Unstable Moisture Research Articles

ЗАСУХОУСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ НОВЫХ САМООПЫЛЕННЫХ ЛИНИЙ КУКУРУЗЫ И МЕТОДЫ ЕЕ ОЦЕНКИ

More than half of the maize crops in the Russian Federation are located in areas with insufficient and unstable moisture. With this in mind, Z. mays breeding for drought tolerance is extremely important. The purpose of the current study is: investigate the drought tolerance of self-pollinated maize lines by various methods, identify the best samples for further breeding, establish indirect criteria for estimating drought tolerance. The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” located in the southern part of the Rostov region, which is characterized by unstable moisture. The years of the study turned out to be dry (Selyaninov Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) = 0.32–0.89). The new self-pollinated lines of maize were used as initial material and studied for resistance to water stress (41 pcs. in 2011–2013, 39 pcs. in 2015–2017, 25 pcs. in 2018–2020). According to the guidelines for maize breeding, the following indicators of productivity were taken into account: number of ears per plant, weight of one ear, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per ear, etc. In 2011–2013, based on the comprehensive estimation, new middle-early drought-tolerant self-pollinated lines of maize ‘DK47111’, ‘SP203’, ‘KS211’, ‘S204’ and ‘S238’ were identified. They were characterized by the low values of residual water deficit both in the flowering (6.9 – 12.8%) and milk-wax (9.0 – 13.4%) stage, high drought tolerance index (68.6 – 85.6%), deep root system (force of uprooting the plants from the ground was 54.0–67.7 kgf), minimum gap in the flowering of male and female inflorescences (1–2 days). In 2015–2017, according to the method of residual water deficit (RWD), the following lines were identified ‘KV334’, ‘RD6’, ‘DS498/217-4’, ‘DS257/85-3’, ‘DS257/85-1’, ‘DS257/85-6’, ‘DS257/85-4’. In 2018–2020, the new self-pollinated lines of maize ‘KS317A’, ‘KV240’, ‘LSh16’, ‘S86’, ‘LSh17’ and ‘LSh2’ showed high resistance to water stress. We recommend the following selection criteria when creating new lines: absence of infertility and kernel percentage of the ears.

ИСТОЧНИКИ ВЫСОКОГО КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА В СЕЛЕКЦИИ ОЗИМОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

Research on improving winter common wheat varieties in the context of combining high yield and grain quality is relevant. The research aimed to evaluate and select variety samples of winter common wheat with high technological indicators of grain quality for breeding purposes. In this study, we analyzed grain from 10 variety samples of the world collection; winter wheat grain of variety ‘Aivina’ served as a standard. Soil – ordinary medium-loamy medium-thick low-humus chernozem. Wheat was grown on the experimental fields of the North Caucasus FARC in the zone with unstable moistening on bare fallow. Grain vitreousness percentage in 2019 ranged between 44.0 and 53.0 %, in 2020 – 30.5–50.0 %. In the same years, this indicator for variety-standard ‘Aivina’ was 56.0 and 48.0 %, respectively. The gluten content in the grain depended on the weather conditions and genotype. Grain of all varieties harvested in 2019, including standard ‘Aivina’, had a high gluten content (28.2–35.6 %) and corresponded to strong wheat. In 2020, the situation was absolutely different. The amount of gluten in the grain of variety samples harvested in 2020 ranged between 22.9 and 34.6 %; for ‘Aivina’, this indicator reached 26.9 %. The gluten quality in all variety samples during the years of research was typical for class 2. The variety samples were characterized by a high protein content in the grain – 16.7–20.8 % and 13.5–20.4 %; the same indicator for ‘Aivina’ was 16.7 and 15.8 %. Sedimentation rate in the variety samples was 50–81 ml and 34–64 ml; in ‘Aivina’ – 50 and 43 ml. Maximum sedimentation values were noted for the variety ‘Prestizh’. It indicates the ability to form grain, the strength of which is typical for wheat-improver. The correlation between sedimentation and gluten content (r = 0.63), as well as between sedimentation and the falling number (r = 0.73), was positive and significant during the years of research. All studied genotypes are promising for breeding new wheat varieties as sources for obtaining high-quality grain.

