Unwanted Lines Research Articles

The use of botulinum toxin in aesthetic procedures

Introduction: Botulinum toxin is a protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. When administered orally in large quantities, it blocks nerve signals from the brain to the muscle, causing generalized paralysis, called botulism. However, by injecting very small amounts into a specific facial muscle, only the impulse that guides this muscle will be blocked, causing local relaxation. In this way, botulinum toxin acts as a blockade of the underlying muscles of the unwanted lines. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of botulinum toxin in aesthetic procedures and knowledge about it is of great importance. Aim: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of botulinum toxin in aesthetic procedures. Methodology: This is a literature review study. Results: Botulinum toxin has been widely used in aesthetic procedures to temporarily reduce painful wrinkles, such as expression lines on the forehead, around the eyes (crow's feet) and between the eyebrows (glabella). Botulinum toxin is also used to treat gummy smiles, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) and facial asymmetry. Its aesthetic use provides a rejuvenated appearance and softens the marks of facial ageing. Clinical studies have shown positive results in terms of improved facial appearance and increased patient satisfaction with botulinum toxin procedures (CARRUTHERS, A., & CARRUTHER, J 2009). Conclusion: Botulinum toxin is extremely important in aesthetic procedures and requires a great deal of attention from professionals, as it brings great benefits if used correctly and in the correct dose.

The impact of technical parameters on the perception quality of three-dimensional content

The growth of three-dimensional visualizations and information is increasing with time, in addition to that, technology is offering new methods, more precisely models and ways of meeting the needs of visual communication. When using the rotating linear screen, for the best results, it is necessary to be familiar with the realistic abilities of the device. The parameters tested on forty examinees are distance, the angle of the view and impact of background color. The purpose is to define the optimal parameters for the use of the device in the role of visual information. The conducted has shown that the devices have a smaller view angle than it is stated and that the distance needs to be greater because of low resolution and small pixel density on the screen surface, that results in small unilluminated gaps which create unwanted lines during the projection. The effect that the background has on the 3D simulation of the hologram has also been tested and it is determined that the black background in comparison to the white is much better, due to a more pronounced contrast.

An improved topology extraction approach for vectorization of sketchy line drawings

Vectorization converts raster scans of line drawings into vector graphics; it breaks the barrier between line drawing generation and postprocessing. Prior work on line drawing vectorization considerably succeeded in revealing artists’ drawing intention driven by structural topologies. However, none of them is able to extract simplified topologies for sketchy line drawings consisted by many unwanted lines. In this paper, we propose an improved topology extraction approach based on artists’ sketching customs. Redundant regions and open curves are discriminated from artists’ deliberate ones and further removed progressively through an iterative optimization mechanism. We demonstrate that our improved topology benefits our vectorization method as well as existing topology-driven ones and allows them to vectorize rough sketchy line drawings robustly and efficiently.

Quantified Differentiation of Surface Topography for Nano-materials As-Obtained from Atomic Force Microscopy Images

Surface texture is an important issue to realize the nature (crest and trough) of surfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image is a key analysis for surface topography. However, in nano-scale, the nature (i.e., deflection or crack) as well as quantification (i.e., height or depth) of deposited layers is essential information for material scientist. In this paper, a gradient-based K-means algorithm is used to differentiate the layered surfaces depending on their color contrast of as-obtained from AFM images. A transformation using wavelet decomposition is initiated to extract the information about deflection or crack on the material surfaces from the same images. Z-axis depth analysis from wavelet coefficients provides information about the crack present in the material. Using the above method corresponding surface information for the material is obtained. In addition, the Gaussian filter is applied to remove the unwanted lines, which occurred during AFM scanning. Few known samples are taken as input, and validity of the above approaches is shown.

Rule reactivation and capture errors in goal directed behaviour

In everyday life people may act automatically, following “unwanted” lines of action which are triggered by contextual cues and may interfere with current goals. Such occurrences are known as “capture errors” in reference to errors that occur when a more salient behaviour takes place when a similar, but less salient, action was intended. Clinical neuropsychological studies suggest that reactivation of previous rules may play an important role in behavioural interference, but such reactivation has been little studied in normal subjects and simple experimental tasks. In the present study we develop this theme, presenting data on 4 subjects who spontaneously showed capture errors in verbal fluency tasks, and developing a new experimental paradigm specifically designed to elicit such interference in normal subjects. In the new paradigm, 101 normal subjects performed a simple series of working memory tasks, including occasional stimuli whose answer matched both the current and the previous rule. We found that normal controls indeed tend to commit more mistakes after the presentation of a stimulus whose answer is consistent with a current and preceding rule. In this case, however, the errors produced are not necessarily associated with a shift back to the old rule, suggesting that rule reactivation leads to a more general interference effect. We discuss the importance of our data from both theoretical and clinical perspectives.

