Uptake In Straw Research Articles

The role of organic amendments combined with nitrogen fertilizers in enhancing nitrogen use efficiency for wheat in saline calcareous soil

This study investigates the effects of combining different nitrogen fertilizers with organic amendments and Azospirillum brasilense on wheat growth, yield, and nutrient uptake in saline calcareous soil, with a goal of enhancing crop productivity while reducing environmental impacts. The objective was to evaluate treatments involving ammonium sulfate (AS), urea, and sulfur-coated urea (SCU), mixed with organic amendments such as Moringa seed residues (MSR), biogas manure (BM), and vermicompost (Ver), along with Azospirillum brasilense (ASB). Among these treatments, SCU emerged as the most effective nitrogen source, especially when combined with Vermicompost and ASB. Key results include the following: the highest Chlorophyll a content of 1.96 mg/g f wt was observed in the SCU treatment with Ver and ASB; Likewise, the same treatment exhibited the highest values of Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and proline; the tallest plant height (117.50 cm) was also achieved with this combination; and the highest straw and grain weights (2.63 g/plant and 2.22 g/plant, respectively) came from the same treatment. Additionally, this treatment yielded the highest protein content at 19.29%. In terms of nutrient uptake, SCU-based treatments consistently demonstrated the highest values. The SCU with Ver + ASB treatment recorded the highest nitrogen uptake in straw at 78.64 mg plant−1, phosphorus uptake at 12.86 mg plant−1, and potassium uptake at 61.66 mg plant−1. Similarly, this combination yielded the highest N, P, and K uptake in grains, with 68.05, 10.88, and 53.15 mg plant-1, respectively. e

Varietal Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on Yield Attributing Characters and Quality Parameters of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop

The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research FaTArm, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad (U.P.), during Rabi season of 2014-2015. The yield components like number of spikes m-2, spike length (cm), number of grain spike-1, grain weight spike-1(g), grain yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1) and nitrogen contain in grain (%), nitrogen contain in straw (%), nitrogen uptake in grain (kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake in straw, protein content in grain (%) were maximum under 160 kg N ha-1 and among the varieties over PBW-373, NW-1014 being at par with HD-2327. The main aim of trial conducted that to know the different varietal parameters of wheat crop.

Effect of Biofertilizers on Nutrient Uptake by Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under Agri-horti System in Vindhyan Region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh

A field investigation was carried out in Factorial Randomized Block Design during autumn 2018 at agricultural farm, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha, Mirzapur (RGSC), Banaras Hindu University (U.P.) to investigate the impact of fertiliser and biofertilizer on the nutrient uptake by the green gram (V. radiata L.) plant and grain under guava (P. guvajava L.) trees. The twelve year old guava orchard was established in August 2006 with spacing of 7m x 7m. Seven fertilizer combination viz., control, Rhizobium culture, press mud, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, Rhizobium culture + fertilizer, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria + fertilizer and press mud + fertilizer were applied. Among them application of press mud + fertilizer performed better by recording highest nitrogen content in grain (3.75), nitrogen content in grain (1.50), removal of nitrogen in grain (33.09) Removal of nitrogen in straw (33.03) and phosphorus content in grain (0.41) phosphorus content in straw (0.30), phosphorus uptake in grain (3.62), phosphorus uptake in straw (5.61), and found significantly superior to rest of the treatments.

Water and Nitrogen Management at the Booting Stage Affects Yield, Grain Quality, Nutrient Uptake, and Use Efficiency of Fragrant Rice Under the Agro-Climatic Conditions of South China.

