Unmarried Mothers Research Articles

Breaking Routines: The Lived Experiences of Solo Parents Navigating Modular Distance Learning in the Philippines

Key stakeholders in education sector are enablers of sustainable development. Their collective action significantly influences human resources and the overall quality of education. Accordingly, solo parents as stakeholders in the field of education have multidimensional impact in the community, explicitly on learners’ academic achievements. In this phenomenological study, the researchers aimed to explore the lived experiences of solo parents, specifically the challenges that they have experienced and the coping strategies that they capitalized when they used the Modular Distance Learning (MDL) modality to carry out their roles as parent-educators of their youngsters. The researchers conducted face-to-face interview using the semi-structured interview guide to achieve the objectives of the study. The results of the study are useful to education stakeholders, especially to the teachers and school officials concerned, for them to better understand the lived experiences of the solo parents, and address the challenges, thus—afford better education to learners. The findings of the study revealed that solo parents, as parent-educators, have faced many challenges when they used the MDL modality. Specifically, they have experienced pedagogical, personal and educational, and limited parent-youngster teaching-learning interaction challenges. To moderate the effects of these challenges, they used these coping strategies: help seeking behavior, parent-teacher influence, and parental involvement in education. Undoubtedly, solo parents, as parent-educators face many challenges, which can affect their teaching performance in the MDL context. However, with a dynamic teaching-learning partnership among solo parents and their youngsters an improved teaching-learning performance is assured.

Challenges and Coping Strategies by Unwed Mothers Pursuing Academic Program: A Qualitative Study

Unwed mothers pursuing academic programs embody strength and determination, proving that with resilience and adaptability, they can rise above challenges and succeed in their academic journey. The study was conducted at a higher education institution in Lanao del Norte using purposive sampling, involving nine unwed mother participants. Data triangulation was achieved through the inclusion of their classmates and instructors, bringing the total number of participants to 20, and data collection continued until saturation was reached. It explored the challenges and coping strategies f unwed mothers through an interview guide and Yin’s six-stage case study analysis. The findings revealed that unwed mothers in higher education face the heavy burden of balancing academic demands with parenting, often while struggling with financial and resource limitations. However, despite these challenges, they rely on strong support system from family, friends, faculty, peer groups, and institutional resources and view education as a vital path to empowerment and a better future for their families. The findings highlight the importance of creating an inclusive and supportive academic environment for these students. Additionally, this study recommends providing financial aid, flexible schedules, counseling, and on-campus childcare to support unwed mothers in completing their education and improving their lives.

Illegitimacy and Its Effects on Marriage Prospects in Nineteenth‐century and Early Twentieth‐century Rural Estonia

ABSTRACTUsing narrative sources and parish registers to assess the effects of illegitimacy on the life chances of the mothers and children, this article demonstrates how, in nineteenth‐century rural Estonia, illegitimacy was stigmatised and reduced the marriage prospects of both single mothers and their daughters. In the period of socio‐economic modernisation from the late 1860s to the 1910s, marriage opportunities considerably improved but local differences emerged. In the predominantly Lutheran countryside, illegitimacy was seen not only as the individual responsibility of the parents who had ‘sinned’ but also often as a shame for the whole family of the unwed mother.

Navigating the Line: Utilization of Communication Channels and Awareness of the Expanded Solo Parent Welfare Act (RA 11861)

The Expanded Solo Parent Welfare Act, or Republic Act 11861, enhances provisions and benefits for solo parents originally set by RA 8972. This law aimed to support solo parents in raising their children, managing expenses, and combating poverty by providing tailored assistance. Ensuring that all solo parents are aware of and can access these benefits is crucial, as well as the communication channels they utilize to obtain information about RA 11861. This study examined the frequency of utilization of various communication channels, including television, radio, internet, and print media, among solo parents and assessed their ease of access to information and awareness levels regarding RA 11861. Utilizing the De Fleur Model of Communication and Diffusion of Innovations Theory, a quantitative survey involving 93 registered solo parents was conducted in one of the barangays in Panabo City, Davao del Norte, Philippines. The study is limited to a single barangay, which may affect the generalizability of results. Findings indicate that the internet is the most utilized channel for information about the welfare act, while radio is the least used, considering the demographic differences such as age, sex, educational attainment, and employment status. It revealed that solo parents can adequately understand the Act. A significant positive relationship was found between communication channel utilization and awareness levels, with ease of access to information, particularly through the internet, strongly correlating with higher awareness levels. Recommendations emphasized the importance of leveraging high-frequency channels and improving digital literacy for solo parents in enhancing their awareness and accessing the Act's benefits.