Electronically Tuned Local Oscillators for the NOEMA Interferometer

We present an overview of the electronically tuned local oscillator (LO) system developed at the Institut de RadioAstronomie millimetrique (IRAM) for the superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) receivers of the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array interferometer (NOEMA). We modified the frequency bands and extended the bandwidths of the LO designs developed by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) for the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) project to cover the four NOEMA LO frequency ranges 82–108.3 GHz (Band 1), 138.6–171.3 GHz (Band 2), 207.7–264.4 GHz (Band 3), and 283–365 GHz (Band 4). The NOEMA LO system employs commercially available MMICs and GaAs millimeter MMICs from NRAO which are micro-assembled into active multiplied chain (AMC) and power amplifier (PA) modules. We discuss the problem of the LO spurious harmonics and of the LO signal directly multiplied by the SIS mixers that add extra noise and lead to detections of unwanted spectral lines from higher order sidebands. A waveguide filter in the LO path is used to reduce the higher order harmonics level of the LO at the output of the final frequency multiplier, thus mitigating the undesired effects and improving the system noise temperature.

Individual Character Comparison Technique for Improving the Internal Memory Performance

The efficiency of the cache mapping technique depends on how the c ache lines are organized and the way that is used to look for and hit the target cache line. In this paper, an efficient technique is proposed to obtain a significant improvement in average hit time of a li ne in the cache. The paper presents Distributive Comparison Approach (DCA) that significantly mini mizes the hit time and improve cache hit ratio. The efficient of DCA is based on how the cache line s are compared and picked up the coveted one leading to a low cache hit ratio. In DCA, the cache line is assigned by multi tags where each individual tag is only one character. Then, instead of one line tag of complete characters per a comparison cycle, the comparator is flushed by multi tags of different lines i n the cache. Also the cache lines that are come from the main memory classified into two groups; even and od d line's tags to reject the unwanted lines form the multi-tag comparison. These two procedures practicall y speed up the repelling of misfit tagged lines and consequently the hitting of the target line in the ca che. Simulation results show that the DCA outperforms well-known mapping techniques including FAMT and SMT.

Car License Plate Detection

paper deals with car license plate detection (CLPD) system in order to identify vehicles by capturing their car license plates (CLP). Car license plate detection (CLPDS) is an emerging area of research due to various applications such as prevention of crime, electronic toll system, intelligent traffic control system etc. In the proposed system, after converting the color input image into grayscale, an adaptive thresholding is used to obtain the binary image. Then the unwanted lines are removed through an unwanted-line elimination algorithm (ULEA). Finally to detect the license plate, vertical edges are detected by Sobel operator. Experiments were carried out for detection of front view as well as rear view of license plates. The experimental evaluation is carried out for 60 images taken from roadside and parking lots. The proposed method yields 96.9% detection accuracy.

A frequency-doubled Nd:YAG/KTP laser at 561 nm with diode side-pumping

An intracavity KTiOPO4 (KTP) frequency doubling laser emitting at 561 nm is achieved within a diode side-pumped acousto-optically Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. A compact convex–flat straight cavity is employed to achieve the compact configuration, where coatings are specially designed to suppress unwanted lines. At the pump power of 147 W and the pulse repetition rate of 10 kHz, the output power of 8.1 W was obtained at 561 nm. The corresponding optical-to-optical conversion efficiency is 5.5%. The pulse width of a 561 nm wave is 210 ns. The M2 factors are measured to be 15.5 and 17.5 in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively.

Successive silencing of tandem reporter genes in potato (Solanum tuberosum) over 5 years of vegetative propagation

Transgenic plants represent an excellent tool for experimental plant biology and are an important component of modern agriculture. Fully understanding the stability of transgene expression is critical in this regard. Most changes in transgene expression occur soon after transformation and thus unwanted lines can be discarded easily; however, transgenes can be silenced long after their integration. To study the long-term changes in transgene expression in potato (Solanum tuberosum), the activity of two reporter genes, encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), was monitored in a set of 17 transgenic lines over 5 years of vegetative propagation in vitro. A decrease in transgene expression was observed mainly in lines with higher initial GFP expression and a greater number of T-DNA insertions. Complete silencing of the reporter genes was observed in four lines (nearly 25 %), all of which successively silenced the two reporter genes, indicating an interconnection between their silencing. The loss of GFP fluorescence always preceded the loss of kanamycin resistance. Treatment with the demethylation drug 5-azacytidine indicated that silencing of the NPTII gene, but probably not of GFP, occurred directly at the transcriptional level. Successive silencing of the two reporter genes was also reproduced in lines with reactivated expression of previously silenced transgenes. We suggest a hypothetical mechanism involving the successive silencing of the two reporter genes that involves the switch of GFP silencing from the post-transcriptional to transcriptional level and subsequent spreading of methylation to the NPTII gene.