Влияние способов основной обработки почвы на влаготемпературный режим почвы и урожайность озимой пшеницы

Purpose: to study the influence of soil cultivation methods on soil moisture-temperature regime and the winter wheat yield under conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture. Materials and methods: the study of various primary soil tillage methods was carried out under the conditions of long-term stationary experience in 2017–2019 on the isolated field of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Asovsliy Scientific Centre “Donskoy” (southern zone of Rostov region). The cultivated crop is Stanichnaya variety winter wheat, the predecessor is peas. The experimental site soil is ordinary calcareous heavy loamy chernozem. The studied tillage methods are surface, shallow, moldboard and zero (direct seeding). The method for determining the relative humidity and soil temperature in an autonomous mode was based on the use of Watch Dog 1400 Micro meteorological stations (recorders) from Spectrum Technologies, Inc., the soil moisture and temperature sensors were located at a depth of 30 cm. At the same time, the air humidity and temperature and the accumulation precipitation were monitored. Results: it was found that in the southern zone of Rostov region, zero tillage throughout the entire observation period provides high moisture conservation, preventing soil overheating, at the same time allowing to obtain a consistently high yield of winter wheat, which compares favorably with other tillage methods. Conclusions: comparison of various tillage methods with leading in all indicators zero tillage allowed to establish that, on average, with surface tillage, soil moisture is lower by 17.75 %, soil temperature is higher by 4.12 %, and yield is lower by 8.37 %. With shallow tillage, the soil moisture is 20.12 % lower, the soil temperature is 12.19 % higher, and the yield is 12.14 % lower. With the moldboard method, soil moisture is lower by 13.19 %, the soil temperature is higher by 11.48 %, and the yield is lower by 5.44 %.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОСНОВНОГО МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО УДОБРЕНИЯ И ВНЕКОРНЕВЫХ ПОДКОРМОК МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ НА УРОЖАЙ СЕМЯН САХАРНОЙ СВЕКЛЫ, ЕГО СТРУКТУРУ И КАЧЕСТВО

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the most important industrial crops, which is the main raw material for sugar production – a product of strategic importance widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this regard, the provision of domestic beet growing with seeds of domestic hybrids that are competitive with the best foreign ones is particularly relevant. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the basic mineral fertilizer and microelements boron and zinc on the sugar beet seeds yield, structure and quality indicators. The studies were carried out in the experimental fields of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar named after A.L. Mazlumov, located in the zone of unstable moistening in the Central Black Soils region in the northwestern part of the Voronezh region (Ramon village). The soil of the experimental site is represented by leached hard loamy chernozem with a medium humus content of 4.5 %. Field experiments were laid in 2018–2020 according to the methodology of B. A. Dospekhov. The experiment scheme included the following options: control (without fertilizers); double foliar feeding of seed plants with a 0.1 % solution of a mixture of boric acid and zinc sulfate before the flowering; N160P160K160; N160P160K160 + foliar feeding. Laboratory analyzes of seed quality were carried out according to GOST 22617.2 – 94. The data obtained indicate a significant effect of the basic fertilizer (N160P160K160), which contributed to a 0.53 t/ha (45.3 %) yield increase compared to the control. The sowing qualities of seeds also increased significantly: germination energy by an average of 10.3 % abs., germination – by 9.8 % abs., good quality – by 5.4 % abs. Foliar dressing with microelements had practically no effect on the yield; however, it provided a significant increase in the indicators of the sowing qualities of seeds: germination energy – by an average of 3.3 % abs., germination – by 4.7 % abs., good quality – by 4.6 % abs. Direct dependence of the value of the yield of seeds on the constituent elements of the structure was also revealed: the type of bush of seed plants, the number of productive shoots, their height and seeding per unit length. The correlation coefficient (r) for all three paired dependences of the quantities was 0.99.

Ways to increase stress resistance of grapes in conditions of moisture deficit

For optimal conditions of grapevine development, a relatively uniform distribution of precipitation is needed during all phases of active plant growth. However, often there are dry periods in summer months in areas of unstable moistening. At the present time, in intensive technologies of grape cultivation, foliar treatments with agrochemicals are widely used to increase stress resistance of plants to moisture deficit with the goal to protect and increase cropping capacity and gain optimal conditions of viticultural products. Our research, carried out in the conditions of Crimea, have shown that using of the studied systems of mineral nutrition with micronutrient fertilizers of the Wuxal group in conditions of air and soil drought contributed to an increase in the average bunch weight by 17.4-51.9 g and an cropping capacity of grapes by 9.5-35, 3% (1-1.5 t / ha). It was experimentally proven that test treatments have led to a significant increase (by 4.7-15.5%) in the growth of green matter of bushes and in the structure index of table grape bunch by 19.1-37.8%. Against the background of using the studied systems of nutrition, an increase in the content of sugars and phenolic substances in the must of ‘Saperavi’ grape variety by 8.5% and 70.4%, respectively, was observed in comparison with the control.