O-153 Assessing the impact of a workshops series to support parental disclosure in families of donor-conceived children in Ireland

Abstract Study question What is the impact of a workshop series on disclosure and parenting competence among heterosexual couples who used donor gametes to create their family? Summary answer Participants in psychoeducation workshops for parents of donor-conceived children report significant improvements in knowledge, comfort, and confidence regarding optimal time and approach to disclosure conversations. What is known already Although data suggest that parental disclosure of using donor gametes to offspring is associated with positive outcomes for families (i.e., Golombok et al., 2023), parents report not knowing how or when to disclose (e.g., Hershberger et al., 2022). Study design, size, duration Sharing Our Family Story, a workshop to support parents in the disclosure process, was offered to members of the National Infertility Support and Information Group (NISIG) in Ireland Fall 2022-Spring 2024. Groups of 6-8 heterosexual, two-parent couples attended 2 in-person, half-day meetings scheduled a month apart and were invited to participate in data collection. Participants completed online questionnaires at Time 1 (prior to workshop 1) and Time 2 (following workshop 2). Participants/materials, setting, methods At Times 1 and 2, participants reported cognitions and emotions regarding disclosure using a 31-item questionnaire with 6 subscales (Communication with Child, Communication with Extended Family, Communication with Community, Parent Confidence and Ease, Valuing Openness, Child Resilient Response) created for this study. Participants also self-reported on 3 subscales (Satisfaction, Efficacy, and Interest) of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978). Main results and the role of chance Parents (n = 62; 56.5% mothers; Mage = 45.56) were largely Irish (87.1%) or other White background (14.5%; e.g., American, British), married (96.8%), and employed or self-employed (90.3%). Children (62.9% female) ranged in age from 6 months to 8 years old (M = 38.69, SD = 26.35) and were conceived with donor oocyte (n = 58), sperm (n = 2), or embryo (n = 2). Donor identity was reported to be unknown to 87.1% of the sample, with donor contact reported by 3.2% of participants. Paired samples t-tests were performed to compare the 6 subscales of the Sharing Our Family Story measure and 3 subscales of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale from Time 1 to Time 2. Statistically significant improvements were reported for all 6 subscales of Sharing Our Family Story and for the Efficacy but not the Satisfaction or Interest subscales of the Competency Scale. For example, parent report on the Communication with Child subscale increased substantially (Cohen’s D = 4.85) from Time 1 (M = 23.55, SD = 5.49) to Time 2 (M = 34.96, SD = 3.73); t(49) = -16.47, p <.001. Limitations, reasons for caution The current sample is limited to heterosexual, two-parent families residing in Ireland with children aged 6 months to 8 years old. Additional testing with more diverse samples, including solo parents and LGBTQ parents, should be undertaken. Additional testing of the Sharing Our Family Story measure is also warranted. Wider implications of the findings Parents of donor-conceived children need information and tools to support disclosure conversations. Sharing Our Family Story is one of very few empirically-based resources that could be offered during and after donor conception. Partnerships between community advocates and service providers like NISIG and academic researchers are integral to advancing this work. Trial registration number No

Multilevel modelling of determinants of perinatal mortality in East Africa: a pooled analysis of National health survey data