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of water and nitrogen applications at the booting stage on yield, grain quality, and nutrient use efficiencies in fragrant rice in the early (March–July) and late (July–November) seasons of 2013. The experiment was comprised of two fragrant rice cultivars, i.e., Nongxiang 18 and Basmati; three nitrogen levels, i.e., 0 kg N ha−1 (N0), 30 kg N ha−1 (N1), and 60 kg N ha−1 (N2); and three water levels, i.e., 2–4 cm water layer well-watered (W0), water with a soil water potential of −15 ± 5 kPa (W1), and water with a soil water potential of −25 ± 5 kPa (W2), which were randomized in a split-split plot design. Results showed that Basmati produced a higher grain yield than Nongxiang 18 (16.20 and 9.61% in the early and late season, respectively), whereas the W1 exhibited the maximum grain yield and harvest index. The moderate application of nitrogen (N1) at the booting stage resulted in higher grain yield, nevertheless, cultivar, water, and nitrogen revealed different trends for some of the grain quality attributes, i.e., brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head milled rice rate, protein content, and amylose content as well as nutrient uptake and use efficiencies in the double rice production system. Basmati had a higher nitrogen harvest index (NHI; 18.28–20.23%) and P harvest index (PHI; 3.95–12.42%) but lower physiological P use efficiency for biomass (PPUEB; 7.66–23.66%) and physiological K use efficiency for biomass (PKUEB; 2.53–7.10%) than Nongxiang 18 in both seasons. Furthermore, the grain number per panicle, biomass yield, grain P uptake, and the whole plant P uptake were significantly related to the grain yield of fragrant rice. In both seasons, the interaction of water and nitrogen (W × N) had a significant effect on panicle number, grain quality attributes, and N, P uptake of straw, as well as the physiological N, P use efficiency for grain and the physiological N, K use efficiency for biomass. Overall, results suggest that moderate nitrogen and irrigation input at the booting stage could be feasible to improve the productivity and quality of the double rice production system with improved nutrient use efficiency under the agro-climatic conditions of South China.

Effect of FYM and Inorganic Fertilizers on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Quality Traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Indo-Gangetic Plain of Uttar Pradesh

A field trial was conducted on sandy loam soil having low status of organic carbon and accessible nitrogen, medium in accessible phosphorous and high in accessible potassium at pot house of department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of C.S.A.U.A&T, Kanpur (campus) under Indo-Gangetic Plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, amid Rabi season of 2018-19. The experiment comprised of 5 treatment combinations in randomized block design with four replications consisted of T1: [Control], T2: [100% RDF], T3: [75% RDF + FYM at 6 t ha-1], T4: [50% RDF + FYM at 12 t ha-1], T5: [25% RDF + FYM at 18 t ha-1]. Wheat variety PBW-343 was grown with the recommended agronomic practices. On the premise of the comes about exuded from the present investigation, it might be concluded that application of 25% RDF + FYM at18 t ha-1 significantly recorded maximum nutrient content viz. N, P and K content in grain is 1.97%, 0.25% and 0.36% respectively and N,P, and K content in straw is 0.32%, 0.064% and 1.76% respectively. Maximum nutrient uptake viz. N, P and K uptake in grain is 86.58 %, 10.77% and 5.85% respectively and N, P, and K uptake in straw is 22.98%, 4.16% and 1.76 % respectively. Among the quality traits maximum protein content (11.78 %) was also associated with application of 25% RDF + FYM at 18 t ha-1. The present investigation clearly points out the significance of balanced use of nutrients including FYM in wheat for improving the nutrient content and uptake indices and quality of wheat crop.

Forms of phosphorus and its bioavailability in rice grown in an alluvial soil treated with rock phosphate enriched compost

