Unknown Mode Research Articles

Flight Stability of Spinning Projectiles at High Angles of Attack

The flight behavior of the spin-stabilized 105 mm M1 artillery projectile, when fired with high quadrant elevation, is studied using six-degrees-of-freedom trajectory simulations and theoretical methods of stability analysis. Trajectory simulation results confirm the known effect of overstabilization at the apogee, leading to high angles of attack (AoA), drift to the left, and base-forward descent. For quadrant elevations between nose-forward and base-forward descent, a previously unknown descent mode was discovered, with projectiles performing a low-frequency coning motion at high angles of attack of 73 and 104 deg, respectively. An exhaustive theoretical description of such high-AoA limit cycles is given that overcomes the limitation to small angles of attack prevalent in traditional concepts of projectile stability. Based on a formulation of the angular motion in spherical coordinates, conditions for the existence of limit cycles are identified and stability criteria are derived using Lyapunov’s first method of linearization around equilibrium and eigenvalue analysis of the resulting Jacobian. The resulting criteria indicate that limit cycle flight is primarily governed by the Magnus moment coefficient. The method is applied to the 105 mm M1 projectile, and the coning motions observed in the trajectory simulations are accurately reproduced by the theory.

Simultaneous identification of groundwater contamination source information, model parameters, and boundary conditions under an unknown boundary mode

Simultaneous identification of groundwater contamination source information, model parameters, and boundary conditions under an unknown boundary mode

Total Syntheses of Streptamidine and Klebsazolicin Using Biomimetic On‐Resin Ring‐Closing Amidine Formation

AbstractDiketopiperazine (DKP) derived cyclic amidine structures widely exist in peptide natural products according to the genome mining result. The largely unknown bioactivity and mode of action are partially caused by the poor availability of the compounds via microbiological and chemical approaches. To tackle this challenge, in this work, we have developed the on‐resin ring‐closing amidine formation strategy to synthesize peptides containing N‐terminal DKP derived cyclic amidine structure, in which the 6‐exo‐trig cyclization mediated by HgCl2 activation of thioamides was the key step. Leveraging from this new strategy, we finished the total syntheses of streptamidine and klebsazolicin. Meanwhile, eleven klebsazolicin analogues were synthesized for its structure–activity relationship study.

Total Syntheses of Streptamidine and Klebsazolicin Using Biomimetic On-Resin Ring-Closing Amidine Formation.

Diketopiperazine (DKP) derived cyclic amidine structures widely exist in peptide natural products according to the genome mining result. The largely unknown bioactivity and mode of action are partially caused by the poor availability of the compounds via microbiological and chemical approaches. To tackle this challenge, in this work, we have developed the on-resin ring-closing amidine formation strategy to synthesize peptides containing N-terminal DKP derived cyclic amidine structure, in which the 6-exo-trig cyclization mediated by HgCl2 activation of thioamides was the key step. Leveraging from this new strategy, we finished the total syntheses of streptamidine and klebsazolicin. Meanwhile, eleven klebsazolicin analogues were synthesized for its structure-activity relationship study.

Multiple Functional Protein-Protein Interaction Interfaces Allosterically Regulate ATP-Binding in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-1.

The ATP-dependent phosphorylation activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), an essential enzyme for cell cycle progression, is regulated by interactions with Cyclin-B, substrate, and Cks proteins. We have recently shown that active site acetylation in CDK1 abrogated binding to Cyclin-B which posits an intriguing long-range communication between the catalytic site and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) interface. Now, we demonstrate a general allosteric link between the CDK1 active site and all three of its PPI interfaces through atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Specifically, we examined ATP binding free energies to CDK1 in native nonacetylated (K33wt) and acetylated (K33Ac) forms as well as the acetyl-mimic K33Q and the acetyl-null K33R mutant forms, which are accessible in vitro. In agreement with experiments, ATP binding is stronger in K33wt relative to the other three perturbed states. Free energy decomposition reveals, in addition to expected local changes, significant and selective nonlocal entropic responses to ATP binding/perturbation of K33 from the -helix, activation loop (A-loop), and - H segments in CDK1 which interface with Cyclin-B, substrate, and Cks proteins, respectively. Statistical analysis reveals that while entropic responses of protein segments to active site perturbations are on average correlated with their dynamical changes, such correlations are lost in about 9%-48% of the dataset depending on the segment. Besides proving the bi-directional communication between the active site and the CDK1:Cyclin-B interface, our study uncovers a hitherto unknown mode of ATP binding regulation by multiple PPI interfaces in CDK1.