Grain Production of the Winter Barley Under Growingin the Condititions of the Climatic Changes

In conditions of deficient and unstable moistening studying of growing and development winter barley plants in period of autumn vegetation and at the time of formation stability of winter plants under adverse weather conditions of winter has obtained important meaning as it had influence on yield. Aim of the researches was studying influence agro-technical ways of growing on winter barley production in conditions of northern Steepe of Ukraine. According to the results of three-year field researches (2016-2019 years) it was cleared up influence of sowing date, norms of seed sowing on plant production of barley after a precursor – sunflower. It is established on average during the years of researches, morphological-biological indexes of winter barley plants differed substantially depending on hydro-technical conditions in autumn period of vegetation. Barley plants with early date of sowing (September, 20) formed more vegetative mass since 17,8 till 18,7g depending on norms of seed sowing, number of sprouts 3,2 – 3,7 pieces and a nodal roots 2,4 – 3,1 pieces. Displacement sowing date for each 10 days from early to later ones led to lessening all indexes. In dependence on state of a plant during cessation of autumn vegetation and weather conditions in winter period (2016-2019 years), survival rate of plants varied within 93 – 98%. Sowing on September, 30 and October, 10 provided the highest level of survival rate and was – 96 – 98%. In phase of whole ripeness of seeds after sowing on September, 30 winter barley plants formed bigger production while after early (September, 20) and late (October, 20) date of sowing average yield by years depending on seed sowing reduced to 1,5 and 2,3 t/ha accordingly.

Soybean productivity depending on the cultivation technology on ordinary chernozem in the Central Ciscaucasia zone

The existing technology of soybean cultivation with mandatory tillage is quite expensive, when up to 30 % or more of the total costs are spent on preparing the soil for sowing, and most of them are spent on fuel and lubricants, which are becoming more expensive every year. The purpose of the research is to determine the effect of the technology recommended by scientific institutions and the technology of soybean cultivation without tillage with the introduction of various doses of mineral fertilizers on its yield and agrophysical properties of ordinary chernozem in the zone of unstable moisture in the Central Ciscaucasia. The influence of soybean cultivation technology without tillage, depending on the doses of mineral fertilizers, on its growth, development, yield and agrophysical, chemical and biological properties of ordinary chernozem has been studied, and an economic assessment of the studied agricultural practices has been given. Cultivation technologies and applied fertilizers did not significantly affect the quality of soybean seeds. The oil content in soybean seeds for both technologies and all doses of fertilizer application on average over the years of research was in the range of 19,8–20,3 %, protein for the same variants of the experiment contained 41,3–41,7 %, and all differences in these indicators were not statistically significant. When cultivating soybeans using No-till technology the cost of purchasing and applying a continuous herbicide increases by 1280 rubles/ha or by 49,4 % in relation to the recommended technology. However, the recommended technology significantly increases production costs for the purchase of fuel and lubricants – by 3,276 rubles/ha or 232,0 %, the wage fund by 824 rubles/ha or 93,4 %, depreciation and repair of equipment by 891 rubles/ha or 47,0 %. Thus, the biggest economic efficiency has been obtained when using the technology of soybean cultivation without tillage and without applying mineral fertilizers.

Влияние способов и доз внесения удобрений на продуктивность озимой пшеницы при прямом посеве на черноземе обыкновенном