Lower utilization efficiency of phosphorus (P) in soils is a major setback for the agricultural sector. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of compost enriched with Rock phosphate on fractions of P in soil and how these forms affect the bioavailability of P in Rice. P fertilization was performed with the enriched compost and compared with rock phosphate and a conventional P fertilizer i.e. single superphosphate (SSP). We conducted a field experiment at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour with Rice as the test crop in a randomized block design. Chemical P fractions were estimated through sequential fractionation and biomass production and P concentrations in plant parts were measured to estimate the plant P uptake. Yield, yield attributing parameters and P uptake in straw and grain were observed to be affected significantly by the addition of P enriched compost along with 50% recommended dose for P with the total recommended dose for N and K, when compared to absolute control. The alkaline nature of experimental soil seemingly improves the solubility of P from various fractions and the use efficiency of rice, which favors P uptake which was evidently the factors that contributed to these results. The percentage contributions of different fractions to the total P content in soil after paddy harvest were observed to be in the order: Labile-P < Fe/Al-P < Ca-P < residual P. Combined application of P enriched compost and inorganics sustained crop yield and enhanced P uptake in Rice when compared with sole application of chemical fertilizers.

Impact of UREAStable on Soil Property, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield of Durum Wheat under Balanced Fertilizer Application

Wheat requirement of nitrogen for plant growth, and crop yields and quality depends upon substantial N inputs. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out at Gimbichu district in 2017 and 2018 main cropping season with the objective of evaluating the overall performance of applying slow-release/UREAstable fertilizer over the conventional urea fertilizer for durum wheat production, and to determine optimum rates of slow-release urea fertilizer for wheat productivity. The treatments consisted of Control, 90 kg N ha-1 from conventional urea applied in split, 90 kg N ha-1 from UREAstable applied once at planting, 90 kg N ha-1 from UREAstable applied in split, 45 kg N ha-1 from UREAstable applied once at planting, 45 kg N ha-1 from UREA stable applied in split form, 135 kg N ha-1 from UREA stable applied in split form, 135 kg N ha-1 from conventional UREA applied in split form and 135 kg N ha-1 from UREAstable applied once at planting. The results revealed that plant height, spike length, Tiller number, grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index and grain and straw uptake were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by the application of slow release and conventional urea fertilizer. The highest spike length (3.8cm), Tiller number (2.1), grain yield (2205 kg ha-1), biomass yield (6968 kg ha-1) and nitrogen grain straw uptake (35.6 kg N ha-1) were recorded from 135kg N ha-1 urea stable fertilizer applied in split form followed by application of 135 kg N ha-1 conventional urea fertilizer applied in split form. While, maximum straw nitrogen uptake was obtained from application of 135 kg N ha-1 conventional urea fertilizer applied in split form. Therefore, taking the findings of the present study consideration it may be concluding that farmers can use 135 kg N ha-1 UREAstable fertilizer to improve nitrogen use efficiency and productivity of wheat in the study area in addition to conventional urea fertilizer. However, further research may be required at various locations to come up with an inclusive recommendation.

Influence of bio and mineral fertilization on some sesame varieties grown in Upper

Nowadays, there is a call for the reduction of the environmental pollution resulted from over application of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, study has been done to investigate the possibility and efficiency of using bio-fertilizers. Two field experiments were carried out during the two successive summer growing seasons of 2016 and 2017 at El-Mattana, Agriculture Research Station (latitude of 25 o 17′ N and longitude 32 o 33′ E), Luxor Governorate, Egypt to evaluate the influence of two sesame varieties (Sohag 1 and Shandaweel-3) and eight different fertilizers treatments: 0, 50, 75, 100% of recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), bio-fertilizers, 50% NPK + bio, 75% NPK+ bio and 100% NPK + bio on sesame yield. Treatments were carried out as Split Plot Design with three replicates, varieties in the main plots and fertilization treatments in the sub plots. The results could be summarized as follows: Shandaweel-3 variety surpassed Sohag-1 variety in all studied characters. Except umber of capsules/plants, length of fruiting area, harvest index, oil yield, K uptake in seed and NK uptake in straw. The addition of 100% mineral recommended dose of NPK + Bio fertilizer resulted in a significant increment in sesame yield and its components in both seasons. The highest oil yield and content of N and P were obtained from Shandaweel-3 with fertilization at 75% NPK+ Bio-fertilization treatment. The results showed the importance of using bio-fertilizers to protect the soil and the environment from harmful chemical pollution. The highest values of protein %; NP-uptakes in straw yield were obtained with 75% mineral NPK+ Bio-fertilization in both seasons, and also gave high values of seed and straw yields (kg/fed) and harvest index %. The highest content of N and P (as %) were obtained from Shandaweel-3 with fertilization at 75% NPK+ Bio-fertilization treatment, which also gave the highest N and P uptake by same variety. The results showed the importance of using bio-fertilizers to protect the soil and the environment from harmful chemical pollution.

