Unlimited Resources Research Articles

Abusive Adversaries in 5G and Beyond IoT

5G and subsequent cellular network generations aim to extend ubiquitous connectivity of billions of Internet-of-Things (IoT) for their consumers. Security is a prime concern in this context as adversaries have evolved to become smart and often employ new attack strategies. Network defenses can be enhanced against attacks by employing behavior models for devices to detect misbehavior. One example is abusive modeling (AM) that is inspired by financial technologies to defend adversaries operating with unlimited resources who have no intention of self-profit apart from harming the system. This article investigates behavior modeling against abusive adversaries in the context of 5G and beyond security functions for IoT. Security threats and countermeasures are discussed to understand AM. A complexity–security tradeoff enables a better understanding of the limitations of state-based behavior modeling and paves the way as a future direction for developing more robust solutions against AM.

Developing Iron-Nickel Bimetallic Oxides with Nanocage Structures As High-Performance Bifunctional Catalysts via the Ensemble Effect from Nitrogen Sources.

Metal-air batteries will serve as renewable and ecofriendly energy-storage systems in the future because of their high theoretical energy-density performance and unlimited resources, using oxygen as fuel materials compared with commercial lithium-ion batteries. However, the unsuitable inactive reactions at the air-electrode interface (the oxygen reduction reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction) in the metal-air battery are major challenges. In this study, we report nitrogen (N)-doped iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) bimetallic catalysts with a hollow structure (Fe-Ni nanocage) as outstanding bifunctional catalysts, which have not been reported previously. The open structure in the catalysts simultaneously has an active inner cavity and an outer shell; catalysts have a high active surface area, resulting in remarkable electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the electron transfer phenomenon due to the "ensemble effect" generates a higher catalyst activation. Nitrogen has a higher electronegativity than the metal cations, so doped nitrogen sources draw the electron into iron and nickel cations, and the deprived oxidation state of the metal cations accelerates the electrocatalytic performance.

Efficiency aware scheduling techniques in cloud computing: a descriptive literature review.

In the last decade, cloud computing becomes the most demanding platform to resolve issues and manage requests across the Internet. Cloud computing takes along terrific opportunities to run cost-effective scientific workflows without the requirement of possessing any set-up for customers. It makes available virtually unlimited resources that can be attained, organized, and used as required. Resource scheduling plays a fundamental role in the well-organized allocation of resources to every task in the cloud environment. However along with these gains many challenges are required to be considered to propose an efficient scheduling algorithm. An efficient Scheduling algorithm must enhance the implementation of goals like scheduling cost, load balancing, makespan time, security awareness, energy consumption, reliability, service level agreement maintenance, etc. To achieve the aforementioned goals many state-of-the-art scheduling techniques have been proposed based upon hybrid, heuristic, and meta-heuristic approaches. This work reviewed existing algorithms from the perspective of the scheduling objective and strategies. We conduct a comparative analysis of existing strategies along with the outcomes they provide. We highlight the drawbacks for insight into further research and open challenges. The findings aid researchers by providing a roadmap to propose efficient scheduling algorithms.

Autofagija kapitalizma. Pandemijska kriza između prirode i društva

The pandemic crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus leads to a rethinking of the anatomy and genealogy of the crisis of Capitalism. The current pandemic is just one sequence in the multiplication of different crises The insight social system of capitalism is subject to the crisis, and that the crisis is an integral part of social equilibrium and social dynamics, is placed in the context of biopolitics and biopower, as well as autophagically intoned natural and demographic selection. The COVID-19 crisis thus imposes a re-examination of the mechanisms of self-regulation of Capitalism through the concept of crisis and risk management, as well as through the discourse of vulnerability and control over nature that has spiraled out of control. The subversive effect of viruses on social organization and social mobilization can be encompassed by the virus theory (Baudrilard), which sees the threat of a virus in the context of the evolutionary supremacy of highly differentiated sociability. This leads to the question of the ontological status of the crisis, as well as its historical continuity/discontinuity. It is proposed to rethink the relationship between crisis, pandemic and death, i.e. the phenomenon of tanatization of Capitalism as well as necrocapitalism itself. In the light of recent discussions, the problem of the relationship between nature and society in the categories of postnaturalism, hybridization, i.e. the permeation of the natural and the social, which leads to the idea of erasing the difference between nature and society, has been especially considered. The discourse on the pandemic crisis needs to be understood both in the light of the nature-society dichotomy as well as in the angle of structurally determined capitalist and neoliberal demand for unlimited resources. © 2021 Institut za drustvena istraživanja u Zagrebu – Institute for Social Research in Zagreb Sva prava pridržana – All rights reserved.