Purpose: to study the influence of methods and rates of mineral fertilizers on the winter wheat yield and grain quality by direct sowing on corn on ordinary chernozem under conditions of unstable moisture in Stavropol Territory. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in 2014–2019 in a three-factor experiment in the fields of the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Agrarian Center. We studied the effect of pre-sowing fertilization and nitrogen fertilization (N52) on wheat productivity with two tillage technologies: with the recommended tillage system and with direct sowing (No-Till). Pre-sowing fertilization options: 1) without fertilizers; 2) N6P26; 3) N12P52; 4) N24P104; 5) N52P52; 6) N52P52K52; 7) N52; 8) N104P52K52. Results. Direct sowing had an advantage over the recommended technology in the reserves of productive moisture in the soil layer of 0–100 cm during the sowing period. In the No-Till technology, the average yield increase from pre-sowing fertilizer was within 0.78–3.02 t/ha (28–109 %), from nitrogen fertilization it was 0.55–1.85 t/ha (15–48 %) and when both methods of application are combined – 1.47–4.02 t/ha (53–145 %). The highest and most stable increments over the years (3.07–4.56 t/ha, or 101–219 % to the control) were obtained when using the maximum rate of pre-sowing fertilizer with nitrogen fertilization – N104P52K52 + N52. The increase in grain yield per unit of active fertilizer substance was 15.5 kg. Mass fraction of crude gluten in grain exceeded the control by 3.0–7.9 %. The application of this fertilizer dose helped to equalize the yield between technologies. Conclusions. The results showed that in order to obtain the greatest agronomic effect in the third year of direct sowing of winter wheat on maize, the predominant application of nitrogen fertilizer in a total dose exceeding the dose of phosphorus and potassium by 2–3 times is required. Correctly selected methods of application and fertilizers rates prevent a decrease in wheat yield when switching from the recommended tillage technology to direct sowing.

МЕТОДИКА МОНИТОРИНГА ДВУСТОРОННЕГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ВЛАЖНОСТИ ПОЧВЫ ПРИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ИНЖЕНЕРНЫХ МЕЛИОРАТИВНЫХ СИСТЕМ

The purpose of the performed research is, based on the analysis of field studies, to select a well (point) for the selection of averaged moisture in the inter-drainage space for monitoring reclamation systems, to justify the construction of drainage-humidification systems to regulate moisture in a fire-hazardous peat bog. To solve the problem, a scheme has been developed for organizing monitoring on engineering reclamation systems that provide a two-way regulation of the water regime in the root layer of the soil in the zone of unstable moisture, as well as for monitoring and ensuring fire safety of the entire peat profile. The article discusses measuring equipment for determining the dynamics of soil moisture which must be used to monitor reclamation systems. There are given the results of field studies on peat bogs of the floodplain of the Dubna River, Moscow region, namely: meteorological data and data on soil moisture. On the basis of the research carried out, a representative point of moisture sampling for monitoring of reclamation systems has been substantiated. The sampling point should be located on a typical plot with the same relief, the soil profile should be uniform with the properties and soil morphology characteristic of the entire field. Wells for sampling checks the value of the distance in ¼E (E is the distance between drains), in this case the measured value is close to the average value in relation to the entire section of the drainage-humidified system. For the soil conditions of the experimental site, the humidity in the selected well during the locking of the canal in the dry period of summer increased by 1.5 times reaching the fireproof one. It is noted that when supplying and maintaining a propped water level in a channel up to 85 cm deep for 5 or more hours, the humidity in the interdrains space rises to the value of the fire safety norm in the dry period.

Оценка эластичности стока рек восточной части бассейна Амура

Taking into account the unstable moisture regime and the diversity of landscapes within the Amur River basin, the problem of assessing the impact of climatic changes on the processes of surface water cycle in the region becomes multifaceted, associated with the solution of particular problems. This work studied the reaction of a river runoff to changes in the amount of atmospheric precipitation on the basis of the elasticity coefficient. Small and medium-sized river basins (52 in total) belonging to the system of the Middle and Lower Amur are the objects of this study. The data of standard observations at hydrological posts and meteorological points for the summer-autumn flood hazard period (June-September) were used. The data series were selected to include different moisture conditions. It was found that with an increase in precipitation by 1 %, the river runoff in the flood hazard season has increased by 1.02–3.86 % in 48 cases, and decreased in 4 cases. The results of the work are fundamentally close to the regional estimates within the basin of the Amur River on the base of the analysis of factual material (including the near abroad) and simulation results, as well as to the values of the runoff elasticity coefficient obtained in different geographic zones and given in the specialized literature. The relationship between the elasticity coefficient values of runoff with various basin indicators has been studied. For the rivers in the Primorsky Kray (catchment area of the Ussuri River), the relationship between the elasticity coefficient values and the seasonal runoff and precipitation, the runoff coefficient, average height, catchments slopes and average river network slopes has been revealed. The influence of local conditions of runoff formation on the river basins response to changes in the amount of atmospheric precipitation is discussed.