Effect of fly ash, organic manure and fertilizers on macro nutrient uptake in grain and straw in rice-wheat cropping system in alfisols and vertisols

Field experiment was conducted at KVK, Farm Katghora, Korba under Alfisols and Instructional Farm under Vertisols at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during 2011 and 2012.To assess the effect of different doses of fly ash alone or in combination with manure and fertilizers in rice–wheat cropping system with Sixteen treatments (i.e. T1- Control, T2- 10tFA ha- 1, T3- 20tFA ha- 1 T4- STCR (based fertilizer recommendation), T5- 75% NPK ha- 1, T6- 100% NPK (100:60:40), T7- 75% NPK ha- 1 + 10tFA ha- 1, T8- 75% NPK ha- 1 + 20tFA ha- 1, T9- 100% NPK ha- 1 + 10tFA ha- 1, T10- 100% NPK ha- 1 + 20tFA ha- 1, T11- 75% NPK ha- 1 + 5tFYM ha- 1, T12- 100% NPK ha- 1 + 5tFYM ha- 1, T13- 75% NPK ha- 1 + 5tFYM + 10tFA, T14- 75% NPK ha- 1 + 5tFYM + 20tFA ha- 1, T15- 100% NPK ha- 1 + 5tFYM + 10tFA ha- 1 and T16- 100% NPK ha- 1 + 5tFYM + 20tFA ha- 1) under Split Plot Design with factorial arrangment of crop and soil in main plot and treatment in sub plot.The higher nitrogen uptake in rice grain and straw under alfisol and wheat grain and straw under vertisol. Interaction of both the crop and soil, crop x soil x treatment, T16 recorded highest nitrogen uptake in grain and straw. The higher phosphorous uptake was recorded in rice and wheat grain under alfisol whereas higher phosphorous uptake was recorded in rice and wheat straw under vertisol. In case of grain the interaction effect, rice x vertsol x treatment, wheat x alfisol x treatment and wheat x vertisol x treatment, T16 recorded highset phosphorous uptake. Incase of straw, rice x vertisol x treatment, T16, wheat x vertisol x treatment, T15 recorded higher phosphorous uptake whereas, rice x alfisol x treatment, wheat x alfisol x treatment, T12 and T16 recorded highest phosphorous uptake in straw respectively. The highest potassium uptake was recorded in rice grain and straw under alfisol and wheat grain and straw under vertisol. In case of grain, interaction effect of rice x vertisol x treatment, wheat x vertisol x treaatment, wheat x alfisol x treatment, T16 recorded highest potassium uptake whereas rice x alfisol x treatment, rice x vertisol x treatment, T4 recorded highest potassium uptake. In case of wheat straw, wheat x alfisol x treatment, wheat x vertisol x treatment, T16 recorded highest potassium uptake.

Accentuating the Role of Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratio on the Growth and Yield of Wheat Crop

Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major yield limiting factor across the globe and their proper management plays a vital role in optimizing crop yield. This field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of soil and plant nitrogen N and P ratio on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkaline calcareous soil. The study consisted of various levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, and 160 kg ha−1 as urea) and phosphorus (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg P2O5 ha−1 as diammonium phosphate), and was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement having three replications. The result showed that the addition of 160 kg N ha−1 significantly improved biological yield (10,052 kg ha−1), grain weight (3120 kg ha−1), chlorophyll content at tillering stage soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value (35.38), N uptake in straw (33.42 kg ha−1), and K uptake in straw (192 kg ha−1) compared to other N levels. In case of P, 90 kg P2O5 ha−1 had resulted maximum biological yield (9852 kg ha−1), grain yield (3663 kg ha−1), chlorophyll content at tillering stage (SPAD value 34.36), P (6.68 mg kg−1) and K (171 kg ha−1) uptake in straw. The sole use of N and P have positively influenced the biological and grain yield but their interaction didn’t response to biological yield. The present study reveals that SPAD value (chlorophyll meter) is the better choice for determining plant N and P concentrations to estimate the yield potential.

Input–output balance of cadmium in typical agriculture soils with historical sewage irrigation in China

The gradual increase of cadmium (Cd) in soils has caused environmental and health risk, and it's important to study the accumulation trend to evoke the awareness of farmland safety management. This research during the period of March in 2017–2018 evaluated the input (irrigation, atmospheric deposition, fertilizer and pesticide application) and the output (runoff and seepage, grain and straw uptake) of Cd in contaminated farmland irrigated with sewage water in Hebei Province. The experimental results indicated sewage irrigation (51.03%), and atmospheric deposition (46.35%) were the main input pathways; Grain uptake (42.72%) and straw removal (50.71%) played a major role in output fluxes. The input-output balance (net transport fluxes) of Cd in the farmland were estimated to be +3621.68 ~ +8899.78 mg·(ha·yr)−1 under different conditions (sewage irrigation with straw returning/straw removal, clean water irrigation with straw returning/straw removal), representing there was a Cd inputting in the farmland during the study. Even in the case of the lowest net transport fluxes, the annual increase of Cd concentration in soils reached to 0.0014 mg/kg. Therefore, it's necessary to take action that cutting off those pathway inputs into farmland ecosystems, such as monitoring the water quality of irrigation water sources, applying fertilizer and pesticide properly. Furthermore, attentions need to be paid to the Cd input into the farmland and environmental risks that may arise while returning straw to the field for improving soil fertility and crop production.

The nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake efficiency of upland rice varieties under micro irrigation techniques

A study was conducted at farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani to assess the nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake efficiency of upland rice varieties under micro irrigation techniques in the summer of 2019. It was conducted in split plot design with the methods of irrigations as main treatments and varieties of rice as sub treatments. The main plot treatments consisted of:- M1: Sprinkler irrigation at 100% PE, M2: Sprinkler irrigation at 75% PE, M3: Drip irrigation at 100% PE, M4: Drip irrigation at 75% PE and M5: check basin method of irrigation (using hose, which will be given thrice in a week based on evaporation loss) and the subplot treatments were:-V1: Prathyasa and V2: Uma. The study revealed that the grain and straw nitrogen concentration is the highest in the plots irrigated using check basin method. The grain nitrogen content in the variety Prathyasa, irrigated with check basin method was found to be the highest, compared to other treatments. The nitrogen uptake in grain was observed to be the highest in sprinkler irrigation at 100% PE and was on par with drip irrigation at 100% PE, but significantly superior over check basin method of irrigation as well as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation at 75% PE. The nitrogen uptake in straw was also observed to be the highest in sprinkler irrigation at 100% PE, but was on par with drip irrigation at 100% PE as well as check basin method of irrigation. The study revealed that the nitrogen content in grain and straw, as well as the nitrogen uptake in rice varies with the methods of irrigation as well as the genotypic differences.