Computer-Aided Design Data Extraction Approach to Identify Product Information

Many approaches have been proposed in previous such as AUTOFEAT algorithm, feature recognition, Intelligent Feature Recognition Methodology (IFRM), a part recognition algorithm and graph theory-based approach in order to solve the integration issue between CAD and CAM. However, there is no direct connection from CAD database and machine database. Therefore, comparison among the approaches has been conducted because to recognize the suitable approach is the importance tasks before this research can be proceed for the next stage. This study focused on CAD data extraction approach to identify product information. CAD data referred as Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data extracted from the CAD drawing which contained the drawing of product that be produce by manufacturing. CAD data consisted of geometric and non-geometric data. Geometric data contained lines, curves and vertex. While non-geometric data include texts, colors and layers. The extracted CAD data were needed to generate the product information which is useful information for the machine in production field to produce the product for the manufacturing same as depicted in the CAD drawing. Basically, the product information consisted of product details such as length, thickness, wideness and radius of the product, processes information for the machine to process the product such as taper, cutting, drilling and punching. In addition, product information also contained type of materials for the product. As a result, feature recognition is the most suitable approach can be applied for this research. Thus, the approach was selected to precede the next stage. Conclusion from the comparison among the approaches is in term of accuracy of extracted data is not accurate when the drawing is incomplete drawing or contains the noise such as unwanted lines or any shapes cross the object in the drawing.

Printed Japanese Character Recognition Using Multiple Commercial OCRs

This paper proposes two algorithms for maintaining matching between lines and characters in text documents output by multiple commercial optical character readers (OCRs). (1) a line matching algorithm using dynamic programming (DP) matching and (2) a character matching algorithm using character string division and standard character strings. The paper proposes a method that introduces majority logic and reject processing in character recognition. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method, we conducted experiments on line matching recognition for 127 document images using five commercial OCRs. Results demonstrated that the method extracted character areas with more accuracy than a single OCR along with appropriate line matching. The proposed method enhanced recognition from 97.61% provided by a single OCR to 98.83% in experiments using the character matching algorithm and character recognition. This method is expected to be highly useful in correcting locations at which unwanted lines or characters occur or required lines or characters disappear.

High-sensitivity XRF analyzer (OLIVIA) using a multi-crystal pyrographite assembly to reduce the continuous background

A new, original XRF analyzer (OLIVIA) for measuring trace elements was constructed using a multi-crystal pyrographite assembly (MPA) to reduce the continuous background and improve detection limits. OLIVIA consists of an x-ray monochromator as the source of exciting radiation with an energy of 17.44 keV (Mo Kα) and an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer with an Si(Li) detector, rotating sample holder and MPA. The MPA functions as an x-ray ‘bandpass filter’ and consists of 18 individual pyrographite crystals aligned like the staves of a barrel. The MPA is positioned between the sample and Si(Li) detector and shields the x-ray detector from the unwanted lines of the x-ray spectrum. In this study, the OLIVIA instrument was optimized to measure Pb in fossil plant material (peat). Specifically, the MPA was adjusted such that only the region of the x-ray spectrum containing the lines of Pb and a few of other trace elements (Se, Br and Rb) are able to pass through the MPA and reach the detector for analysis. In contrast, the x-ray lines of other elements and the coherent and incoherent scattering peaks cannot reach the detector because of incompatible Bragg angles. Using this ‘filter’ the intensity of coherent and incoherent scattering from the sample decreased by a factor of 400, and the lower limit of detection (LLD) for Pb in peat is ca six times lower than that with our previous XRF design (EMMA), which also uses a monochromatic x-ray excitation beam. In fact, the OLIVIA instrument achieved an LLD for Pb of 0.1 ppm in a real sample of plant material (NIST SRM 1515 Apple Leaves), a value which is far superior to those with conventional, commercial XRF instruments. In addition to Pb, the LLD for Br and Rb were also significantly improved. While the main goal of the present study was to improve the LLD for Pb, the MPA can be adjusted to reduce the continuous background and improve the detection limits for any element from Z=22 (Ti) to 39 (Y) (K lines) and from Z=57 (La) to 92 (U) (L lines). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Three-color differential interferometry

It is shown that differential interferometry using a Wollaston prism and a three-color laser source is an optical technique that has all the advantages of differential interferometry in polarized white light and of classical monochromatic interferometry. The interference fringe pattern obtained is very large and colored and presents a central white fringe that enables easy identification of the zero order of the interferogram. The three-color source is obtained by filtering the unwanted lines of the ionized laser (mixed argon and krypton) and balancing the three red, green, and blue lines by a technique that involves placing birefringent plates between the polarizer and the analyzer, the thickness of which has been calculated to create a natural filter. The unsteady aerodynamic flow downstream of a diamond shape airfoil has been visualized with this technique, which shows that the power of the light source is sufficient to record the interferograms at a high rate.