ВИДЫ И КУЛЬТИВАРЫ РОДА ALLIUM L. В СТАВРОПОЛЬСКОМ БОТАНИЧЕСКОМ САДУ

Species and cultivars of the genus Allium L., family Alliaceae occupy a significant place is in the collection of floral and ornamental herbaceous perennials of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The first supplies of plants to the exhibition areas of the garden took place in 1962. Nowadays, 34 taxa grow in the collection of herbaceous perennials. Research work on the study of local species and introduced species has been carried out since 2010. In 2020, the results of an introduction experiment to study the seasonal rhythms of plant growth and development, their ecological growth conditions, biomorphological indicators, decorative qualities, and economically valuable features, resistance to adverse weather conditions, pests, and diseases were summed up. Analyzing the data obtained, the author identifies the most promising species and cultivars for the introduction on the territory of the Stavropol upland in the conditions of a sharply continental climate and the zone of unstable moisture. As a result of the final assessment of the adaptive features of bows and their decorative qualities, the following groups were identified: very promising – 21, promising – 7, and unpromising – 6. The research team suggests using highly decorative and decorative species, resistant to cultivation in Stavropol and other localities in the region, in practical floriculture. Low-promising and low-decorative ones are valuable species and cultivars used in medicine or consumed as food and rare and endangered species of the Russian Federation 28 and neighboring countries. Plants of the genus Allium in the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden are a scientific base for holding regional environmental seminars for schoolchildren and students of higher educational institutions. Acquaintance with this group of plants is of great interest for landscape design specialists and amateur flower growers.

Experience of growing soybeans (Glycine max (L) merryll) on irrigation in the unstable moisture zone of the Stavropol Territory

To obtain a stable harvest of high quality grain, Agrosakhar LLC, located in the Stavropol Territory, used soybean growing technology, which included: the use of modern energy and resource-saving equipment for soil cultivation, sowing and harvesting, cultivation of adapted varieties bred in Russia and Canada - Selecta 302, Vilana, Furio, Kofu, Kyoto, Kanata; introduction of complex fertilizer - azophoska for main soil cultivation, pre-sowing seed treatment with a fungicidal dressing agent Delit Pro and the inoculant Highcoat Super Soy. The system of protective measures included a combination of agrotechnical measures using chemical plant protection products based on monitoring of harmful objects. To combat monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species of weeds, sowing was treated with Pledge herbicide before germination, followed by a tank mixture of herbicides Bazagran with Harmony in the phase of the first true leaf in soybean plants. The use of the fungicide Akanto Plus together with Karate Zeon and Ampligo Plus ensured effective protection of soybean plants from diseases and pests during the growing season. The technology used for growing soybeans on the farm enables you to consistently get a large and high-quality grain yield. The maximum yield of 2.92 t/ha was obtained by sowing the Kofu variety using the developed cultivation technology. On average, the yield of protein amounted to 0.98, and vegetable fat amounted to 0.59 t/ha. The profitability of soybean grain production on the farm using this cultivation technology is 44.2%.

Peculiarities of growth and development of sugar beets under the application of measures to increase tolerance to drought stress in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To establish the patterns of sugar beet growth and development under application of measures to increase the crop tolerance to drought stress in the zone of unstable moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out in the experimental field of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (50.023194, 30.173895) during 2014–2018. The research scheme included the soil application of the moisture retaining agent Aquasorb (300 kg/ha), Mirazonit soil bacteria concentrate (20 kg/ha), application of the plant growth regulator Kelpak SC (2 l/ha, BBCH 14 + 4 l/ha, BBCH 18) and microfertilizers Alpha-Grow-Extra Beet (3 l/ha, BBCH 18) and Micro-Mineralis Beet (1.5 l/ha, BBCH 18). Aquasorb was applied during early spring tillage with the Amazone ZA-TS 3200 spreader. The soil was treated with the Mirazonit soil bacteria concentrate (20 l/ha) prior to cultivation using an Amazone UF field mounted sprayer at a flow rate of 200 l/ha. Results. Aquasorb moisture retaining agent at the application rate of 300 kg/ha ensured additional 5 mm of soil water in the soil layer of 0–20 cm, which is extremely important at the beginning of the vegetation season. In addition, hydrogel particles located close to the soil surface increase the soil water absorption capacity during rainfalls. Combined action of Aquasorb and Mirazonit ensured the most optimal indicators of plant density at the end of the vegetation season (108–109.3 thousand plants/ha). Most probably, this could be explained by the high efficiency of this biopreparation against the seedling borer. In particular, with an average prevalence of this pest in the 2.73% of the sowings, only 1.4–1.7% of sugar beet plants were damaged due to the complex action of hydrogel and Mirazonit. The use of plant growth regulator Kelpak SC had a positive effect on the formation of the length of lateral roots in the phase of leaf closure in the row (BBCH 30). In the phase of leaf closure between rows (BBCH 39) under the application of Aquasorb, the plants had 18.8 mm longer lateral roots, which ultimately ensured the formation of a higher root mass by 11.9 g/plant. At the same time, the effect of growth regulator on the length of the roots, both separately and in combination with other agricultural measures, was not detected. Conclusions. The best conditions for the growth and development of sugar beet plants were created in the treatment with the combined application of all studied agrotechnical practices. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the improvement of crop cultivation technology in the zone of unstable soil moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine based on the comprehensive application of measures that contribute to increasing the crop tolerance to drought stress.