Increase in Silicate Fertilization Improves the Biomass of Drought-Tolerant Contrasting Cultivars Without Prejudicial effects in Nutrient Uptake in Sugarcane

Studies are still scarce about silicate fertilization as a silicon (Si) supply to drought-tolerant contrasting sugarcane cultivars. The objective was determined whether the increase of Si rates up to 1000 kg ha−1 Si improves the Si in soil, Si uptake, and biomass of aerial part and root system of sugarcane without prejudicial effects in chemical attributes of soil and in nutrients absorption and whether Si concentration and biomass of drought-sensitive are increased similar to that of drought-tolerant sugarcane cultivar in the function of Si rates. An experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with cultivars (RB86-7515 = drought-tolerant; RB85-5536 = and drought-sensitive) and Si rates (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 kg ha−1 Si) using silicate in sandy soil. Fertilization increased Si contents in soil, Si contents and biomass of straw and stalks, Si in green leaves, and biomass of roots, independent of cultivars. The Si rates improved also the Ca in green leaves and Mn in straw, but reduced Ca and Mg in the soil and Mg concentration in the straw. Lower biomass and higher Si concentration were found in RB85-5536, and it was also true in RB86-7515 for the roots. Fertilization with Si rates up to 1000 kg ha−1 Si as silicate in sandy soil was not excessive, increasing Si availability, Si uptake in straw, green leaves, and stalks, and aerial part and root biomass, independently of cultivar without prejudicial effects in chemical attributes of soil and nutrient uptake in sugarcane.

Impacts of nitrogen fertilizer type and application rate on soil acidification rate under a wheat-maize double cropping system

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer-induced soil acidification in Chinese croplands is well-known, but insight in the impacts of different N fertilizer management approaches (fertilizer type and rate) on soil acidification rates is very limited. Here, we conducted a field experiment on a moderate acid soil to quantify soil acidification rates in response to N fertilization by different fertilizer types and N rates through monitoring the fate of elements (mainly nutrients) related to H+ production and consumption. Two N fertilizer types (urea and NH4Cl) and three N rates (control, optimized and conventional, 0/120/240 kg N ha−1 for wheat, 0/160/320 kg N ha−1 for maize) were included. Nitrogen addition led to an average H+ production of 4.0, 8.7, 11.4, 29.7 and 52.6 keq ha−1 yr−1, respectively, for the control, optimized urea, conventional urea, optimized NH4Cl and conventional NH4Cl plots. This was accompanied with a decline in soil base saturation of 1–10% and in soil pH of 0.1–0.7 units in the topsoil (0–20 cm). Removal of base cations by crop harvesting and N transformations contributed ~70% and ~20% to the H+ production in the urea treated plots, being ~20% and ~75% in the NH4Cl treated plots, respectively. The large NH4+ input via fertilization in the NH4Cl treated plots strongly enhanced the H+ production induced by N transformations. The low contribution of N transformations to the H+ production in the urea treated plots was due to the limited NO3− leaching, induced by the high N losses to air caused by denitrification. Increased N addition by urea, however, strongly increased H+ production by enhanced plant uptake of base cations, mainly due to a large potassium uptake in straw. Our results highlight the important role of optimizing fertilizer form and N rate as well as straw return to the field in alleviating soil acidification.

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS ON RICE YIELD GROWN ON EL-GEMMIEZA CLAYEY SOIL (MIDDLE OF NILE DELTA OF EGYPT)