BackgroundPerinatal mortality, which includes stillbirths and early neonatal deaths, is a critical indicator of maternal and newborn health, especially in developing countries. It highlights the effectiveness of healthcare systems and socioeconomic inequalities. Despite global efforts, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to reduce perinatal mortality, developing countries continue to experience high rates due to factors like inadequate access to quality healthcare, maternal health issues, and socioeconomic disparities. Since, there is limited evidence in the region, this study investigates perinatal mortality in East Africa, using data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to identify key determinants and inform policy interventions aimed at improving health outcomes.MethodsThis study utilized data from the DHS conducted in East Africa. A weighted sample of 101,728 children was included in the analysis using R-4.4.0 software. Descriptive data, including frequencies and texts, were performed. A multilevel modeling analysis was employed to analyze perinatal mortality, considering both individual-level factors and contextual factors. The multilevel model accounts for clustering within countries and allows for the examination of both fixed and random effects that influence perinatal mortality. For the multivariable analysis, variables with a p-value ≤ 0.2 in the univariate analysis were considered. The Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and a p-value < 0.05 was reported to indicate statistical significance and degree of association in the final model.ResultsThe overall pooled effect size of perinatal mortality is 3.67 (2.92, 4.59), with Tanzania having the highest rate and Comoros having the lowest rate. Women aged 25–34 years (AOR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.95), 35–49 years (AOR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.97), and 35–49 years (AOR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.97) compared to women aged 15–24 years, gave birth the first before the age of 20 (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.28), have secondary or higher education (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.81), not being married (AOR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.21), poorer (AOR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98), and richest women (AOR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.97) compared to the poorest women, mass media exposure (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.15), women with 3–5 children (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.21), and with more than 5 children had even greater odds (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.29, 1.44), twin births (AOR = 3.62, 95% CI: 3.41, 3.79), modern contraceptive (AOR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.91), had history of abortion (AOR = 8.53, 95% CI: 8.29, 8.79), birth interval of 24–36 (AOR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.73), and 37–59 months (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.67) compared to intervals of < 24 months respectively, having health insurance (AOR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82, 0.92), rural residence (AOR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.18), residing in low-income (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.49), and higher literacy rates (AOR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.89) were statistically associated with perinatal mortality respectively.ConclusionsThe study reveals several significant factors associated with perinatal mortality in East Africa. Factors such as women who gave birth before the age of 20, not married, mass media exposure, having more children, twin births, history of abortion, residing in rural areas, and in low-income countries were linked to higher odds of perinatal mortality, however, being older age, better education, better wealth, modern contraception, longer birth intervals, have health insurance, and high literacy rate countries were linked to lower odds of perinatal mortality. To reduce perinatal mortality in East Africa, targeted interventions should focus on improving educational attainment for women, enhancing access to health insurance, and promoting the use of modern contraceptive methods. Additionally, policies aimed at supporting unmarried mothers, managing multiple births, and addressing rural healthcare disparities are essential.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Suicidal Ideation Among Korean Unwed Mothers

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death, and the rates of suicidal ideation are higher among unwed mothers compared to their counterparts in the Republic of Korea. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with negative health and behavior outcomes, including suicidal ideation. However, the impact of ACEs on suicidal ideation among Korean unwed mothers remains underexplored. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between ACEs and suicidal ideation in adulthood within a sample of 255 Korean unwed mothers. Logistic regression was used to examine the impact of both cumulative and specific ACEs on suicidal ideation in adulthood. The results showed that 34.1% of mothers reported suicidal ideation, 79.8% experienced at least one ACE, and 44.7% reported experiencing four or more ACEs, highlighting a significant level of risk. The number of ACEs was associated with increased odds of having suicidal ideation. Distinct effects of specific types and combinations of ACEs were also identified. Unwed mothers exposed to physical neglect, emotional neglect, or domestic violence were at heightened risk of suicidal ideation. These findings suggest that neglect and domestic violence are critical factors in identifying unwed mothers at risk for suicidal ideation and underscore the necessity of implementing trauma-informed practices to mitigate suicide risk.

