time delay difference mathematics, econometric lag structures, and statistical systems analysis, DBTPPG demonstrates that nonlinear and potentially explosive population growth can emerge even under constant fertility and zero mortality, purely through the accumulation of reproductively mature cohorts over time. The theory is formalised using a deterministic delay difference equation representing a six-month maturation period, and its implications are examined through month-wise simulation, sensitivity analysis, and structural extensions incorporating mortality, carrying capacity, and stochastic shocks. Results reveal a distinct phase structure—latency, acceleration, and explosion—highlighting why short-term observations and delayed policy interventions systematically underestimate long-term growth potential. Econometric interpretation further shows that population control is subject to inertia analogous to lagged accumulation processes in dynamic economic systems. While developed using pigeons as an empirical reference, DBTPPG is shown to be generalizable to a wide class of biological and socio-economic systems characterised by maturation delay and continuous output. By elevating delay from a secondary modifier to a primary causal driver, this study advances population theory and offers critical insights for urban ecology, public health planning, and proactive population governance. Keywords: Delay-based population theory; Pigeon population dynamics; Delay difference equations; Urban ecology; Lagged accumulation; Nonlinear growth dynamics

Background:Understanding mosquito larval ecology is essential for planning and implementations of vector control strategies. The biotic and abiotic factors affect larval occurrence , density, survival and morphogenesis of mosquitoes. Artificial containers are very suitable larval habitats for some species of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes in urban and peri-urban settings. Therefore, this study we identified, mapped and characterized larval habitats, estimated larval density and indices larval habitats. In addition, we determined the species composition of Anopheles mosquitoes and species evenness in urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Dire Dawa city adminstrationMethods:Larval habitats were surveyed and identified monthly for a period of 16 months from February 2023 to December 2024 in urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Dire Dawa. Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected and those larvae identified as Anopheles were fed on fish-food. Emerged adults were provided with 10% sucrose solution and kept under standard conditions in field insectary. Females Anopheles was identified morphologically and further species-specific PCR assay was employed to identify members of An.gambiae s.l. In addition, real time PCRassay was performed to identify An.stephensi and An.arabiensis. Water samples were taken from the larval habitats and the physico-chemical parameters were measured using HANNA Multi-parameter (H198194). Larval habitat diversity, larval abundance and distribution were assessed across the three ecological settings (urban, peri-urban and rural).Results:A total of 23, 526 larvae and 1,808 pupae of Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from 909 man-made(uncovered cemented cisterns (Brick), plastic sheets, steel drums, Tire tracks, Canal ditch, plastic tanker/Barrel) and natural habitats (River edges, ponds, animal hoof prints and swaps) in urban, peri-urban areas of Dire Dawa. The highest mean larval density (51 larvae per dip) of Anopheles mosquitoes was recorded from peri-urban sites in uncovered water tanker (brick) followed by urban site in brick (46 larvae per dip). Anopheles larvae were not found in steel drum and plastic barrels in rural sites.A total of 2,934 adult Anopheles mosquitoes were emerged from immatures collected from all sites, of which 75% (2194/2934) were An. stephensi, and 22 % (636 / 2934) were An.arabiensis. The remaining 3.0% were An. pharoensis, An. coustani, An .amharicus, and An. pretoriensis. Anopheles stephensi, An. arabiensis and An. amharicus shared the same habitats across the three ecologies. Larval density was positively correlated with availability of brick making, proximity to houses, urban setting, presence of competitors /predators, vegetation cover, shade cover and substrate type. But larval presence was not correlated with presence/absence of intervention. Larva/pupa presence were positively correlated with pH (r=0.264, p=0.01) and water pressure (r=0.21, p<0.05).There was positive correlation among temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) and negative correlation among temperature with resistivity, pH with mvPH. Larval presence was positively correlated with water salinity and pH.Conclusion:Anopheles stephensi was the predominant species found in the study area, followed by An.arabiensis, An.amharicu, An.pharoensis, An.coustani and An.pretoriensis. Uncovered water tankers (Bricks) were the most prolific artificial habitats in urban and peri-urban sites followed by plastic sheets while natural habitats such as hoof prints and river basins were the most efficient habitat types in rural and urban settings, respectively. Anopheles stephensi was found in natural habitats of Butuji and legehare rivers from urban site, and in rural sites from man-made habitat of plastic sheet.Anopheles amharicus larvae was found in plastic sheet, an artificial habitat common in urban, peri-urban and rural areas.We report here the occurrence of An.stephensi in rural areas, breeding in natural habitats, and co-existing with An. gambiae s.l complex.Availability of brick making, shorter distance from living houses being in urban ecology were directly correlated with larval density. Habitat abundance and positivity of uncovered water tankers (cemented cisterns or bricks) in urban and pre-urban sites could indicate for feasibility and proper implementation of larval source management.