Understanding the relationships between rice yield and soil properties is very critical importance in precision farming. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationships between special variability of soil properties and rice yield (Oryza sativa). The area under study is 41.67 ha in EL-Gemmieza Agriculture Research Station,of the Agric. Rese. Center (ARC), El Gharbiah Governorate, Egypt (Middle of Nile Delta). The studied location divided into two sites varied in their productivity of rice. Soil pH was found slightly alkaline at site (1) and alkaline at site (2). The EC and CEC in site (1) were higher than at site (2). On contrary values of ESP were higher at site (2) than at site 1. Higher exchangeable cations were observed under site (1) than site (2) except of exchangeable -Na+showed a contrary behavior. Data also showed that values of soil bulk density were lower under site 1 than site (2) whereas; total porosity, hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate were higher in site (1) than site (2). Higher values of grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and NPK content and uptake in grain and straw were found in site (1) than in site (2). The values of variation coefficients (CV) of the most studied traits showed low variability (< 20). At site 1 there is a significant correlation at 5% level with positive trends between grain yield and the traits of CEC, soluble K, exchangeable Ca++, Mg++, available N and K, total porosity and hydraulic conductivity. While, negative significant correlations at 5% level with negative trends were noticed between exchangeable Na+ and bulk density. On the other hand, result of satirical analysis of site 2 indicated a positive and significant correlations between grain yield of rice plant and all the traits of harvest index, N and K uptake in straw, CEC, O.M, exchangeable - Ca++& K+, available - N & available -P, total porosity and hydraulic conductivity. As the results of the stepwise regression analysis of site (1), it can arrange the soil physical characteristics, as their effective on rice yield, in the following order of: infiltration rate > soil total porosity > saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). While the order of soil chemical characteristics were: ESP > pH > EC > O.M. As for soil available nutrients, their continuation factors were 90.7, and 7.0 % for soil available–K & available–N, respectively. For site (2) it can arrange the soil physical characteristics, as their effective on rice yield, in the following order of: bulk density > saturated hydraulic conductivity. While the order of soil chemical characteristics was: ESP > pH > CEC > O.M. As for soil available nutrients, their continuation factors were 91.1 and 5.6 % for soil available–K, and P, respectively.

Farmyard manure alone and combined with immobilizing amendments reduced cadmium accumulation in wheat and rice grains grown in field irrigated with raw effluents

Cadmium (Cd) stress is a serious concern in agricultural soils worldwide whereas little is known about the impact of farmyard manure (FYM) alone or combined with limestone, lignite and biochar on Cd concentrations in plants. Wheat was grown in Cd-contaminated field amended with control (T1), FYM @ 0.1% (T2), FYM + limestone @ 0.05% each (T3), FYM + lignite @ 0.05% each (T4), FYM + biochar @ 0.05% each (T5) and subsequent rice was grown without additional use of amendments. Soil application of amendments increased straw and grain yield and thousand grain weight being maximum in FYM + limestone treatment. Wheat and rice straw yield increased by 19% and 10% in T3 than control respectively. Photosynthetic pigments increased with the supply of amendments than control. Amendments decreased Cd concentration, total Cd uptake in straw and grains and Cd harvest index of both crops and the maximum reduction in these parameters was recorded with where FYM + limestone (T3). Cd concentration in wheat and rice straw decreased by 78.5% and 65% in T3 than control, respectively. The highest benefit to cost ratio was obtained in FYM + limestone (T3). Ammonium bicarbonate - diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Cd of the post-harvest soil reduced whereas Cd immobilization index and soil pH increased with the supply of all treatments than control being maximum in T3. The present study revealed that field management with FYM + limestone increased plant yield and reduced Cd concentrations in grains.

Effect of soil application of nickel on growth, micronutrient concentration and uptake in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in Inceptisols of Varanasi

ABSTRACTA pot experiment was conducted in a glass house on low nickel containing alluvial soil in the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, during 2012–13 and 2013–14, to study the response of barley to soil application of nickel (Ni). There were ten treatments of Ni (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg kg−1) studied with recommended dose of fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur (N:P:K:S :: 40:30:30:20 mg kg−1).The results showed a significant increase in plant height, number of tillers, chlorophyll content, straw and grain yield, and 1,000 grains weight with application of 10 mg Ni kg−1 soil during both years of study. The micronutrient concentration and uptake in straw and grain increased with application of <15 mg Ni kg−1 soil and beyond that declined significantly. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable micronutrient iron, manganese, copper, zinc and nickel (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Ni) content in soil increased with increasing level of Ni. The maximum urease activity in post-harvest soil was noticed with application of 40 mg Ni kg−1 soil. The microbial population viz. bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were higher with 5, 30 and 10 mg Ni kg−1 soil, respectively.