Navigating Solo Parenthood in the Philippines: Societal Perceptions, Legal Frameworks, and Lived Experiences

This study explores the lived experiences, societal perceptions, and legal challenges faced by solo parents in the Philippines, particularly solo mothers and persons with disabilities. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, feminist theory, and attachment theory, the research employs a qualitative document analysis to examine coping mechanisms and evaluate the implementation of Republic Act No. 11861. Findings highlight emotional trauma, economic hardship, and social stigma as primary stressors, while resilience emerges through community support, faith-based practices, and extended family networks. Despite policy advancements, legal gaps and inconsistent implementation persist. The study recommends broadening legal definitions, improving inter-agency coordination, and adopting trauma-informed, inclusive services to ensure equitable support for all solo parents in the country.

Navigating Social Support: Building Resilience and Agency among Unmarried Adolescent Mothers in Rural Community. A case of Urambo District, Tanzania

Unmarried adolescent mothers (UAMs) often face significant social and economic challenges, exacerbated by cultural stigma and restrictive social norms. These young women are frequently marginalised, experiencing limited access to educational and economic opportunities due to societal social norms resulting in pre-conceived judgement and isolation. This study examines the role of key capitals in fostering resilience and agency among UAMs, focusing on rural communities sampled from Urambo district in Tanzania. A cross-sectional and mixed research approach was adopted. A total of 80 unmarried adolescent mothers participated in the study. Quantitative data were collected through household surveys, while qualitative data were collected through in-depth key informants’ interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyse quantitative data using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS), while content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The findings showed that most UAMs become pregnant aged between 13 and 16 due to poverty, lack of knowledge on sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS), peer pressure, and lack of parental guidance. It was revealed that social support from family, peers, and community health services plays a crucial role in building resilience, navigating social pressures, enhancing agency in decision-making. Other factors accounting for UAMs building resiliency agency include engaging in agricultural work, petty trades, and food vending. The study underscores the need for strengthening support systems and inclusive policies that address the unique challenges faced by unmarried adolescent mothers, promoting an environment where they can thrive despite the societal barriers. These insights have significant implications for designing community programs and interventions aimed at reducing stigma, building resilience, and enhancing unmarried adolescent mothers agency in similar socio-cultural contexts.

The role of optimism, connectedness, and neighborhood collective efficacy as moderators of harsh parenting on telomere length.

The role of optimism, connectedness, and neighborhood collective efficacy as moderators of harsh parenting on telomere length.

Familism and the retrospective assessment of the interpersonal relationship with grandparents of young adults from monoparental families

Introduction: The aim of the study was to determine the intensity of the dimensions of familism and the retrospective assessment of the interpersonal relationship with grandparents in groups of young adults from monoparental families with their mother and from full families, and to estimate the relationship between the dimensions of familism and the retrospective assessment of the interpersonal relationship with grandparents. Method: The research conducted was quantitative, cross-sectional and self-report. Four psychological tools with good psychometric properties were used, i.e. the Familism Scale, the Scale for the Retrospective Assessment of the Interpersonal Relationship with the Grandmother, the Scale for the Retrospective Assessment of the Interpersonal Relationship with the Grandfather, the Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale and the questionnaire. Results: There were no differences in the dimensions of familism in the groups of young adults from monoparental families with a mother and from complete families. Young women from monoparental families with their mother rated the quality of interpersonal relationships with their grandmother and grandfather higher than women from intact families. Statistically significant relationships were obtained between the dimensions of familism from the traditional values ​​trend and the retrospective assessment of the interpersonal relationship with the grandmother. They occurred most frequently in the group of women from monoparental families with a mother. Conclusions: The specificity of research on the relationship between the dimensions of familism and the quality of interpersonal relationships between grandparents and grandchildren, especially those in early adulthood, is associated with methodological awareness of the high complexity of the family environment. Considering these issues creates space for searching for new methodological solutions.

Superwoman Schema Endorsement and its Association to Perceived Stress During Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes among Non-Hispanic Black American Women.