ABSTRACT Despite the close connection between urbanization and the ecology of rivers, the co‐constitution of rivers and urban space remains undertheorized. This advanced review asks how scholars across social science and humanities disciplines have understood the relationships between rivers and the cities they make possible. This review is aimed toward advancing an urban river research agenda that centers the mutual production of the urban nature space of rivers and the socially uneven geographies of the modern city. To this end, I draw from the literatures of environmental history, urban history, urban political ecology, and postcolonial studies. Urban and environmental history provide historical accounts of the role of rivers in the urbanization process. Urban political ecology usefully theorizes nature‐society relations as a dialectic wherein the metabolization of nature produces historically contingent forms of urban socio‐nature, always already imbued with asymmetrical power relations. More recent urban political ecology writing has incorporated insights from scholars of racial capitalism and settler colonialism, broadening the field for a deeper engagement with the role of social difference in the production of uneven urban natures. A postcolonial reading of the concept of the river‐as‐line highlights the continued imposition of colonial epistemologies upon both human and non‐human worlds. An engagement with Indigenous scholarship further troubles the epistemological basis for modern forms of social and environmental inquiry. An effective urban river research agenda will incorporate the insights of these literatures and center the historical, geographical, and social processes that constitute the urban river as both a material and discursive object. This article is categorized under: Human Water &gt; Water as Imagined and Represented Human Water &gt; Value of Water Engineering Water &gt; Planning Water

Abstract Urban agriculture in densely populated areas is significantly constrained by space, leading to interest in vertical farming solutions like hydroponics. This study evaluates hydroponics’ viability in Cape Town's low‐income urban areas as a useful supplement to most research, which focuses on cities in the Global North. Using surveys and interviews, the article assesses whether farmers believe hydroponics can address challenges, such as water scarcity and limited space. The findings highlight several perceived benefits, including improved yields, water conservation, and efficient land use allvaluable features in Cape Town's urban environment. Significant challenges remain, notably the high setup costs and limited government support. This study draws on urban political ecology to explore how broader systemic inequalities influence the adoption of hydroponics. Financial and institutional barriers are rooted in historically produced conditions of inequality, reflecting ongoing capitalist dynamics of urban development. While hydroponics has potential as a sustainable alternative, its high costs hinder broader applicability, particularly in low‐income areas with unequal resource distribution. Therefore, hydroponics is not yet considered a viable large‐scale alternative for addressing food security in such contexts. For hydroponics to meaningfully contribute to urban food security and sustainable agriculture in Cape Town's low‐income communities, supporting actors must address systemic issues around financial feasibility and local expertise.

Under the sharply continental climate of Astana, the selection of resilient ornamental shrub species is especially important for establishing durable and sustainable urban green infrastructure. The aim of this study was to assess the survival and adaptation characteristics of ornamental flowering shrubs in urbanized areas of the capital of Kazakhstan. The analysis was carried out on several experimental plots that differed in agrochemical soil properties, including nutrient availability, humus content, and acidity. The results showed an average plant loss rate of 28.6%. Glossy cotoneaster (Cotoneaster lucidus) demonstrated thаe highest resilience, with losses below 1%, while common ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) exhibited moderate tolerance, with losses ranging from 15% to 25%. Panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata) was identified as the least adapted species, with mortality reaching 24.4%. Plant survival was strongly influenced by soil potassium and phosphorus levels, organic matter content, and pH balance. Based on these findings, it is recommended to prioritize glossy cotoneaster and common ninebark for urban landscaping projects in Astana, whereas panicle hydrangea should be used only in areas with favorable agrochemical conditions. Future research should focus on identifying and testing new drought- and cold-tolerant cultivars to further enhance the sustainability of Astana’s urban green spaces. Keywords: ornamental shrubs; urban ecology; Astana; plant adaptation; landscaping.