SAIoT: Scalable Anomaly-Aware Services Composition in CloudIoT Environments

Among the novel IT paradigms, cloud computing and the Internet of Things (CloudIoT) are two complementary areas designed to support the creation of smart cities and application services. The CloudIoT not only presents ubiquitous services through IoT nodes but it also provides virtually unlimited resources through services composition. The services composition problem aims to find a set of services among functionally equivalent services with different Quality of Service (QoS) concerning users’ constraints. To this aim, previous studies calculate QoS values through service logs without considering the presence of anomalies in the existing QoS values; however, the dynamicity of distributed service environments and communication networks in CloudIoT environments causes anomalies in the QoS values. Therefore, existing approaches fail to model QoS values accurately that leads to service-level agreement (SLA) violation and penalties for service broker. To address this challenge, we propose a scalable anomaly-aware approach (SAIoT) including two main components: the first component models QoS values based on a machine learning anomaly detection technique, to remove the existing abnormal QoS records, and the second component finds a near-optimal composition by using an effective and efficient metaheuristic algorithm. The experimental results based on real-world data sets show that our approach achieves 30.64% of the average improvement in the QoS value of a composite plan with equal or even less price compared to the previous works, such as information theory-based and advertised QoS-based methods.

Breaking-Down and Parameterising Wave Energy Converter Costs Using the CapEx and Similitude Methods

Wave energy converters (WECs) can play a significant role in the transition towards a more renewable-based energy mix as stable and unlimited energy resources. Financial analysis of these projects requires WECs cost and WEC capital expenditure (CapEx) information. However, (i) cost information is often limited due to confidentiality and (ii) the wave energy field lacks flexible methods for cost breakdown and parameterisation, whereas they are needed for rapid and optimised WEC configuration and worldwide site pairing. This study takes advantage of the information provided by Wavepiston to compare different costing methods. The work assesses the Froude-Law-similarities-based “Similitude method” for cost-scaling and introduces the more flexible and generic “CapEx method” divided into three steps: (1) distinguishing WEC’s elements from the wave energy farm (WEF)’s; (2) defining the parameters characterising the WECs, WEFs, and site locations; and (3) estimating elements that affect WEC and WEF elements’ cost and translate them into factors using the parameters defined in step (2). After validation from Wavepiston manual estimations, the CapEx method showed that the factors could represent up to 30% of the cost. The Similitude method provided slight cost-overestimations compared to the CapEx method for low WEC up-scaling, increasing exponentially with the scaling.

A heuristic scheduling approach for fog-cloud computing environment with stationary IoT devices

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has led to the rise of a variety of applications with different characteristics and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Those applications require computational power and have time sensitive requirements. Cloud computing paradigm provides an illusion to consumers with unlimited computation resource power. However, cloud computing fails to deliver on the time-sensitive requirements of applications. The main challenge in the cloud computing paradigm is the associated delays from the edge IoT device to the cloud data center and from the cloud data center back to the edge device. Fog computing extends limited computational services closer to the edge device to achieve the time sensitive requirement of applications. This work proposes a scheduling solution which adopts the three-tier fog computing architecture in order to satisfy the maximum number of requests given their deadline requirements. In this work, an optimization model using mixed integer programming is introduced to minimize deadline misses. The model is validated with an exact solution technique. The scheduling problem is known to be an NP-hard, and hence, exact optimization solutions are inadequate for a typical size problem in fog computing. Given the complex nature of the problem, a heuristic approach using the genetic algorithm (GA) is presented. The performance of the proposed GA was evaluated and compared against round robin and priority scheduling. The results show that the deadline misses of the proposed approach is 20%–55% better than the other techniques.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of feeding fish using electro-optical devices in fish farms of the Volgograd region