The superwoman schema (SWS), rooted in historical racist stereotypes, acts as a sociocultural construct that many Black American women in the U.S. currently adopt, known as the strong Black woman (SBW) stereotype. This SWS, reinforced by racial discrimination, has been identified as a stressor contributing to psychological strain and mental health disorders. Research indicates that the SWS may negatively affect maternal mental health and perinatal outcomes. However, there is a paucity of research focusing on the SWS's impact on pregnant Black American women regarding their psychological health and birth outcomes. Addressing this gap, this study involved 305 African American women aged 21-45 who reported on their SWS endorsement, perceived stress levels during pregnancy, mental health diagnoses, and birth outcomes. Findings revealed a significant correlation between SWS endorsement and increased stress and a diagnosis of anxiety or depression. A higher SWS endorsement and perceived stress were correlated with caring for others and resisting vulnerability, although no direct link was found between SWS endorsement, perceived stress, and delivering a preterm or low birth-weight infant. Further research is necessary on the SWS's adaptive attributes and its archetypic reification in obstetric care. However, these findings underscore the importance of mental health interventions and support systems for pregnant Black American women, especially among unmarried mothers and those with limited education. This study contributes to understanding the SWS as a racial stressor and a contributory mechanism to racial disparities in maternal and perinatal health.

Moroccan maternal outcasts: speaking out and speaking up in Sofia and Adam

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the plight of the single mother in Moroccan society through close analysis of two recent prize-winning film debuts, Sofia (2018) by Meryem Benm’Barek-Aloïsi and Adam (2019) by Maryam Touzani. That two films focusing on the taboo of pregnancy outside marriage from an empathetic perspective should appear in quick succession can be seen as evidence of a strong desire among Moroccan female directors to interrogate the rigid cultural and religious values that predominate in Moroccan society. The existence and acceptance of such stringent moral codes inevitably lead to the ostracisation of those, particularly women, who are deemed to have transgressed the norms. The article examines the treatment of the unmarried mother in Moroccan society as depicted by Adam and Sofia and reflects on the various ways in which both films demonstrate the extent to which pregnancy outside marriage automatically relegates the woman concerned to the status of maternal pariah. The article also discusses the negative impact of the trauma and stigmatisation that accompany the predicament on the mother’s sense of self as well as her relationship with her baby. Finally, the article considers the possibility of an eventual empowerment for the unmarried mother through a renegotiation of the transgression on her own terms.

Prevention of eating disorders: 2024 in review

ABSTRACT This review of 20 prevention-related publications in Eating Disorders during 2024 is framed by three models: (1) Mental Health Intervention Spectrum: health promotion ➔ types of prevention ➔ case identification/referral for treatment; (2) the prevention cycle: rationale and theory, shaped by critical reviews ➔ clarifying risk and protective factors ➔ program innovation and feasibility studies ➔ efficacy and effectiveness research ➔ program dissemination; and (3) definitions of and links between eating disorder psychopathology, disordered eating behavior, and eating disorders. Nine articles were in the category of prevention rationale (including screening studies) and gaps/shortcomings in the prevention field; three addressed correlates and putative risk factors for eating pathology; and eight articles involved creation, adaptation, or upscaling of programs: three pilot projects, one efficacy study, and four investigations of effectiveness. Seven implications for prevention improvement are presented. For example, because multidimensional sociocultural factors are of paramount importance to risk for the spectrum of disordered eating, all forms of prevention should be designed, from the outset, to establish and maintain non-hierarchical, participatory collaboration between academic researchers and inclusive groups of stakeholders. In this process, it is essential to include people (including academic researchers) whose voices are typically ignored (e.g. LGBTQ+ people of color, low income and unmarried working mothers, and adolescents of ages 11 through 14).

Child custody laws and partners' cooperation: An analysis of married and unmarried mothers during the time of COVID‐19

Abstract This paper evaluates the impact of 50/50 custody laws on mothers' decision to leave the labor force for caregiving during the COVID‐19 pandemic. During the onset of the pandemic, variation in family law regarding shared parenting may have affected the labor market decisions of mothers and the impact may have been stronger for those in fragile non‐cooperative relationships. We use monthly CPS data from January 2019 to May 2021 to show that the impact of COVID‐19 changed the labor force outcomes for mothers based on child custody laws, marital status and parental educational attainment.