Защита льна масличного от сорной растительности

Potential seed yield of the modern oil flax varieties is equal to 2.5–3.0 t per ha, and its real meanings in 2019 in average in Russia was 0.83 t per ha, in the Southern federal region – 0.77 t per ha. One of the reasons of such low productivity of the crop is poorly effective measures of weed control. We studied the methods of herbicides application to select the most effective ones in 2019–2020 in a zone of unstable moistening (Krasnodar) on leached black soil and in a zone of insufficient moistening of the south of Russia (Oporny settl., Rostov region) on typical black soil in sowings of oil flax varieties FLIZ and Raduga bred at VNIIMK. We established the best way of a chemical plant protection of oil flax against weeds is a separate application of the herbicides Secator Turbo, MD (0.1 I per ha) and Miura, EC (1.2 l per ha). This variant did not demonstrate a negative effect of preparations on the crop and caused yield increase up to 0.20 t per ha. Also the high flax productivity, at the level of control variant with hand weeding of crops, were stated under separate application of the herbicides Magnum and Miura, Tifi and Miura. We recommended using these methods of herbicides application in zones of unstable and insufficient moistening of the south of Russia. We do not recommend to treat the crops with the herbicide Tifi after before-soeing application of Frontier Optima or Dual Gold and with tank mixture Magnum + Miura, Tifi + Miura, Secator Turbo + Miura due to their phytotoxic impact on the crop and negative effect on the indicators of plant productivity.

Formation of structure elements of winter wheat yield in landscape conditions of the Central Ciscaucasia

Relevance. The yield level significantly depends on the cultivation technique and landscape conditions. Therefore, knowledge of the mechanism of the relationship between these factors and the plant is relevant. Methods . The experiment was carried out in 2015–2019 at the “Agro landscape” training ground. The aim of the research was to study the influence of predecessors, the level of mineral nutrition and location in the relief on the formation of elements of the structure of the yield of winter wheat in the zone of unstable moisture in the Stavropol Territory. Results . The pea yield was formed in 2015 by the type of tall stalks, in 2017 by the mixed type, in other years by the spike type. On taxon A 1 , the yield depended on the grain weight per year in a strong ( r = 0.85), and on A 3 , in an average ( r = 0.60). For the halffallow, the formation proceeded in 2015 due to the productive stalk ( r = 0.78) and grain weight per ear ( r = 0.71), in 2016–2019. according to the spike type ( r = 0.76–0.96). In taxon A 1 , the yield was formed due to the weight of grain per ear ( r = 0.83), and in taxon A 2 and A 3 , due to the stem ( r = 0.84–0.85). For peas, a significant difference between the nutritional backgrounds was for all elements of the crop structure, except for the weight of grain per ear, and for half-fallow only in the number of productive stems. On average for predecessors, a significant difference in taxa was noted between A1 and A 2 in the number of grains and grain weight per ear, between A 2 and A 3 in the stem, between A 1 and A 3 in all elements of the crop structure. The strongest relationship between yield was noted with the weight of grain per ear ( r = 0.88), which is closely related to the weight of 1000 grains ( r = 0.83) and the number of grains per ear ( r = 0.82).