For intensive fish farming on fish farms, the food supply is a decisive condition. But the fodder base of reservoirs is not an unlimited resource, and compound feed is becoming more expensive and not always available. One of the solutions to this problem can be attracting flying insects to the surface of water bodies. Light traps of various models are increasingly used to attract insects at twilight and at night. The experiment used an experimental mobile electro-optical installation for the destruction of flying insects with an optical converter of the ultraviolet spectrum, a structure to which a high-frequency electric voltage is applied and a screen for collecting insects. The light trap attracts different species of insects, which also differ in their food value for fish. Nevertheless, natural food provides a good supplement with sufficient amounts of essential nutrients and energy. As a result of the obtained experiment, a species analysis of arthropods attracted by a light trap was carried out. The most active ones were representatives of the order Diptera, from the families of chironomids (bell mosquitoes) and midges (river midge). Representatives of the leafhopper family from the order of Hemiptera (bugs) also showed high activity. Chironomids are an important component of food for larvae and fry of fish, especially carp species. The proposed installation can operate in a mixed discrete mode, actively attracting flying insects without affecting them by high voltage, which contributes to the intensification of the development of food organisms.

A latency-aware max-min algorithm for resource allocation in cloud

Cloud computing is an emerging distributed computing paradigm. However, it requires certain initiatives that need to be tailored for the cloud environment such as the provision of an on-the-fly mechanism for providing resource availability based on the rapidly changing demands of the customers. Although, resource allocation is an important problem and has been widely studied, there are certain criteria that need to be considered. These criteria include meeting user’s quality of service (QoS) requirements. High QoS can be guaranteed only if resources are allocated in an optimal manner. This paper proposes a latency-aware max-min algorithm (LAM) for allocation of resources in cloud infrastructures. The proposed algorithm was designed to address challenges associated with resource allocation such as variations in user demands and on-demand access to unlimited resources. It is capable of allocating resources in a cloud-based environment with the target of enhancing infrastructure-level performance and maximization of profits with the optimum allocation of resources. A priority value is also associated with each user, which is calculated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results validate the superiority for LAM due to better performance in comparison to other state-of-the-art algorithms with flexibility in resource allocation for fluctuating resource demand patterns.

Infertility cell therapy and epigenetic insights

Recent advances in assisted reproductive technology (ART) have allowed couples with severe infertility to conceive, but the methods are not effective for all cases. Stem cells as undifferentiated cells which are found in different stages of embryonic, fetal and adult life are known to be capable of forming different cell types, tissues, and organs. Due to their unlimited resources and the incredible power of differentiation are considered as potential new therapeutic biological tools for treatment of infertility. For reproductive medicine, stem cells are stimulated in vitro to develop various specialized functional cells including male and female gametes. The epigenetic patterns can be modified in the genome under certain drugs exposure or lifestyle alterations. Therefore, epigenetics-related disorders may be treated if the nature of the modifications is completely admissible. It is proved that our understanding of epigenetic processes and its association with infertility would help us not only to understand the etiological factors but also to treat some type of male infertilities. Exploration of both genetic and epigenetic variations in the disease development could help in the identification of the interaction patterns between these two phenomena and possible improvement of therapeutic methods.

Intelligent workload allocation in IoT–Fog–cloud architecture towards mobile edge computing

Because of the tremendous growth in the number of smart vehicular devices and 5G mobile technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced rapid expansion. This has led to a considerable increase in the volume of sensory data produced from, but not limited to, monitoring devices, traffic congestion in cities, safety, and pollution control. Cloud computing can deal with the corresponding workload by providing virtually unlimited computational resources. But, given the importance of the quality of service and security in delay-sensitive requests, other solutions like fog computing have also been introduced to speed up processing and management of sensory data in real scenarios like smart grid and IoT. Processing workloads at the network edge reduces the delay in mobile edge computing, but it highly increases the consuming power. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the improvement of the energy model of fog devices at the network edge. This paper is an attempt to modify this model using the green energy concept and reduce both delay and power consumption in multi-sensorial frameworks in secure IoT systems. In the proposed method, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used for handling a large number of requests and the corresponding quality and security limitations. Simulation results show that the proposed method can simultaneously reduce the delay and the power consumption of edge devices compared to a baseline strategy.