Learning linear optical circuits with coherent states

We analyze the energy and training data requirements for supervised learning of an M-mode linear optical circuit by minimizing an empirical risk defined solely from the action of the circuit on coherent states. When the linear optical circuit acts non-trivially only on k < M unknown modes (i.e. a linear optical k-junta), we provide an energy-efficient, adaptive algorithm that identifies the junta set and learns the circuit. We compare two schemes for allocating a total energy, E, to the learning algorithm. In the first scheme, each of the T random training coherent states has energy E/T . In the second scheme, a single random MT-mode coherent state with energy E is partitioned into T training coherent states. The latter scheme exhibits a polynomial advantage in training data size sufficient for convergence of the empirical risk to the full risk due to concentration of measure on the (2MT−1) -sphere. Specifically, generalization bounds for both schemes are proven, which indicate that for ε-approximation of the full risk by the empirical risk with high probability, O(E2/3M2/3/ϵ2/3) training states are sufficient for the first scheme and O(E1/3M1/3/ϵ2/3) training states are sufficient for the second scheme.

Integrating intrinsic information: A novel open set domain adaptation network for cross-domain fault diagnosis with multiple unknown faults

Existing popular domain adaptation approaches typically assume that the source and target domains share the same label set. However, in industrial scenarios, the equipment may encounter unknown fault modes because of the harsh operating environment, which limits the application of existing diagnostic methods. To address the above problem, an intrinsic information-guided open set domain adaptation network is proposed for cross-domain fault diagnosis with unknown faults. First, a similarity-based discrimination framework is constructed to enhance the robustness of the model for unknown samples, which learns the similarity between samples and fault prototypes to enhance the classification performance. Then, a multi-information integrated weighting module is designed to quantify the transferability of samples through enhanced domain similarity information learning and prediction uncertainty information learning methods. Additionally, a self-supervised neighborhood clustering learning method is constructed, which enables the model to learn structural information about the target domain and encourages the target samples to cluster closely for better separability. Finally, the weighted open set adversarial training framework effectively facilitates diagnostic knowledge transfer and unknown fault recognition. Comprehensive experimental results on two datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in addressing the open set cross-domain diagnosis problem, which achieves promising performance over the comparison methods.

High Pressure Promotes Binding of the Allosteric Inhibitor Zn2+-Cyclen in Crystals of Activated H-Ras.

In this work, we experimentally investigate the potency of high pressure to drive a protein toward an excited state where an inhibitor targeted for this state can bind. Ras proteins are small GTPases cycling between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. Various states of GTP-bound Ras in active conformation coexist in solution, amongst them, state 2 which binds to effectors, and state 1, weakly populated at ambient conditions, which has a low affinity for effectors. Zn2+-cyclen is an allosteric inhibitor of Ras protein, designed to bind specifically to the state 1. In H-Ras(wt).Mg2+.GppNHp crystals soaked with Zn2+-cyclen, no binding could be observed, as expected in the state 2 conformation which is the dominant state at ambient pressure. Interestingly, Zn2+-cyclen binding is observed at 500 MPa pressure, close to the nucleotide, in Ras protein that is driven by pressure to a state 1 conformer. The unknown binding mode of Zn2+-cyclen to H-Ras can thus be fully characterized in atomic details. As a more general conjunction from our study, high pressure x-ray crystallography turns out to be a powerful method to induce transitions allowing drug binding in proteins that are in low-populated conformations at ambient conditions, enabling the design of specific inhibitors.

Empowering high-dimensional optical fiber communications with integrated photonic processors

Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) in optical fibers enables multichannel capabilities for various applications, including data transmission, quantum networks, imaging, and sensing. However, high-dimensional optical fiber systems, usually necessity bulk-optics approaches for launching different orthogonal fiber modes into the optical fiber, and multiple-input multiple-output digital electronic signal processing at the receiver to undo the arbitrary mode scrambling introduced by coupling and transmission in a multi-mode fiber. Here we show that a high-dimensional optical fiber communication system can be implemented by a reconfigurable integrated photonic processor, featuring kernels of multichannel mode multiplexing transmitter and all-optical descrambling receiver. Effective mode management can be achieved through the configuration of the integrated optical mesh. Inter-chip MDM optical communications involving six spatial- and polarization modes was realized, despite the presence of unknown mode mixing and polarization rotation in the circular-core optical fiber. The proposed photonic integration approach holds promising prospects for future space-division multiplexing applications.

