The involvement of high-frequency brainwaves in the neural processing of rhythmic Quranic recitation remains unclear, compared to the low-frequency brainwaves. This study examined the synchronisation of high-frequency gamma brainwaves (30–80 Hz) during passive listening to Quranic recitation in three different rhythmic styles. This experimental, cross-sectional study involving 29 healthy adult participants (14 Muslim, 15 non-Muslim) was conducted at the MEG laboratory at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. The average gamma source estimation was calculated using minimum-norm imaging, and the whole-brain functional connectivity of magnetoencephalography-electroencephalography (M/EEG) data was quantified using phase-locking value. The results revealed that the gamma waves synchronised in a network of brain regions that included the supramarginal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, central region, temporal lobe, inferior frontal gyrus, Rolandic and frontal operculum, cerebellum, visual network regions, and superior parietal gyrus. The findings highlight brain-wide activation during Quranic recitation in Quran-naïve non-Muslim participants, comparable to that in Muslim participants familiar with the employed rhythmic recitation. Both groups also exhibited increased language perception of the Quranic recitation, although they did not understand Arabic (non-Arab natives). The high-frequency gamma activity in this study suggests that receptive listening to different styles of rhythmic Quranic recitation engages neural networks responsible for language and musical perception, emotional regulation, memory and attention, visual mental imagery, and multisensory processing.

To assess the cellularity, epithelial cell coverage, cellular arrangement, preservation, and interfering factors of cervical cytological smears produced by the PathTezt® Infinity with Autoloader. A total of 1003 Pap smear samples were taken from Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II and processed using the PathTezt® Infinity. The slides were evaluated for smear adequacy, epithelial cells coverage, cellular arrangement, interfering factors, and cellular preservation. Approximately 946 samples (94.1%) were adequate for evaluation. The evaluation of cellular arrangement demonstrated good dispersion in 860 samples (85.7%), while 94.7% of the samples exhibited minimal to no obscuration by inflammatory cells. The presence of erythrocytes did not impede the evaluation of squamous cells in 1002 smears (99.9%). All smears showed good-quality fixation features for nuclear, cytoplasmic, and microorganism evaluation. The overall "good" performance rate was 97.7%. Chi-square analysis between the scoring categories and criteria for scoring showed statistical significance (p < 0.001). The PathTezt® Infinity with Autoloader produces high-quality smears, is easy to operate, fully walk-away, and cost-effective, making it suitable for cervical cancer screening.

As domestic violence (DV) poses a critical threat to public health worldwide, this prompts the need for efficient and effective intervention. In Malaysia, although One Stop Crisis Centres (OSCCs) have been offering multisectoral services to DV victims for many decades, an evaluation of the efficiency of these centres has yet to be conducted. This study aimed to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of three Malaysian OSCCs using a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. A total of 153 adult DV victims were recruited from OSCCs in Sarawak General Hospital, Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The inputs included the number of doctors, nurses, and other personnel whereas the outputs were total response time and service quality, measured via a validated 35-item OSCC-Qual instrument. Stage 1 employed an inputoriented Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) DEA model to determine how efficiently OSCCs managed resources to minimize response times. Stage 2 used an output-oriented BCC model to evaluate the centre's ability to maximize service quality. The social workers unit recorded notably long mean response times across three centres. Correlation analysis revealed a strong negative association between the number of personnel and the multisectoral coordination dimension of service quality. While most units showed high pure technical efficiency in the input-oriented DEA, scale inefficiencies were shown to be common in all centres. Pure technical efficiency measures how well resources are utilized regardless of scale, whereas scale efficiency assesses whether an organization operates at its optimal size (neither too large nor too small). In the output-oriented model, all centres similarly demonstrated good pure technical efficiency but continued to grapple with scale inefficiencies, especially at Sarawak General Hospital and Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing operational scale in OSCCs. Tailoring resource allocation and strengthening coordination among multidisciplinary teams could reduce response times and improve care for DV victims.