One Parent, Many Paths: Its Effectiveness Towards Young Adults

As the most important people in a child’s life, parents are responsible for their child’s growth and development. Hence, this study was designed to assess the parenting styles of solo parents and their effectiveness towards their young adult child. Through purposive sampling, 105 pairs of solo parents and their young adult children residing in the perimeters of Amulung were requested to be part of the study. Survey questionnaires were utilized to gather data and were analyzed through descriptive-comparative analysis. In analyzing if the parenting styles of the solo parents were authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful, the findings showed that both the solo parents and their young adults assessed their parenting style as authoritative.

Exploring the Practices of Solo Parents in Settling their Loans from Micro-Financial Institutions

Exploring the Practices of Solo Parents in Settling their Loans from Micro-Financial Institutions

‘None Regardless of Reputation Will Be Received’: Midwifery and Commercial Bodywork in Urban Scotland c. 1780–c. 1840

Summary This article presents two case studies of Scottish midwives, Mrs Laidlaw from Edinburgh and Mrs Alexander from Aberdeen who used newspaper advertising to promote their establishments. Primarily providing for women wishing to conceal their pregnancies and find alternative provisions for their children, the two providers marketed the discreet nature of their practice. Together their stories contradict the dominant strands of historiography on early nineteenth-century midwifery focussed either on its increasingly professionalised and masculinised nature or its rootedness in community practice, largely resistant to commodification. Instead, this article centres on female care and bodyworkers who found opportunities for entrepreneurship in the commercialised care sector. Through focussing on the services offered and their clandestine nature, it elucidates the experiences of lying-in of unmarried mothers of means. Highlighting the midwives’ ability to adapt to the socio-cultural fabric of motherhood, it contributes to the histories of female entrepreneurship and its many forms within the care sector.

Daughters over sons: could physical labor and social stress have shaped birth patterns of single mothers in 19th-century Poznań?

ABSTRACT The study examines the proportion of males to females at birth among unmarried and married mothers in Poznań, Poland, during the nineteenth century. We used individual information on births collected from birth registers of seven Poznań parishes (n = 82,005). The data records contained the following information: child’s sex, parental religion, father’s occupation, and maternal marital status. GAM logistic models were used to analyse the data. The main results demonstrate that the impact of a mother’s marital status on the probability of bearing a daughter was statistically significant (p = 0.004), i.e. there was a smaller probability of married mothers giving birth to daughters compared to unmarried mothers. The effects of other factors were not statistically significant. This result can be explained by single pregnant women being exposed to more stress resulting from poor living conditions, financial problems, loneliness, unemployment, violence, lack of psychosocial support, social instability, and uncertainty of the future than married women. They worked professionally, which involved physical effort and work stress. Psychological pressure related to women’s exposure to social stressors and physical workload may have disturbed the course of pregnancy and resulted in the elimination of weaker male foetuses more often than female foetuses, resulting in a decline in the proportion of boys to girls at birth. It should be noted, however, that the ratio of males to females at birth could also have resulted from other factors – not identified in this study.

Poisson regression is the best method to analyze cumulative adverse childhood experiences.

A cumulative count of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is associated with poor physical and mental health in adults and more recently associated with poor school performance and behavioral problems in children, although typically analyzed with binary logistic and linear regression models that may inaccurately bias the results. This study compared the results of a Poisson regression model with three binary logistic regression models of ACEs (i.e., 2-ACEs, 3-ACEs, and ≥ 4-ACEs) as well as two multiple linear regression models using ACEs as independent variables to predict children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. We used 4,690 children's data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study: a stratified, multistage sample of children born in large U.S. cities between 1998 and 2000, where births to unmarried mothers were oversampled. The children were 47.6% Black, 27.3% Latinx, and 21.1% White, and 4% were reported as other. Results showed that the Poisson regression model best fit the data compared to the logistic regression models based on comparisons of scatterplots of standardized deviance residuals. Results compared to the literature showed the Poisson and ≥ 4-ACEs model were comparable; however, the ≥4-ACEs model overpredicted negative outcomes for four or more ACEs and underpredicted negative outcomes for three or less ACEs. In addition, multiple linear regression results showed enhanced ACEs effects as suppressor variables. Poisson regression is considered the best method to analyze cumulative ACEs as the other methods yield biased results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).