Stable isotope analysis suggests low trophic niche partitioning among co‐occurring land snail species in a floodplain forest

AbstractLand snails are abundant invertebrates in many terrestrial ecosystems, playing an essential role in food webs and nutrient cycling. Although snails are commonly considered general grazers with a strong tendency to omnivory, their foraging strategy is well documented only for a few species. Virtually no data exist on trophic niche partitioning within snail assemblages. To fill this gap, we analyzed naturally occurring stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N), an approach widely applied in ecological research, but only rarely in terrestrial snail studies. We collected ten individuals of the dominant co‐occurring land snails (i.e., Aegopinella nitidula, Fruticicola fruticum, Oxyloma elegans, Succinea putris, Trochulus villosulus and Zonitoides nitidus) in a floodplain forest floor, along with their potential food sources and other invertebrates. All species, except for A. nitidula, showed high intraspecific variation in isotope signatures, indicating their opportunistic feeding behavior. Such a high intraspecific variation combined with the active movement range of all the species allows switching between food sources based on their accessibility. We observed that the trophic niches of the studied species highly overlapped, except for Z. nitidus. This suggests that trophic niche compartmentalization among co‐occurring species does not seem to be the mechanism to avoid competition for food. Virtually unlimited resources for snail food are assumed to explain the coexistence of many species in high‐density populations. Our results add to this concept of assembly rules in snail species by the finding of highly variable and overlapping trophic niches among the majority of the studied species.

Solar power plants site selection for sustainable ecological development in Nigde, Turkey

Turkey's population is constantly increasing, and thus, the energy consumption is also increasing. Wind turbines, nuclear power plants, and boron and uranium resources are used for energy needs. Turkey meets its energy needs using these resources. Sun which is a natural and unlimited resource among these resources is one of the most important natural energy resources. The most important issue to consider in order to utilize solar energy in the most efficient way and to obtain advantages is the selection of the suitable place for solar plants. The aim of this study is to select the most suitable location for solar energy plants and provide to build solar power plants in suitable places. Eleven data layers (sunshine duration, solar radiation, slope, aspect, road, water sources, residential areas, earthquake fault line, mine areas, power line and transformers) that were prepared using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method in GIS were used and analysed. Based on the results of the analysis, the location of the areas where solar energy could be built was selected. As a result of the study, it was determined that in particular the north-east of the Nigde is the most suitable for solar plants. Ulukisla district has the most suitable feature for solar plants among the Nigde districts. 80% of the existing solar plants are located in the detected areas. It has been determined that the other 20% of the solar plant is also in the suitable areas, but their location is not suitable for the most efficiency.

СТРАНЫ БРИКС: НОВАЯ ПЛОЩАДКА МНОГОСТОРОННЕГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ КУЛЬТУР И ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ

Тhe article examines topical issues of trans-regional cooperation of the BRICS countries. The main attention is paid to the problems of political and economic cooperation, cooperation in the field of education and science. Prospects for the development of interaction in these areas are outlined. It should be noted that the so-called BRICS group is a completely new phenomenon in the international arena. BRICS is an abbreviation for a group of countries that account for over 42% of the world’s population and 15 % of global GDP. The main goal of this group is to change the existing order of the world political, economic and financial international system. This means that these developing countries are questioning the importance of the role of the West as the dominant global social center of power and economic development. In this article, we have made an attempt to reflect the positive and negative aspects of BRICS cooperation on the world stage. Note that the BRICS claims to the world community arose not only because these countries experienced rapid economic growth, but also because of the evolution of the socio-economic paradigm in which the BRICS countries existed. It is becoming clear that living in a world with limited resources calls into question the viability of a global economic system based on the idea of unlimited growth and resources. This means that global competition for resources will intensify in the future. The BRICS organization can be conditionally viewed as a geopolitical buffer for each of its members. This analysis has described the respective ambitions and goals, as well as the risks and potential complementarities of the five BRICS economies. This article may be of interest to researchers of both individual BRICS countries and experts in the field of international relations and world politics. Also, the materials of the work can be used both in the preparation of relevant scientific works in the field of social sciences, political science, history, and for general acquaintance with the ongoing processes within the BRICS group