Proteomic analysis revealed that the oomyceticide phosphite exhibits multi-modal action in an oomycete pathosystem

Phytopathogenic oomycetes constitute some of the most devastating plant pathogens and cause significant crop and horticultural yield and economic losses. The phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi causes dieback disease in native vegetation and several crops. The most commonly used chemical to control P. cinnamomi is the oomyceticide phosphite. Despite its widespread use, the mode of action of phosphite is not well understood and it is unclear whether it targets the pathogen, the host, or both. Resistance to phosphite is emerging in P. cinnamomi isolates and other oomycete phytopathogens. The mode of action of phosphite on phosphite-sensitive and resistant isolates of the pathogen and through a model host was investigated using label-free quantitative proteomics. In vitro treatment of sensitive P. cinnamomi isolates with phosphite hinders growth by interfering with metabolism, signalling and gene expression; traits that are not observed in the resistant isolate. When the model host Lupinus angustifolius was treated with phosphite, proteins associated with photosynthesis, carbon fixation and lipid metabolism in the host were enriched. Increased production of defence-related proteins was also observed in the plant. We hypothesise the multi-modal action of phosphite and present two models constructed using comparative proteomics that demonstrate mechanisms of pathogen and host responses to phosphite. SignificancePhytophthora cinnamomi is a significant phytopathogenic oomycete that causes root rot (dieback) in a number of horticultural crops and a vast range of native vegetation. Historically, areas infected with phosphite have been treated with the oomyceticide phosphite despite its unknown mode of action. Additionally, overuse of phosphite has driven the emergence of phosphite-resistant isolates of the pathogen. We conducted a comparative proteomic study of a sensitive and resistant isolate of P. cinnamomi in response to treatment with phosphite, and the response of a model host, Lupinus angustifolius, to phosphite and its implications on infection. The present study has allowed for a deeper understanding of the bimodal action of phosphite, suggested potential biochemical factors contributing to chemical resistance in P. cinnamomi, and unveiled possible drivers of phosphite-induced host plant immunity to the pathogen.

A phase-separated protein hub modulates resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating wheat disease. Fhb1, the most widely applied genetic locus for FHB resistance, is conferred by TaHRC of an unknown mode of action. Here, we show that TaHRC alleles distinctly drive liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) within a proteinaceous complex, determining FHB susceptibility or resistance. TaHRC-S (susceptible) exhibits stronger LLPS ability than TaHRC-R (resistant), and this distinction is further intensified by fungal mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, leading to opposing FHB symptoms. TaHRC recruits a protein class with intrinsic LLPS potentials, referred to as an "HRC-containing hub." TaHRC-S drives condensation of hub components, while TaHRC-R comparatively suppresses hub condensate formation. The function of TaSR45a splicing factor, a hub member, depends on TaHRC-driven condensate state, which in turn differentially directs alternative splicing, switching between susceptibility and resistance to wheat FHB. These findings reveal a mechanism for FHB spread within a spike and shed light on the roles of complex condensates in controlling plant disease.

A universal fault diagnosis framework for marine machinery based on domain adaptation

In the digital and automated era, the significance of machine health monitoring has been amplified, especially for marine machinery, which plays a pivotal role in the sustainable advancement of modern industries. Two salient challenges currently hampering fault diagnostics are spotlighted: firstly, the variability in mechanical operating conditions gives rise to inconsistent data distributions, thereby prompting domain shift. Secondly, unobserved in training datasets, testing scenarios may unveil unpredictable, unknown fault modes, culminating in class discrepancies. To effectively tackle these intertwined challenges, we introduce the Two-Stage Universal Domain Adaptation (TSUDA) — a novel fault diagnosis methodology. TSUDA adeptly differentiates new fault types from labeled known counterparts by leveraging a composite transferability metric. Furthermore, it deploys a parameter-adaptive unsupervised algorithm to discern the count of emerging fault types. Rigorous experiments on datasets from marine diesel engines, emblematic of marine machinery, demonstrated TSUDA's superiority over conventional domain adaptation techniques in diverse diagnostic challenges, registering accuracy rates surpassing 90%. While the effectiveness of TSUDA is authenticated within marine machinery contexts in this investigation, its architecture suggests potential applicability in a broader spectrum of mechanical fault diagnostic scenarios.

