Universal Typology Research Articles

Secondary Stress and Vowel Lengthening in Biblical Aramaic


 
 
 This study is concerned with the placement of the secondary stress in Tiberian Biblical Aramaic. The challenging aspect of this placement is that, contrary to universal typology, both long-voweled CVVC, CVV and short-voweled CV syllables are stressed whereas short-voweled CVC syllables are not. This apparently abnormal distribution is rationalized by arguing that CV syllables became CVV due to a secondary lengthening of the short vowel. I claim that this lengthening is a late development and likely corresponds to the late orthographical practice of regularly marking the secondary stress on open syllables. A similar lengthening in Eastern Syriac offers support for this interpretation. Finally, the common origin of Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic secondary stresses is briefly discussed.
 
 

Control of perovskite film crystallization and growth direction to target homogeneous monolithic structures

Getting performant organo-metal halide perovskite films for various application remains challenging. Here, we show the behavior of solvent and perovskite elements for four different perovskites families and nine different initial precursor solution systems in the case of the most popular preparation process which includes an anti-solvent dripping-assisted spin coating of a precursor solution and a subsequent thermal annealing. We show how the initial solution composition affects, first, the film formed by spin coating and anti-solvent dripping and, second, the processes occurring upon thermal annealing, including crystal domain evolution and the grain growth mechanism. We propose a universal typology which distinguishes three types for the growth direction of perovskite crystals: downward (Type I), upward (Type II) and lateral (Type III). The latter results in large, monolithic grains and we show that this mode must be targeted for the preparation of efficient perovskite light absorber thin films of solar cells.

ECOTEXT IN TEXT LINGUISTICS

The article is devoted to ecotext as one of the text types in text linguistics. Modern text linguistics studying structure, semantics and text functioning is multisided and multidimensional in its interaction with the problems of discourse, semiotics, narratology, psycholinguistics which is explained by the extension and modification of the notion «the text» because of its heterogeneity and multimodality. Extension of the typological range of texts includes the problem of their typology into the agenda again. Ecotext as a comparatively new type of the text may fill one of the lacunas of text typology and contribute to the solution of the question on the creation of general, global and universal typology which could embrace all text diversity.

The Meaning Sextet: A Systematic Literature Review and Further Validation of a Universal Typology of Meaning in Life

Many researchers have asked what individuals experience as meaningful, valuable, purposeful, or important in life. However, there seems little consensus about a world-wide typology of meaning. This project aimed to identify a comprehensive universal typology of meaning in life in the empirical literature, and to find additional support for this typology. Study 1 included a systematic literature review on all studies on meaning in life, to identify types and sub-types of meaning via thematic analysis. Study 2 conceptually compared these findings with other published meaning typologies. Study 3 operationalized this typology in the “Meaning Sextet Questionnaire” (MSQ). The MSQ was developed in a sequential mixed-methods study design, consisting of the sub-studies of Item-development, Three-Step-Test-Interview, an informal feasibility study and a formal survey. The literature review identified 6 types and 29 sub-types of meaning in 107 studies in 45.710 participants, which integrated and extended other published typologies: materialistic types of meaning (material conditions, professional-educational success), hedonistic types (hedonistic/embodied experiences), self-oriented types (resilience, self-efficacy, self-acceptance, autonomy, creative self-expression, self-care), social types (social connections, belonging, conformism, altruism, and children), larger types (purposes, personal growth, temporality, justice/ethics, and spirituality/religion), existential-philosophical types (being-alive, unique, free, grateful, and responsible). The MSQ confirmed the universality of this meaning sextet in 1281 participants in 49 countries, with factor-structure and correlations as expected with other questionnaires. Materialistic, hedonistic, and self-oriented meanings correlate with low psychological well-being, and social and larger meanings with large psychological well-being. In sum, the meaning sextet seems to be a comprehensive valid typology of meaning in life which may be used in psychological therapies, counseling, coaching and education.

Patterns of deverbal nominalization in Kaqchikel

The paper provides an overview of productive patterns of deverbal nominalization in Kaqchikel (Mayan; ergative, VOS/SVO). Adopting the universal typology for deverbal nominals developed by J. Grimshaw, H. Borer, and K. Moulton, we demonstrate that, while in English and other well-studied languages of Europe the same morpheme is often used to create all kinds of deverbal nouns, Kaqchikel clearly disambiguates between the three cases: complex events, simple events, and result nominals. We consider in detail the core semantic and syntactic properties of the three classes of items, thus filling in a gap in the description of Mayan syntax and further contributing to the general discussion of nominalization across the world’s languages.

Опыт построения типологии предлогов (на материале русского, английского и немецкого языков)

The research objective includes developing a multi-level typology of the Russian, English and German prepositions with a view to identify motives for their non-standard use in the languages under study. The author summarizes results of studying the prepositions, proposes a universal typology of the prepositions (conventionally stressed, conversional, derivative, copulative, complementary), which constitutes scientific originality of the paper. The conducted analysis allows identifying isomorphic, allomorphic and endomorphic features of prepositions in the analyzed languages. Following the open taxonomy principle, the researcher distinguishes nine groups of prepositions which are then subdivided into levels and classified into forty two subgroups.

Типология гибридных названий заведений общественного питания (на материале названий заведений питания в русском (г. Тюмень), английском (г. Сиэтл) и французском (г. Тулуза) языках)

The paper aims to develop a typology of hybrid names of public catering establishments of Tyumen (Russia), Seattle (the USA) and Toulouse (France). The article analyses public catering establishments names in the comparative aspect. As a result of the research, 556 (30%) hybrid names have been identified in Tyumen, 696 (20%) - in Seattle and 413 (18%) - in Toulouse. Scientific originality of the study involves the comparative approach to analysing public catering establishments names. The author for the first time proposes a universal typology of the hybrids nominating public catering establishments in the English, French and Russian languages. As a result, five basic types of hybrids have been identified: structural, syntactical, word-formative, morphological and graphical ones.