Основні аспекти розвитку діджиталізації освіти в теорії та практиці педагогіки

The main aspects of development of digitalization of education in the theory and practice of pedagogy are considered in the article. It is established that digitalization of education is a large-scale process of introduction and integration of digital technologies and digitized information into the educational environment in order to directly use them and expand the communication capabilities of society in the field of education and more. The scientist found out that today the process of digitalization of education and all branches and spheres of life is quite relevant, because it primarily concerns the introduction of new educational technologies, leads to the restructuring of the education system: generation of educational institutions of any level, distance learning. modernization of communication support, etc. The research notes that the dynamic development of new information and communication technologies in education and innovation processes require the development of innovative forms and methods of interaction between theory and practice, and force people of different ages, with different levels of education to adapt to their use both in everyday life and in professional activities. The author substantiates that teachers, pedagogical workers, scientific and pedagogical workers and other representatives of the educational field should develop the ability to learn to use new technological tools and virtually unlimited information resources, own digital technologies and apply them in their professional activities and in everyday life. , which is an urgent requirement of today.

An Efficient Integration of Knowledge Management and E-learning in a Portable Interactive System

The advent of the internet made it possible to have access to unlimited e-learning resources for knowledge acquisition. Presently, there is an interest to introduce Knowledge Management (KM) into e-Learning with the hope that KM can facilitate an improved e-Learning system. The integration of an e-Learning system with KM is usually referred to as knowledge resource repository, with the KM methods implemented to increase the effectiveness of knowledge dissemination. The importance of KM cannot be over emphasized in any economy and that informs why it is acknowledged as a simplified tool for distributing and utilizing knowledge in a way that directly influence performance in any organization. Also, the potentials and necessity of e-learning in building and developing human capacity cannot be overstressed. Researchers have designed many models for integrating knowledge management into the e-learning system. Some were practically implemented while some were not. Despite the various models, researchers are still looking for a more interactive, efficient, and effective methods that could be used to quickly identify the most relevant information (knowledge) and distribute them to meet the specific needs of users. This work reviewed different literature on e-learning, Knowledge Management and their integration. It also implemented the integration of e-learning and Knowledge Management in a portable interactive system.

Business Tourism as an Instrument for Changing the Image and Sustainable Metropolisation of Postindustrial Cities as Exemplified by the City of Katowice in Poland

Postindustrial agglomerations struggling with image deficits and environmental problems are looking for new development paths to take. One of these paths can bring about the development of business tourism, including the industry of the organisation of meetings and events. The unique and attractive character of the place can favour taking such a direction. The business tourism sector can therefore become an instrument contributing to the sustainable metropolisation of the city by building up its position in the global network of flows. The development of the meetings and events sector allows, therefore, for a change of image, for a re-evaluation of endogenous resources, including those relating to the industrial past, and for tapping into the unlimited resources of the global network. Increased attention in this network may lead to an influx of more events, and of investors as well. Replacing heavy industry with an enlarged service sector and modern industry based on flexible and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises fosters sustainable development. The meetings and events industry can become a tool for sustainable development and the promotion of its ideas, related to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The trajec-tory outlined above seems very promising. However, to some extent, it is just a hypothesis. The author undertakes to test it on the example of Katowice, a former industrial city which has decided to follow the route outlined above to become a city that hosts many events, including the COP24 summit in 2018. In the article, the author presents empirical research studies whose authors tried to determine whether the path the city has chosen has a real impact on its image and development. The author also deals with the question of the sustainability of such a development path and the conditions for its self-support in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. © Autorzy 2021

Collective actions in the recovery of public green spaces: Ortega Ravine case, Quitumbe, Quito-Ecuador

Green spaces are protagonists in the new way of conceiving public space, where the collective actions undertaken by social organizations use natural benefits as a source of unlimited resources that improve their quality of life. In this context, public green spaces are in a favorable setting for the development of local activities. However, in the South of Quito, the logic of the State is opposed to the recovery of green areas as triggers of urban life, prioritizing the construction of massive houses and facilities before the recovery of streams and forests that are characteristic elements of the topography from the city. Here the categories of collective actions undertaken by the Alianza Solidaria Housing Cooperative in the recovery of Quebrada Ortega were analyzed and determined. Interviews, photographic archives, semiotic analysis and surveys were the techniques used to feed a mixed analysis methodology. As a result, we find that community participation and self-management are decisive collective actions in the appropriation of public spaces. Finally, the role of women becomes an essential element for executing the processes to improve the quality of life of the community.