Dependence of superconducting properties of thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−x on structural parameters of the films and substrates

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) properties such as critical current Jc (77 K) of up to 4×106 A/cm2, microwave surface resistance, Rs (77 K and 50.8 GHz) as low as 15 mΩ and Tc(R=0) of up to 91 K have been measured for YBa2Cu3O7−x, YBCO, layers prepared by pulsed laser deposition on MgO and (11̄02) Al2O3 buffered with yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The following x-ray structural parameters have been measured: percentage of residual (200) or (103) lines, value of c-axis parameter, percentage of (111) unwanted lines in (100) YSZ buffer layers, ratio of 〈100〉 to 〈110〉 orientation in the basal plane as determined by double crystal diffraction phi-scan and full width half maximum (FWHM) of (005) rocking curve. It was found that the most critical structural parameter is the substrate quality and 100% 〈100〉 basal plane orientation of the individual grains.

The necessity for synchronization in DANTE experiments with rotating samples. Reclamation of the asynchronous DANTE pulse train by combination with the TOSS sequence

In recent NMR spectroscopic studies, frequency-selective excitation techniques have become increasingly important. One of their roles is the simplification of spectra by eliminating unwanted resonance lines (1, 2). Another is extracting specific slices of full multidimensional spectra such as two-dimensional exchange/spin diffusion spectra (3), 2D separation spectra (4), and imaging (5). Among such techniques, the DANTE pulse train (6) prevails widely because one can compose the pulse sequence with hard pulses which are more stable in amplitude, and more easily available, than soft pulses, and, moreover, one can readily adjust the effective field strength by altering the pulse spacing. In solid-state NMR, the DANTE pulse train is usually applied to powdered samples under magic-angle spinning (MAS) as well as to single crystals, so that it can operate on specific well-resolved lines ( I). In the MAS experiment, each pulse of the DANTE train should be irradiated synchronously with the spinning period: all the transverse magnetizations due to crystallites are individually modulated by MAS and only become in-phase after every spinning period (7). However, not only is this synchronization difficult in practice but also there are some disadvantages which ensue following a long pulse interval fixed at the spinning period. typically 250400 ps: such a long interval often renders the selective band narrower than the linewidth. Also, the magnetizations decay, in compounds with short T2 values, during the pulse train. Sample heating may occur in the cases where a heteronuclear decoupling field is applied simultaneously. Caravatti et al. ( I ) showed experimentally that synchronization is not necessary for selective saturation with the DANTE-90” pulse train. In addition, Bork and Schaefer (8) recently pointed out that the asynchronous DANTE-180” pulse train inverts an entire spinning sideband family and attempted to explain this observation qualitatively. In fact, we can confirm that the asynchronous DANTE pulse train works properly as long as the spinning frequency, UR, is large compared with chemical-shift anisotropy, AU. Figures 1 a1 c show the ‘%I spectra for polycrystalline glycine observed at vR = 4.0 kHz using the CP (cross-polarization)MAS-DANTE saturation/inversion sequence which consists of the pulse train CP-90”-DANTE-delay-90°-acquisition. ln Figs. 1 a1 C, one can see that the asynchronous pulse train almost completely saturates

Tunable RF-excited CO<inf>2</inf>waveguide laser with variable guide width

The resonator mode frequencies and the interline and intraline tuning behavior of CO 2 waveguide lasers should depend strongly on precise guide dimension. We describe a compact grating-tuned RF-excited device with a rectangular Al/Al 2 O 3 waveguide whose width can be varied during operation. It yields ≃ 50 mW with a continuous tuning range of ≃ 500 MHz on stronger lines; more interestingly, its line selectivity does seem to depend on guide width, as we predict. In particular, the losses of unwanted lines (and thus the tuning range within a desired line) are very sensitive to waveguide width, because the resonator mode associated with an unwanted line may have significant higher order waveguide mode content. This suggests that variable-width waveguides offer one solution to the problem of line-hopping, without prejudice to the power or transverse mode quality obtainable on the desired line.

APPLICATIONS OF ADIABATIC RAPID PASSAGE TO CORRELATION NMR SPECTROSCOPY. I. SOLVENT LINE SUPPRESSION

Abstract An adiabatic rapid passage method has been proposed for eliminating unwanted lines in correlation NMR spectroscopy. As illustrative examples, correlation NMR spectra of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and HEW lysozyme are given where the HDO line is suppressed by the present technique.