Evaluation of a Proportional Response Addition Approach to Mixture Risk Assessment and Predictive Toxicology Using Data on Four Trihalomethanes from the U.S. EPA's Multiple-Purpose Design Study.

In this study, proportional response addition (Prop-RA), a model for predicting response from chemical mixture exposure, is demonstrated and evaluated by statistically analyzing data on all possible binary combinations of the four regulated trihalomethanes (THMs). These THMs were the subject of a multipurpose toxicology study specifically designed to evaluate Prop-RA. The experimental design used a set of doses common to all components and mixtures, providing hepatotoxicity data on the four single THMs and the binary combinations. In Prop-RA, the contribution of each component to mixture toxicity is proportional to its fraction in the mixture based on its response at the total mixture dose. The primary analysis consisted of 160 evaluations. Statistically significant departures from the Prop-RA prediction were found for seven evaluations, with three predications that were greater than and four that were less than the predicted response; interaction magnitudes (n-fold difference in response vs. prediction) ranged from 1.3 to 1.4 for the former and 2.6 to 3.8 for the latter. These predictions support the idea that Prop-RA works best with chemicals where the effective dose ranges overlap. Prop-RA does not assume the similarity of toxic action or independence, but it can be applied to a mixture of components that affect the same organ/system, with perhaps unknown toxic modes of action.

In vitro inflammation and toxicity assessment of pre- and post-incinerated organomodified nanoclays to macrophages using high-throughput screening approaches

BackgroundOrganomodified nanoclays (ONC), two-dimensional montmorillonite with organic coatings, are increasingly used to improve nanocomposite properties. However, little is known about pulmonary health risks along the nanoclay life cycle even with increased evidence of airborne particulate exposures in occupational environments. Recently, oropharyngeal aspiration exposure to pre- and post-incinerated ONC in mice caused low grade, persistent lung inflammation with a pro-fibrotic signaling response with unknown mode(s) of action. We hypothesized that the organic coating presence and incineration status of nanoclays determine the inflammatory cytokine secretary profile and cytotoxic response of macrophages. To test this hypothesis differentiated human macrophages (THP-1) were acutely exposed (0–20 µg/cm2) to pristine, uncoated nanoclay (CloisNa), an ONC (Clois30B), their incinerated byproducts (I-CloisNa and I-Clois30B), and crystalline silica (CS) followed by cytotoxicity and inflammatory endpoints. Macrophages were co-exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS-free medium to assess the role of priming the NF-κB pathway in macrophage response to nanoclay treatment. Data were compared to inflammatory responses in male C57Bl/6J mice following 30 and 300 µg/mouse aspiration exposure to the same particles.ResultsIn LPS-free media, CloisNa exposure caused mitochondrial depolarization while Clois30B exposure caused reduced macrophage viability, greater cytotoxicity, and significant damage-associated molecular patterns (IL-1α and ATP) release compared to CloisNa and unexposed controls. LPS priming with low CloisNa doses caused elevated cathepsin B/Caspage-1/IL-1β release while higher doses resulted in apoptosis. Clois30B exposure caused dose-dependent THP-1 cell pyroptosis evidenced by Cathepsin B and IL-1β release and Gasdermin D cleavage. Incineration ablated the cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of Clois30B while I-CloisNa still retained some mild inflammatory potential. Comparative analyses suggested that in vitro macrophage cell viability, inflammasome endpoints, and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles significantly correlated to mouse bronchioalveolar lavage inflammation metrics including inflammatory cell recruitment.ConclusionsPresence of organic coating and incineration status influenced inflammatory and cytotoxic responses following exposure to human macrophages. Clois30B, with a quaternary ammonium tallow coating, induced a robust cell membrane damage and pyroptosis effect which was eliminated after incineration. Conversely, incinerated nanoclay exposure primarily caused elevated inflammatory cytokine release from THP-1 cells. Collectively, pre-incinerated nanoclay displayed interaction with macrophage membrane components (molecular initiating event), increased pro-inflammatory mediators, and increased inflammatory cell recruitment (two key events) in the lung fibrosis adverse outcome pathway.