Features of quality indicators of corn grain formation depending on the complex of elements of growing technology

The article presents the results of research on the peculiarities of the grain quality indicators of corn hybrids formation depending on plant density and fertilizer system in conditions of unstable moisture in the right bank of Foreststeppe zone of Ukraine. The aim of the research was to identify the influence of a set of elements of cultivation technology on the quality of corn grain. During 2017–2019, research using field, calculation and statistical methods was conducted in the research field of the training and production center of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University (Bila Tserkva NAU). It was found that on average in the experiment, the earlyripening hybrid of DN PIVYHA corn (FAO 180) had a protein content in grain of 9.96 % and starch – 72.26 %, in the middleearly hybrid of DN ORLYK (FAO 280) protein was 9.08 %, and starch – 73.55 %, while the medium-ripe hybrid DN SARMAT, respectively, 8.86 % and 72.98 %. The maximum values of protein content in the grain of the hybrid DN PIVYHA (FAO 180) were noted by us for the use of mineral fertilizer system and density at the time of harvesting 55 thousand pieces/ha – 10.23 %. However, in the DN ORLYK hybrid, the maximum protein content was also observed for the mineral fertilizer system and for the pre-harvest density of plants of 55 and 65 thousand units/ha. Similar figures were obtained for the hybrid DN SARMAT. The maximum indicators of starch content in corn grain were obtained by us in all studied hybrids at pre-harvest plant density of 55 thousand units/ha and fertilizer with organic fertilizer Organic compost, 7 t/ha, which were respectively 73.40 % (DN PIVIHA) 74.20 % (DN ORLIK) and 73.05 % (DN SARMAT). According to the results of determining the proportions of the influence of factors, it is recorded that the formation of protein content by 32 % is influenced by the fertilizer system, while the hybrid factor remains quite significant – 25 %. It is determined that the conditions of the growing season determine this trait by 23 %, and the density at the time of harvest by 15 %. The content of protein and starch in corn grain depends not only on the biological characteristics of hybrids but also on the direct influence and interaction of experimental factors: fertilizer systems and plant density and their reaction to growing conditions developed during 2017–2019. Key words: corn, grain, hybrid, fertilizer system, plant density, protein content, starch content.

Influence of main tillage methods on barley yield in the Lower Volga region

Light-chestnut soils of the arid zone of the North of the Astrakhan region, even if all the standards of agricultural engineering are observed, are characterized by unfavorable agrochemical and water-physical properties for most crops. To successfully solve the problems associated with increasing adaptation of zonal agriculture to harsh climate conditions, it is necessary to search for new resource-saving technologies. The purpose of the work is to identify the impact of resource-saving methods of basic soil cultivation on the yield of spring barley in the semi-desert conditions of the North of the Astrakhan region.
 The organization of field experiments, observations and laboratory analyses were carried out according to the method of conducting field experiments Dospekhov B. A. and Guidelines for conducting field experiments with forage crops (research Institute of feed). The results of the conducted field experiments and laboratory studies give reason to speak about the feasibility of using a resource-saving soil-cultivating organ ROPA in the zone of unstable moisture in the North of the Astrakhan region. Loosening this unit contributes to an increase of 25% of the total spring stock of soil moisture. The introduction of this deep tillage (H=0.40-0.45 m) and tools for its implementation (ROPA) allows you to get in the rain-fed conditions of the arid zone of the North of the Astrakhan region from one hectare of arable land to 1.24 tons of barley Vakula and 1.30 tons of barley Ratnik.

Maize hybrids' productivity depending on the use of biological products and bioorganic fertilizers “Nagro”

The field trials were carried out in 2018-2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd). The experimental plot was located in the southern agricultural zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) on loess-like loam, with 3.2% of humus, 18.5-20.0 mg of P2O5, 342-360 mg of K2O per kg of soil. The value of the hydrothermal coefficient in the years of research ranged from 0.27 to 0.66, which characterized the insufficient moisture supply of the vegetation period. The purpose of the current work was to study the effect of biological products and bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro” on the productivity of the mid-ripening hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354 MB'. The applied bio products had a significant effect on the safety of plants for harvesting, which was at the level of 86.6-87.9% and indicators of the yield structure, where there was a significant improvement in comparison with the control variant on 7.2-26.2 g of a cob weight, 6.0-19.75 g of kernel weight per cob, 19.2-32.3 g of 1000-kernel weight. The productivity increase due to the use of bio products ranged in 0.18-0.56 t/ha. The most energetically efficient variants of the trial were the use of the bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro” and the biological product “Flavobacterin”, where the minimum values of the energy intensity of the product were 4.55 GJ/ha (“Nagro”) and the maximum energy efficiency coefficient was 2.39 GJ/ha (“Flavobacterin”). When using the bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro”, there was the largest net income of 20 343 rubles/ha, with the smallest production cost of 3487 rubles/ha and the highest profitability level of 158%.