Herpes Simplex Keratitis (HSK) is a leading cause of infectious corneal blindness globally. However, clinical data and visual outcomes specific to the Malaysian population are limited. This study aimed to identify common clinical features, visual outcome and its associated factors in patients treated at a Malaysian tertiary hospital. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (HPUSM) between June 2013 and June 2024. Medical records of patients diagnosed with HSK and followed for at least six months were reviewed. Sixty-seven patients were included. Data collected included demographics, presenting symptoms, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation and after treatment, ocular findings, subtype of HSK and complications. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 28.0. Paired t-tests was used to analyse changes in BCVA and multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors associated with final visual outcome. The mean age at presentation was 50.42±17.19 years with a slight male predominance (52.2%). Most cases were unilateral (91.1%). Common presenting symptoms were reduced vision (89.6%) and eye redness (85.1%). Keratouveitis was the most frequent subtype (37.3%). Complications included corneal scarring (73.1%), recurrence (49.3%) and glaucoma (11.9%). BCVA significantly improved post-treatment (p<0.001). Older age, central corneal involvement, elevated intraocular pressure at presentation, and stromal vascularisation were significantly associated with poorer visual outcomes. This study outlines the clinical spectrum and visual outcomes of HSK at a tertiary hospital in Malaysia and identifying several predictive factors for poor vision. These findings may aid clinicians in risk stratification and optimising management strategies.

Strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, is a neglected disease with a worldwide prevalence, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Most people have chronic asymptomatic infections, which may transform into potentially fatal hyper- or disseminated infections when immunosuppressed. Cancer patients on corticosteroids are at an increased risk of developing severe forms of the infection due to their impaired immune status. The present study used molecular, serological, and parasitological methods to detect S. stercoralis infection in cancer patients on corticosteroids. Using faecal and serum samples from 99 individuals, real-time PCR demonstrated the highest detection rate (27.3%), followed by the Strongyloides IgG4 rapid test (IgG4-RDT or SsRapid) (22.2%) and a commercial IgG-ELISA (4.0%). Agar plate culture performed on 88 of 99 stool samples was negative. There was no significant difference in detection prevalence between the IgG4-RDT and real-time PCR (p = 0.413), and the agreement between them was slight (kappa coefficient, 0.108). Using a composite reference standard (CRS), 41 of 99 samples (41.4%) were classified as positive for Strongyloides infection. Based on the CRS, PCR demonstrated higher sensitivity (65.9%) than IgG4-RDT (53.7%), while both assays exhibited 100% specificity and positive predictive value (PPV). The negative predictive value (NPV) was greater for PCR (80.6%) than IgG4-RDT (75.3%). McNemar's test indicated no significant difference between the two assays (p = 0.49). Notably, combining results of the real-time PCR and IgG4-RDT increased the detection rate to 41%, which was significantly higher than that of PCR alone (27%, p = 0.036) or IgG4-RDT alone (22%, p = 0.0036). The combined results showed substantial agreement with PCR (k = 0.693) and moderate agreement with IgG4-RDT (k = 0.576). In conclusion, the combination of real-time PCR and IgG4-RDT offers a more reliable approach for detecting S. stercoralis in cancer patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy than either assay alone.

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of maritime tourism transportation management and development, emphasizing Malaysia’s contribution to global scholarship. Data were extracted from the Scopus database using title-based searches covering maritime tourism, island tourism, and transportation studies. A sample of 176 publications (1983 2022) was reviewed with Harzing Publish or Perish, VOSviewer, and Microsoft Excel and screened and validated through PRISMA. Findings reveal that there has been a consistent increase in the volume of publications since 2010 with Malaysia ranked as the top countries in the world (20.95%), aided by existing institutions like Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). It is a moderately influential field with a moderate number of citations (1,785 citations, h-index = 23) and the concentration of themes in sustainability, tourism management, and ecotourism. New issues are emerging such as climate change, marine life, and green mobility, which have switched to sustainability and post-pandemic resilience. The results of the study indicate that Malaysia is emerging as an academic leader in maritime tourism, but also that the gap in research on the topic of transportation safety, digital transformation, and low-carbon mobility exists. This work has the advantage of providing the first detailed bibliometric mapping of the subject area that will help to inform policy, enhance regionalism, and align the maritime tourism strategies of Malaysia with the Blue Economy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 8, 13, 14).