Variable stars in galactic globular clusters. I. The population of RR Lyrae stars

We present a comprehensive catalog of $2824$ RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) residing in $115$ Galactic globular clusters (GCs). Our catalog includes 1594 fundamental-mode (RRab), 824 first-overtone (RRc), and 28 double-mode (RRd) RRLs, as well as 378 RRLs of an unknown pulsation mode. We cross-matched 481\,349 RRLs reported in the third data release (DR3) of the ESA mission and the literature to 170 known GCs. Membership probabilities were computed as the products of a position and shape-dependent prior and a likelihood was computed using parallaxes, proper motions, and, where available, radial velocities from Membership likelihoods of RRLs were computed by comparing cluster average parameters based on known member stars and the cross-matched RRLs. We determined empirical RRL instability strip (IS) boundaries based on our catalog and detected three new cluster RRLs inside this region via their excess $G-$band photometric uncertainties. We find that $77&lt;!PCT!&gt;$ of RRLs in GCs are included in the DR3 Specific Object Study, and $82&lt;!PCT!&gt;$ were classified as RRLs by the DR3 classifier, with the majority of the missing sources being located at the crowded GC centers. Surprisingly, we find that $25&lt;!PCT!&gt;$ of cluster member stars located within the empirical IS are not RRLs and appear to be non-variable. Additionally, we find that $80&lt;!PCT!&gt;$ of RRab, $84&lt;!PCT!&gt;$ of RRc, and $100&lt;!PCT!&gt;$ of the RRd stars are located within theoretical IS boundaries predicted using MESA models with $Z=0.0003$, $M=0.7$ \(M_ and $Y=0.290$. Unexpectedly, a higher $Y=0.357$ is required to fully match the location of RRc stars, and lower $Y=0.220$ is needed to match the location of RRab stars. Lastly, our catalog does not exhibit an Oosterhoff dichotomy, with at least 22 GCs located inside the Oosterhoff "gap," which is close to the mode of the distribution of mean RRL periods in GCs.

Shape restricted additive hazards models: Monotone, unimodal, and U-shape hazard functions.

We consider estimation of the semiparametric additive hazards model with an unspecified baseline hazard function where the effect of a continuous covariate has a specific shape but otherwise unspecified. Such estimation is particularly useful for a unimodal hazard function, where the hazard is monotone increasing and monotone decreasing with an unknown mode. A popular approach of the proportional hazards model is limited in such setting due to the complicated structure of the partial likelihood. Our model defines a quadratic loss function, and its simple structure allows a global Hessian matrix that does not involve parameters. Thus, once the global Hessian matrix is computed, a standard quadratic programming method can be applicable by profiling all possible locations of the mode. However, the quadratic programming method may be inefficient to handle a large global Hessian matrix in the profiling algorithm due to a large dimensionality, where the dimension of the global Hessian matrix and number of hypothetical modes are the same order as the sample size. We propose the quadratic pool adjacent violators algorithm to reduce computational costs. The proposed algorithm is extended to the model with a time-dependent covariate with monotone or U-shape hazard function. In simulation studies, our proposed method improves computational speed compared to the quadratic programming method, with bias and mean square error reductions. We analyze data from a recent cardiovascular study.

Yersinia entomophaga Tc toxin is released by T10SS-dependent lysis of specialized cell subpopulations.

Disease-causing bacteria secrete numerous toxins to invade and subjugate their hosts. Unlike many smaller toxins, the secretion machinery of most large toxins remains enigmatic. By combining genomic editing, proteomic profiling and cryo-electron tomography of the insect pathogen Yersinia entomophaga, we demonstrate that a specialized subset of these cells produces a complex toxin cocktail, including the nearly ribosome-sized Tc toxin YenTc, which is subsequently exported by controlled cell lysis using a transcriptionally coupled, pH-dependent type 10 secretion system (T10SS). Our results dissect the Tc toxin export process by a T10SS, identifying that T10SSs operate via a previously unknown lytic mode of action and establishing them as crucial players in the size-insensitive release of cytoplasmically folded toxins. With T10SSs directly embedded in Tc toxin operons of major pathogens, we anticipate that our findings may model an important aspect of pathogenesis in bacteria with substantial impact on agriculture and healthcare.