The research aims to identify the impact of urbanization and technological change on the socio-cultural structure of the city. The applied methodology was based on two data sources: 1) interviews with 18 specialists from six fields; 2) a survey of 250 residents using the PREQ scale (“Perception of Residential Environment Quality”). Experts invited to participate in the research represented diverse spheres: urban planning, architecture, information technology, sociology, economics, and ecology (n = 18). The findings confirmed that technological changes in the city of Astana (Kazakhstan) contribute to its harmonious development. Experts in urban planning, architecture, and information technology noted positive changes in urban infrastructure, visual appearance, and digital services. The results confirm that the working-age population and more vulnerable groups have different evaluations of urban environmental aspects, emphasizing the need to consider multiple perspectives in urban planning and management. The research findings are crucial for informed urban planning and the development of more inclusive and equitable urban strategies.

ABSTRACT This paper introduces and develops the concept of infrastructural contact zones to analyse how cross-class, socio-material interactions shape urban environmental governance. Urban infrastructures materialise global efforts to live within ecological limits. Yet dominant theoretical approaches often obscure their relational and political dimensions. Using the case of DIY-infrastructures in Bengaluru, India, I theorise materially-mediated forms of collective action that emerge within infrastructure. Drawing from relational poverty studies and situated urban political ecology, I analyse how waste infrastructures become arenas for negotiation between middle-class environmentalists and informal waste workers. Empirically, the paper examines a decade-long struggle over decentralised recycling infrastructure in Bengaluru. Amid municipal failures and a mounting waste crisis, middle-class environmentalists and waste picker organisations co-produced informal infrastructures, revealing the interdependence of sustainability initiatives and precarious labour. By examining how socio-technical networks shape political subjectivities and ecological politics, the concept of ‘infrastructural contact zones’ rethinks urban prefiguration as a socio-material process operating in and through hierarchical social relations.

Green open space is decreasing along with urban development. Development in urban areas has an impact on reducing green land which is important for urban resilience. In Jakarta, the reduction in water-absorbing surfaces has exacerbated environmental problems such as flooding, rising temperatures and decreasing biodiversity. This study aims to evaluate the ecological performance of green open spaces, especially in private homes in the Menteng area, Jakarta, which is recognized as the first garden city in Indonesia, as a representation for understanding the role of green open spaces in advancing urban sustainability and climate resilience. The focus is on the extent of private green open space that still exists in the city area, especially Menteng. Using mixed-method spatial analysis with GIS-based mapping and field surveys of more than 85 residential lots, this study applies the Basic Green Coefficient to measure green space coverage. The results show an average coefficient of 44%, indicating substantial integration of green spaces in the built environment. These private green areas increase rainwater infiltration, reduce flooding, reduce the heat island effect, regulate microclimate, and support air purification, carbon sequestration and biodiversity. Despite developmental pressures, Menteng’s environmentally friendly infrastructure continues to provide ecological functions that are in line with sustainability goals. This study aims to offer insights into improving urban ecology through green infrastructure, specifically green open spaces, and its role in strengthening urban sustainability, livability, and public health.

Urban biodiversity, although often underestimated, plays a key role in providing vital ecosystem services such as climate regulation, air purification and others. However, anthropogenic pressures, including rapid urbanization and land use changes, exacerbate the effects of climate change, and seriously threaten these services. This bibliometric review aims to analyze research conducted between 1990 and 2024 on urban biodiversity assessment and management, ecosystem services, and the impacts of climate change. The Publish or Perish 8 (PoPe) software is used because of its information and its flexibility of use for the different analyses, which are processed with the Excel 2013 software. Out of 1,644 publications with PoPe, 345 are select after clearance and subsequently analyze. The year 2017 marks the most prolific year of publication of articles for the mixing of concepts: “biodiversity”, “ecosystem services”, “urban dynamics” and “climate change”. From 1990 to 1996, we noted a low rate of articles according to these concepts throughout the world and it was in 2019 and 2020 that scientific research gained momentum in the Asian continent (128 publications) and more precisely in China (22.33 %) and India (7.86 %). Through these publications (articles, books, conferences and others), the publisher having been cited the most is Elsevier (17,359 citations). From the sampled publications, researchers in the assessment and management of biodiversity (33.41 %), the mapping and modeling of ecosystem services (27.27 %) as well as the dynamics of land use in urban areas (21.13 %) and the impacts of climate change (18.19 %) used various methods. These different methodological approaches were chosen based on the objective and year of the research, the availability of resources and the reliability of the results. This review has a capital importance in the sense that it provides a range of information regarding urban ecology.