Abstract Research aim: This study explores how undergraduate accounting students at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) engage with and adapt to online learning environments, and examines the implications of technology-driven learning for academic engagement and peer networking within the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0). Design/ Methodology/ Approach: A qualitative case study approach was employed, using semi-structured interviews to capture students’ reflections on online accounting courses. The analysis centres on challenges and affordances related to interaction, engagement, and professional development. Research finding: The findings indicate that while online learning offers flexibility and convenience (i.e., particularly for theory-driven content) it also presents notable challenges. Students faced difficulties mastering complex topics, reduced opportunities for peer collaboration, and diminished networking experiences. Although interactive features supported academic performance, social and cognitive engagement were often constrained. Theoretical contribution/Originality: Grounded in Vygotsky’s social constructivism, the study highlights the central role of social interaction in cognitive development and professional readiness. It extends the theory by situating it within the Malaysian online accounting education context, offering original insights into student learning in digitally mediated environments. Practitioner/Policy implication: The study offers practical guidance for educators and policymakers to enhance online learning design by integrating structured collaborative tools and peer interaction strategies, particularly in disciplines requiring applied understanding and professional networking. Research limitation: The findings are based on a single-institution case study, which may limit generalisability. Future research should involve multiple institutions and compare varying online instructional models.

Background/Aims Fear of childbirth, also known as tokophobia, significantly impacts a woman's mental health during pregnancy and birth, but how this fear changes or manifests through pregnancy and childbirth is under-researched. This study aimed to determine factors associated with fear of childbirth among pregnant women in Malaysia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 243 pregnant women at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Data were collected using the Childbirth Fear Questionnaire. Pearson's Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used to examine the association between fear and participants' demographic and obstetric characteristics. Results More than one-third (38.3%) of participants had moderate fear of childbirth, while 11.1% had severe fear. Fear of childbirth was associated with age (P=0.044). Almost all participants reported that their fear had a low impact on their life (93.4%). This impact was associated with age (P=0.008) and parity (P=0.019). Conclusions Almost half of the participants experienced moderate or severe fear of childbirth, which was linked with their age. However, most did not find that it seriously impacted their daily life. Implications for practice Healthcare professionals should incorporate routine screening for fear of childbirth, particularly among younger and first-time mothers, and integrate tailored antenatal education with brief psychological interventions to reduce fear and promote positive birth experiences.

TechSUD 2025 is the 2nd National Symposium on Technologies for Sustainable Urban Development have been held on November 8, 2025, in CyberSecurity Malaysia, Cyberjaya, Malaysia. The symposium was organised by the Technological Association Malaysia (TAM) and Wawasan Open University, and supported by the strategic partners, Malaysia Board of Technologists (MBOT), Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, CyberSecurity Malaysia, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (REDAC, USM) and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that sustainability is no longer an option in development. As Malaysia reinforces its national commitment toward sustainable growth, the need for collaborative platforms that bridge technology, research, and policy has never been more critical. This year’s symposium placed a strong focus on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles, addressing the key challenges confronting today’s urban landscapes. With cities under mounting pressure from climate change, rapid urbanisation, and shifting societal expectations, integrating ESG considerations into every stage of urban development has become essential. The symposium drew strong engagement from all 130 participants, who took part actively throughout the scientific programme. A total of 25 oral presentations were delivered, and these contributions are compiled in this volume of Proceedings. The event brought together a broad spectrum of attendees, ranging from academics, researchers, technologists, and industry professionals to policymakers, students, and scholars, creating a rich environment for multidisciplinary exchange. Presenters had the platform to showcase their latest research findings, innovations, and practical applications related to sustainable urban development. The symposium served as a valuable forum for sharing ideas, discussing management strategies, and exploring emerging solutions, ultimately strengthening collective knowledge and supporting continuous progress in sustainable urban development. List of Organising Committee, Scientific Committee, List of Reviewers are available in this PDF.