Comparitive of Some Microorganismus on Sandy Soil Fertility, and Wheat Productivity

Field experiment was carried out at EL-Ismailia Governorate in the winter season of 2013-2014 to evaluate the role of Azolla pinnata, Anabaena Azolla, Pleurotus columbinus and Azotobacter sp in the presence of urea (46.5% N) as source of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of wheat. It was found that total count bacteria, fungi, azotobacter and algae at different treatments were higher than those of other treatments especially with treatment (T16) of Mix only which gave the highest values of total bacteria count 4000 x 103 cfu g-1 dry soil, followed by (T17) which recorded 3830 x 103 cfu g-1 dry soil.Also for different microbes such as fungal, algae and N2-fixing bacteria counts it was noticed that treatment T17 (Mix of biofertilizer+ 75% of recommended dose of nitrogen) gave the more optimum results for different types of microbes count. The results showed that (T18) and (T17) recorded the highest values for IAA production which were (69.92 ad 68.7 mg ml-1g-1 dry soil). Where T16 and T17 gave mostly higher N2-ase activity (32.36 and 21.97µ C2H4 g-1dry wt. hr1) at 120 days of incubation compared to other treatments.Also straw and grain yield was significantly increased with mixture +75% of recommended dose of nitrogen fertilizer (T17) (1365.04 g/m2) straw and (999.83 g/m2) grains. Also it was noticed that treatments of mixture of biofertilizer have a pivotal role in increasing N, P, and K uptake in straw with treatments T16, T16 and T17 respectively. Whereas with grain yield the treatments T17, T16 and T16 gave the highest values of wheat grain, respectively.

Effect of vermicompost and phosphorus on nutrient content, uptake and quality in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graceum L.)

A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil during Rabi season of 2009-10 to study the effect of verimcompost and phosphorus on nutrient content, uptake and quality in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graceum L.). Application of 4.0 t vermicompost significantly increased the nitrogen content in seed, protein content, nitrogen uptake in seed and straw. While application of 6.0 t vermicompost ha-1 significantly increased the phosphorus content in seed, straw, phenol content, total nitrogen uptake, phosphorus uptake in seed, straw and total.Application of 2.0 t vermicompost ha-1 significantly increased the nitrogen content in seed, straw.Application of 40 kg phosphorus ha-1 significantly increased the nitrogen content in seed, straw, phosphorus content in straw, protein content in seed, nitrogen uptake in seed, straw, total and phosphorus uptake in straw. Application of 60 kg phosphorus ha-1 significantly increased the phosphorus content in seed, phenol content, phosphorus uptake in seed and total.

RESPONSE OF SOYBEAN TO SOIL APPLIED SULFUR AND BORON IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL

A greenhouse experiment with soybean grown on sulfur (S) and boron (B) deficient calcareous soil was conducted for two years in northwest India to study the influence of increasing sulfur and boron levels on yield and its attributing characters at different growth stages (55 days, maturity). The treatments included four levels each of soil applied sulfur viz. 0, 6.5, 13.4, 20.1 mg S kg−1 and boron viz. 0, 0.22, 0.44, 0.88 mg B kg−1 at the time of sowing. The highest dry matter yield at 55 days after sowing, DAS (19.3 g pot−1) and maturity (straw yield −25.2 g pot−1 and grain yield −7.3 g pot−1) was recorded with B0.44 S13.4 treatment combination. The combined applications of sulfur and boron yielded highest oil content with B0.44S13.4 (21.7%) treatment level. Chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ increased significantly with successive levels of sulfur and boron addition at 55 DAS. The mean sulfur and boron uptake in straw and grains increased significantly with increasing levels of sulfur and boron up to 13.4 mg kg−1 and 0.44 mg kg−1 and decreased non-significantly thereafter. At both the growth stages, a synergistic interactive effect of combined application of sulfur and boron was observed with B0.44 S13.4 treatment level for sulfur and boron uptake in straw and grains.