Features of formation of productivity of sugar beets hybrids of domestic breeding

Purpose. To reveal features of formation of productivity of modern sugar beet hybrids of domestic selection.Methods. Field, laboratory.Results. Studies show that the lowest yields of sugar beets were obtained in 2016, 2017 and 2019. Moreover, the conditions of the unstable humidification zone of the Right-Bank part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine were mainly characterized by unstable precipitation, a decrease in their amount, as well as increased average daily air temperatures. Therefore, the selection of high-yielding hybrids of sugar beets to obtain a high level of productivity is relevant. As evidenced by the data comparing the yield of sugar beet root crops on the test site, they significantly exceeded the average indicators for Kiev region by 10.7–20.0 t/ha, and only in arid 2016 the difference was minimal – 4.6 t/ha. The high stability of the trait “sugar content in root crops” is inherent not only in hybrids with low parameters of its manifestation, but is largely determined by the genetic characteristics of the hybrid. Three clusters were identified based on the reaction of hybrids to growing conditions. The first cluster included triploid hybrids: ‘Zluka’, ‘Oleksandriia, ‘Olzhych’, ‘Kvarta’ and ‘Konstanta’, the second one – the triploid hybrid ‘BTs ChS 57’ and diploid ‘Vesto’, the third cluster - the triploid hybrid ‘Sofiia’ and diploid ‘Ukrainskyi ChS 72’.Conclusions. Proper selection of high-yielding hybrids resistant to adverse growing conditions in the zone of unstable moisture of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is extremely important, because the biological characteristics of hybrids affect 45% of the amount of sugar harvest, but the growing season by 33% and the interaction of factors was 17%. It was found that despite the difficult weather conditions, the highest yields were formed by hybrids: ‘Anichka’ – 70.1 t/ha, ‘Ramzes’ – 70.5 t/ha, ‘Romul’ – 73.0 t/ha and ‘BTs ChS 57’ – 73.4 t/ha. But the maximum sugar content in root crops was in hybrids: ‘Ukrainskyi ChS 72’ – 17.3%, ‘Zluka’ – 17.3% and ‘Sofiia’ – 17.7%. Accordingly, the maximum sugar harvest was provided by hybrids: ‘BTs ChS 57’ – 12.1 t/ha and ‘Romul’ – 12.2 t/ha.

СИСТЕМЫ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ В ПРОПАШНОМ ЗВЕНЕ СЕВООБОРОТА В ЗОНЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ПРЕДКАВКАЗЬЯ

The research was carried out in order to analyze the development of various systems of basic tillage (moldboard, non-moldboard, surface) for row crops for the period from 2010 to 2018 in the zone of unstable moisture in Stavropol kray with the development of a soil cultivation system for corn for grain according to the predecessor winter wheat. The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary chernozem, medium loamy, with a humus content of 3.9%, Р2О5 - 36.2 mg/kg; К2О - 162.8 mg/kg. The research was carried out in the link of crop rotation winter wheat - corn for grain. The experimental scheme included eight options for the main processing: moldboard (control), moldless (plow with SibIME tines, “Paraplau” type, chisel, flat cutter), milling, shallow (10 ... 12 cm in combination with Roundup herbicide) and combined (moldboard under winter wheat, chisel-making for grain corn). The area of the plot is 240 m2, the arrangement of the plots is two-tiered, randomized, the replication is four times. During the study period, the area cultivated without moldboard to a depth of 20 ... 22 cm, on average, grew by 4.3 thousand hectares annually. The average soil density in the options with moldboard and combined (plowing by 20 ... 22 cm for winter wheat, non-moldboard loosening by 23 ... 25 cm for corn for grain) processing is almost the same as after sowing (1.10 and 1.11 g/cm3) and before harvesting (1.19 g/cm3). The soil water permeability after the main processing with the chisel plow PCh-4.5 was 291 mm/h, plowing - 241 mm/h, which is 15% less. The average for crops in the crop rotation link in the variant with moldboard and combined tillage were practically the same - 136 and 134.6 mm, respectively. Against the fertilized background, the costs for combined tillage versus moldboard tillage (control) decreased by 2300 rubles per hectare, and the profitability of production of the crop rotation link is 89%.
 Key words: tillage systems, crop rotation, row-crop link, ordinary chernozem, Central Ciscaucasia