The review process for TechSUD 2025 is fulfill to the requirements set by IOP. For this symposium, at least 2 independent reviewers will be assigned to each paper. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. The paper will then be assigned to an Editor for another round of review and finally will reach the Chief Editor for the final decision on acceptance. A single reviewer will be assigned to a maximum of 4 papers. Hence, all papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. 1. Type of peer review: Single anonymous 2. Conference submission management system: Morressier 3. Number of submissions received: 24 4. Number of submissions sent for review: 24 5. Number of submissions accepted: 18 6. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 75 % 7. Average number of reviews per paper: 1.84 8. Total number of reviewers involved: 31 9. Contact person for queries: Name: Chun Kiat CHANG Affiliation: REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia Email: redac10@usm.my

From Infrastructure to Impact: A Case Study of Universiti Sains Malaysia’s Solar PV Initiative as a Model for Institutional Carbon Management

Introduction: Advanced diabetic eye disease (ADED) is the debilitating sequelae of diabetic retinopathy (DR). It a chronic disease and require life-long treatment. The mental health of patients with chronic disease were often affected. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving ADED patients from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Hospital Sultanah Aminah from 1 May 2022 till December 2023. Diabetic patients with no DR were included as control group. Ocular examinations using slit lamp biomicroscopy were performed and HADS was used to assess patient's anxiety and depression. Result: A total of 108 diabetic patients were included in this study (54 ADED and 54 no DR). Percentage of ADED patients with anxiety and depression based on HADS score cut-off point of 8 or more were 64.8% and 61.1% respectively. The mean HADS for anxiety (HADS-A) score was significantly higher in ADED (8.15 SD 4.42) than in no DR (4.15 SD 3.02) (p&lt;0.001). The mean HADS for depression (HADS-D) score was significantly higher in ADED (7.69 SD 3.29) than in no DR (4.28 SD 3.45) (p&lt;0.001). Foot amputation and severe visual impairment were the factors that significantly associated with anxiety and depression. Conclusion: ADED is more susceptible to psychological stress due to visual impairment and chronic medical illness related to complication of DM. A holistic approach to the management of ADED patients should include a thorough evaluation of their mental health status and early referral for mental health care, which may aid in optimising patients’ care and disease outcome.

This study examines the knowledge and practices of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and their relationship with work-related factors among 152 working mothers at Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (HPUSM). Conducted in September 2023 using a self-administered questionnaire, findings showed 75.7% had excellent EBF knowledge and 59.9% had excellent practice. No significant associations were found between EBF practice and work hours, maternity leave, or the use of private rooms. However, refrigerator availability was significantly linked to better EBF practice. The study highlights the need for improved workplace support, including lactation facilities and education on milk handling, to enhance breastfeeding among working mothers.

Psychiatric admissions predictive modeling is a crucial step in hospital resource and service management. Prediction models are essential for medical facilities to account for patient arrival fluctuations that could potentially overextend their resources. The present study used the Holt-Winters method to forecast psychiatric admissions at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). The estimation and evaluation phases are based on historical admission data from 2017 to 2024 to extract trends, seasonal and level components. The dataset was split into training and testing phases to ensure robust model selection. Mean Absolute Scaled Error (MASE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) are used to compare the performance. This paper examines two forms of the Holt-Winters model: additive and multiplicative. The results reveal that the Additive Holt-Winters model consistently has the lowest error across all performance metrics. Thus, it is the best for predicting psychiatric patient admissions. The forecasting results indicate an overall increase in admissions with variations driven by seasonal factors. An accuracy assessment reveals that most predictions match actual admissions to some extent, suggesting the model is reliable. These include certain months that demonstrate standout differences, suggesting that other confounding factors may be influencing admission rates. It demonstrates the robustness of Holt-Winters’ forecasting methodology in healthcare and its implications for hospital administrators seeking to improve efficiency in the deployment of resources. Future work might also focus on combining other predictive tools to improve forecast quality.