Degradation study of the trans-cinnamaldehyde and limonene biopesticides and their metabolites in cucumber by GC and UHPLC-HRMS: Laboratory and greenhouse studies

Degradation of trans-cinnamaldehyde and limonene in cucumber was evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Two commercial biopesticides, one based on cinnamon extract and other from orange oil, were utilized. Compound degradation was monitored using gas chromatography (GC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a quadrupole-high-resolution mass analyzer (Q-Orbitrap). In both studies, trans-cinnamaldehyde followed a second-order degradation kinetics, whereas limonene followed a first-order kinetics. The half-life values (DT50 or t1/2) for trans-cinnamaldehyde ranged from 2.02 to 2.49 h, while for limonene this value ranged from 0.49 to 6.17 h. Non-targeted analysis (suspect and unknown modes) allowed for the detection of trans-cinnamaldehyde and limonene metabolites. Benzyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, p-tolylacetic acid and 4-hydoxycinnamic acid were tentatively identified as trans-cinnamaldehyde metabolites. While three limonene metabolites, carvone, limonene-1,2-epoxide, and perillyl alcohol, were tentatively identified. Greenhouse studies have not revealed any metabolites of these compounds because the parent compounds degrade more quickly.

Distributed switched model-based predictive control for distributed large-scale systems with switched topology

Distributed switched large-scale systems are composed by dynamically coupled subsystems, in which interactions among subsystems vary over time according a switching signal. This paper presents a distributed robust switched model-based predictive control (DSwMPC) to control such systems. The proposed method guarantees stabilising the origin of the whole closed-loop system and ensures the constraints satisfaction in the presence of an unknown switching signal. In the distributed model-based predictive control (DMPC) used in this work, by considering the interactions among subsystems as an additive disturbance, the effect of the switch is reflected on the dynamic equation, local, and consistency constraint sets of the nominal subsystems. To compensate the effect of switching signal which creates a time-varying network topology, a robust tube-based switched model-based predictive control (RSwMPC) with switch–robust control invariant set as the target set robust to unknown mode switching is used as local controller. The scheme performance is assessed using three typical examples. The simulation results show that the input and state constraints are satisfied by the proposed DSwMPC at all times. They also validate that the closed-loop system converges to the origin. Also, a comparison of the DSwMPC with a centralised SwMPC (CSwMPC) and a decentralised SwMPC (DeSwMPC) are performed.

Aging-Sensitive Fast-Charging for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles

To use lithium-ion cells on-board electric vehicles (EVs) safely and efficiently, a battery management system (BMS) is essential. It monitors the battery’s states and controls utilization by limiting e.g., current and temperature. Advanced BMS increasingly use electrochemical models to assess internal states of battery cells and apply usage constraints based on these [1]. The performance of an electrochemical BMS is closely tied to the performance of the underlying model and the accuracy of its parameters [2]. We employ a novel re-parametrization method to update electrochemically constrained optimal fast-charging procedure to minimize battery degradation. The parameters of electrochemical models are typically identified through a combination of physico-chemical characterization techniques and curve fitting [3]. Since model parameters change with aging [4], there is a need to re-parametrize electrochemical models on-board to conserve model accuracy. As basis for this re-parametrization, we propose a novel reference performance test that can be incorporated into a conventional over-night charge and performed intermittently.Optimal control has previously been demonstrated for fast-charging in EV applications [1]. However, electrochemical, and mechanical degradation need to be considered to allow optimal fast charging throughout batteries’ lifetimes. Khalik et al. [5] demonstrated how a charging procedure could be designed a-priori for the entire cycle life, considering a direct implementation of the solid-electrolyte-interphase growth and capacity fade due to the associated lithium consumption. Such approaches can extend battery lifetime, but neither yield optimal charging-procedures at every state-of-health nor handle unknown aging modes on the fly. Our proposed approach involves intermittent identification of electrochemical model parameters and subsequent update of the fast-charging protocol such that it adheres to electrochemical constraints throughout the entire battery lifetime.In this work, summarized in Figure 1, we present this methodology and show results from an experimental study testing the proposed approach vs. conventional charging procedures. The experimental study is performed on state-of-the art automotive cells used in heavy-duty electric vehicles.Figure caption: Comparison of a conventional electrochemically constrained fast-charging procedure with the aging-sensitive approach proposed in the present work.