The Place of Earthquake in Architectural Education and the Educational Dimension of the Earthquake: An Evaluation of the Global Agenda and Turkey Context

Due to tectonic - seismic - topographic structure, Turkey which is among most affected countries in global scale of earthquakes, role of architects associated with / phenomenon is important in terms of interdisciplinary relations, processes related to planning, the process of resistant building design, the process of resistant building construction and inspection, post-disaster recovery, reconstruction process. In this context, in this research, professional responsibility area of architect was evaluated with these criteria and role of architect in relation to disaster management phases was questioned. The place and importance of in education which is based on foundations of profession was evaluated as through comparative global agenda (USA, Japan, Turkey) by quantitative and qualitative dimensions. In addition to this general framework, local context of subject was questioned in terms of dimension of earthquake. The data was obtained through program, curriculum and course contents shared online and by reaching institutions through correspondence in case where digital access is not possible. Turkey context, compared to international agenda, was questioned by a slightly wider frame. A situation assessment has been made in terms of undergraduate programs, graduate programs and supportive environments. These data also provided basis for holistic assessment carried out in terms of education. The proposals developed have been classified in a very broad scope under different headings due to multifaceted relations of phenomenon of / with education and professional practice. Thus, suggestions have been developed in various scopes including Regarding General Responsibility, Regarding Planning Decisions, Regarding Interdisciplinary Relations, Regarding Undergraduate Curriculum, Architectural Design Studio Courses,Regarding Supportive Learning Environments for education. The results show that, in terms of education practices (undergraduate / graduate / supportive environments) and requirements of mechanism which training is based (structure design / production / inspection system and related legislation), 1999 Marmara Earthquake directly triggered some developments in terms of learning from disasters, the educational dimension of earthquake in its early years, but this acceleration has not been permanent in past 20-year period. In this context, proposals are about necessity of providing a multidimensional set of relationships in terms of issues such as an integrated system organization. In this context, in relation to / phenomenon, together with self-criticism provided on qualitative and quantitative determinations, it is thought that research will contribute to the education, architectural profession field and therefore country's architectural practice and policy. The Marmara Sea (Silivri) (September 26, 2019) that occurred during evaluation process of this article was felt in entire Marmara Region. This earthquake, which took place in 20th year of 1999 Marmara Earthquake, is important in terms of social memory and reminding reality, as it was felt in a large, populated area. On other hand, Coronavirus Pandemic, which emerged in evaluation process of this article and declared as a global epidemic by World Health Organization, is within scope of epidemiological risks. Due to its global effects occurring simultaneously all over world, Pandemic is an important milestone and breaking point in terms of being prepared for all kinds of disasters because of its vital - economic - sociological - psychological dimensions. It is thought that pandemic is important in terms of re-questioning period, which can be described as Anthropocene Age, when human being was at center and nature was interpreted as an unlimited resource to meet human needs. This questioning may have potential to alter - transform general trends all over globe. It is possible that these changes will have an intense effect on education and professional practice. It is among promising predictions that young generation at education stage, who faced -without painful consequences- through Silivri Earthquake and experienced effects of pandemic -an epidemiological disaster- will have a more sensitive and conscious base for ethical, global, social responsibilities of professional practice.

COVID-19 Pandemic, National Response Strategies And Marketing Innovations

We provide a short review on our publication-Ding and Li (2020, Business Horizons). We find that during the COVID-19 pandemic, different nations have adopted three different response strategies to contain the new coronavirus: strict control with unlimited resources, relentless contribution with limited resources, and rough rationality with limited resources.