Female migrant workers and Indonesian-descent micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia face practical constraints in financial literacy, household–business cash-flow separation, and cross-border financial planning. This international joint community service—organized by Universitas Mercu Buana (UMB) with PERMAI Pulau Pinang and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)—delivered a contextualized training on budgeting, saving, and simple record-keeping for Indonesian communities in Pulau Pinang. The method combined partner mobilization, needs scoping, a face-to-face workshop, and a post-activity focus group discussion to inform sustainability steps. Thirty-three participants attended on 27 April 2025 at Yayasan An-Nahdhoh. Immediate outcomes included clearer understanding of household budgeting, the importance of separating personal and micro-business cash flows, and better coordination of remittances with families in Indonesia. Public outputs (video and mass-media coverage) enhanced accountability and replication potential. The findings suggest that simple, behaviorally oriented tools—delivered via trusted diaspora partnerships—can improve planning readiness and support micro-enterprise resilience

This study explores a cross-border community engagement program focused on accelerating the digital transformation of Indonesian diaspora Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Penang, Malaysia. Conducted collaboratively by Universitas Mercu Buana and Universiti Sains Malaysia, this initiative addresses the limited digital capacity among diaspora entrepreneurs through strategic training in financial technology (fintech), digital literacy, marketing, and cybersecurity. Utilizing participatory methods grounded in andragogy and community-based participatory research (CBPR), over 30 MSME actors received three days of structured, hands-on workshops tailored to their business needs. The program yielded notable behavioral shifts, with more than 85% of participants adopting digital tools for business operations. Additionally, the initiative formalized transnational cooperation through the signing of a memorandum of understanding (MoU) and the formation of the Ngeo Digital UMKM Task Force Permai, ensuring long-term sustainability. This paper contributes to the literature on diaspora development, higher education engagement, and digital inclusion by presenting a scalable and replicable model for inclusive economic empowerment. Empirical findings are situated within the theoretical frameworks of the triple helix innovation model and grassroots digital diplomacy, offering significant implications for policy, academia, and international development.

COVID-19 is primarily seen as a respiratory infection, but recent research suggests it should be considered a systemic disease. This is due to its effects on the hematopoietic and haemostasis systems, leading to systemic imbalances and coagulation dysfunction, which have been observed in severely ill COVID-19 patients and fatalities. This study aims to evaluate the trend of haemostatic changes in COVID-19 patients at Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). A retrospective study was carried out in the Haematology laboratory by analyzing data retrieved from the Laboratory Information System from July 2021 to July 2022. The study included 34 COVID-19 patients over 18 years of age, categorized into severe and non-severe groups. Demographic data and haematology parameters such as Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer were collected. Fisher's Exact Test was used to analyze the association between demographic variables and the clinical severity of COVID-19, while the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were employed to compare haemostatic parameters with clinical severity. The results showed that males (64.7%) and individuals aged 60 years and older (74.2%) were the most affected population at Hospital Pakar USM, with diabetic mellitus (64.5%) and hypertension (77.4%) being the most common comorbidities. There were marked increase in haemostatic parameters in the severe group of COVID-19, suggesting a direct relationship with clinical severity. However, no significant association was found between demographic data and haemostatic parameters with clinical severity of COVID-19. This study highlights the importance of haemostatic parameters concerning COVID-19 severity for better prognosis evaluation, management, and treatment.

Transepithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy (Trans-PRK) is a modern refractive surgery that improves comfort and recovery but may predispose to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and dry eye disease (DED), causing postoperative discomfort. Preoperative assessment of meibomian glands among Trans-PRK candidates remain limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MGD and DED, identify associated factors, and assess the correlation of meibomian gland loss (MGL) among subjects undergoing Trans-PRK at Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2024 to January 2025 among 110 subjects aged 20-45 years undergoing preoperative Trans-PRK evaluation. Demographic, occupational, and lifestyle data were collected, while ocular surface parameters were assessed through clinical examination, meibography, and standardized questionnaires. MGD and DED were diagnosed based on established criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 29.0. The prevalence of MGD and DED was 17.3% and 19.1%, respectively, with a mean age of 32.76 ± 7.65 years. Screen exposure exceeding four hours daily was significantly associated with MGD (OR = 9.05, 95% CI: 2.14- 38.28, p = 0.003) and DED (OR = 8.12, 95% CI: 2.16-30.54, p < 0.001). Increasing age increased the odds of MGD (OR = 3.65, 95% CI: 1.15-11.51, p = 0.027), while male gender was a significant risk factor for both. MGL correlated moderately with OSDI (r = 0.58) and meibum quality (r = 0.46), and weakly with meibum expressibility (r = 0.35) and corneal fluorescein staining (r = 0.36). Common gland changes were dropout (29.1%), tortuosity (25.5%), and shortening (20.9%). MGD and DED were observed in 17.3% and 19.1% of Trans-PRK candidates. Age, male gender, and screen exposure were associated with MGD, while male gender and screen exposure were associated with DED. MGL correlated with key ocular surface indices, highlighting the importance of comprehensive preoperative ocular surface assessment.

Protein electrophoresis is a crucial test in clinical diagnostic laboratory, aimed for evaluation of plasma protein distribution. With its capability for highresolution protein separation, rapid analysis and automated features, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as a valuable alternative to the traditional gel-based methods that are widely used in our country. This study aimed to evaluate the analytical performance of Sebia Capillary 3 Octa CE system in our laboratory setting. The study was conducted at the Protein Diagnostic Laboratory, Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia. Within-run and between run precision was assessed using Sebia Capillarys 3 Octa CE system with commercially available normal and pathological control sera. Accuracy was evaluated by comparing results from the Sebia Capillarys 3 Octa with those from the Sebia Hydrasys 2 Scan gel electrophoresis analyzer using both healthy and patient serum samples. Reference interval verification involved testing serum from healthy volunteers. Statistical analyses included mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), linear regression, and Bland-Altman analysis. Sebia Capillarys 3 Octa demonstrated good precision across all serum protein fractions, with within-run CVs for normal serum ranging from 0.97% (albumin) to 7.04% (alpha-1), and between-run CVs below 7.22%. Pathological serum showed CVs from 0.60% (gamma) to 5.09% (alpha-1), and from 0.89% (albumin) to 10.32% (alpha- 2) for within-run and between run CV, respectively. CE correlated strongly with gel electrophoresis for albumin and gamma globulin (r > 0.95), with alpha 1, alpha2 and beta showed good correlation (r >0.80) between the two methods. There was minimal bias (-1.1 to +2.1) noted. Reference interval verification confirmed compatibility with manufacturer-provided ranges. Sebia Capillarys 3 Octa provides reliable, automated analysis for serum protein fractions, offering performance comparable to the conventional agarose gel electrophoresis analyzer with enhanced operational benefits for routine laboratory use.

This study aimed to evaluate the expression of nNav1.5 mRNA and its association with clinicopathological features in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-TNBC patients treated at Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (HPUSM), Kelantan. Tumor tissue samples were collected from TNBC (n = 43) and non-TNBC (n = 19) patients. Real-time PCR was performed to measure nNav1.5 mRNA expression levels. Clinicopathological parameters assessed included tumor size, histological grade, cancer stage, hormone receptor status, HER2 expression, and lymph node involvement. Sanger sequencing was carried out to verify the identity of the amplified nNav1.5 transcripts. nNav1.5 mRNA expression was significantly higher in TNBC compared to non-TNBC tumors (p = 0.007). Sanger sequencing confirmed >99% sequence identity with the canonical human nNav1.5 transcript. Elevated nNav1.5 expression was significantly associated with TNBC subtype (p = 0.007), advanced tumor stage (p = 0.007), and distant lymph node metastasis (p = 0.002). High expression of nNav1.5 mRNA in breast tumors is significantly associated with the TNBC subtype and aggressive clinical features.