Clichés and pragmatemes

In order to properly classify the phraseme (that is, a constrained, or non-free, expression) No parking, a universal typology of lexical phrasemes is proposed. It is based on the following two parameters:• The nature of constraints— Lexemic phrasemes: the expression is constrained with respect to freely constructed meaning.— Semantic-lexemic phrasemes: the expression is constrained/non-constrained with respect to the meaning constrained by the conceptual representation.— Pragmatemes: the expression is constrained with respect to pragmatic conditions, that is, to the extralinguistic situation of its use (in a letter, on a street sign, on a package of perishable food).• The compositionalityThe expression can/cannot be represented as regular “sum” of its components.As a result, we have, firstly, the following major classes of lexical phrasemes:1) Non-compositional lexemic phrasemes: idioms (˹cold feet˺, ˹shoot the breeze˺)2) Compositional lexemic phrasemes: collocations (rain heavily, pay a visit)3) Non-compositional semantic-lexemic phrasemes: nominemes (Big Dipper, New South Wales)4) Compositional semantic-lexemic phrasemes: clichés (See you tomorrow! | Absence makes the heart grow fonder.)For clichés, the least-studied class of phrasemes, a more detailed classification is proposed (as a function of the type of their denotation). Secondly, each phraseme (except a nomineme) and each lexemes can be pragmatically constrained, i.e. a pragmateme: ˹Fall out!˺ (idiom; a military command) | Take aim! (collocation; a military command) | Emphasis mine/added (cliché; in a printed text) | Rest! (lexeme; a military command).

The Decoding of the Human Spirit: A Synergy of Spirituality and Character Strengths Toward Wholeness.

Little attention has been given to the integral relationship between character strengths and spirituality (the search for or communing with the sacred to derive meaning and purpose). The science of character strengths has surged in recent years with hundreds of studies, yet with minimal attention to spirituality or the literature thereof. At the same time, the science of spirituality has steadily unfolded over the last few decades and has offered only occasional attention to select strengths of character (e.g., humility, love, and forgiveness) or the universal typology of the VIA classification of character strengths and virtues. In this exploration, we argue that there is a robust synergy of these sciences and practices revealing that spirituality is vitally concerned with promoting character strengths. At the same time, character strengths can enhance and deepen spiritual practices, rituals, and experiences. We elaborate on how character strengths and spirituality come together in the context of the psycho-spiritual journey toward wholeness. By wholeness, we are referring to a way of being in the world that involves a life-affirming view of oneself and the world, a capacity to see and approach life with breadth and depth and the ability to organize the life journey into a cohesive whole. We further discuss six levels by which spirituality can be integrated within the VIA Classification, including a meta-perspective in which wholeness represents a meta-strength or superordinate virtue. We frame two pathways of integration: the grounding path, in which character strengths offer tangibility and thereby deepen and enhance spirituality, and the sanctification path, in which spirituality elevates character strengths. Finally, we turn to research-based practices and examine how character strengths might facilitate and contribute to spiritual practices and, conversely, how spirituality might enhance character strength practices. Such multifaceted integration offers insight and wisdom to both areas of study and opens up new directions for psycho-spiritual research and practices to deepen and broaden our understanding of what it means to be human.

Study of Handwritten Albums in the National Science in the 19th — Early 21st Century

The article considers bibliography of study of Russian albums of the 19th — early 21th century. Development of Russian historiography of this topic was uneven. The author consistently describes three main stages in the study of handwritten album: response of contemporaries and public discussions of this phenomenon; the beginning of publication of album texts; introduction of albums to science. The article presents the main directions of academic research. The author considers domestic publications about Russian albums, starting from the first quarter of the 19th century through the beginning of the 21st century. The analysis of the literature on albums was carried out from the point of view of the author’s area of interests (study of the history of autograph albums, their typology and functions), the nature and scope of the objects studied, the main tasks of these works and their methodological principles. The main problem in historiography is development of typology of handwritten albums. The choice of typology as the main subject of analysis is explained by the fact that in general this phenomenon of Russian culture of the late 18th — first quarter of the 20th century was not studied systematically. The author notes that in order to create the full picture of Russian album culture, it is necessary, first of all, to build the typological system. The result of the author’s research is the complete review of publications on Russian handwritten albums published from 1820 to 2016. The author highlights the main typological principles of albums that are typical for different approaches, research schools and directions of study. The article notes that many issues have not been considered until the present moment. The approach to album as a source of history of individual writing and sociocultural behaviour is beyond the study, while the comprehensive analysis of Russian album, writing and signature in it is one of the promising directions of research of the culture of everyday life of the 18th — 20th centuries. The general conclusion of the article focuses on the absence of universal typology in historiography, which the author suggests to present in the following works.

Biblical Hebrew segholates

Abstract Most studies agree that the input (i.e. the base) of a segholate paradigm in Biblical Hebrew is prosodically CVCC. However, such an input leads to an analysis that does not comply with universal typology of vowel strength, an analysis where vowel alternation not only affects a strong (stressed) position but also triggered by a (weak) epenthetic vowel. In this paper, we provide an alternative analysis, which postulates the surface singular form as the input of the paradigm and eliminates the unnatural nature of the morphophonology of segholates.

Social media among African students: Recentring typologies of non-use

Scholars are increasingly starting to engage in analysing non-use of social media among higher education students, but to date there lacks a framework within which to do so. Toward this end, this article identifies four key themes associated with not using social media to develop a typology of social media non-use. The themes are: 1) exclusion which may be owing to access problems or the social environment on social media; 2) distrust owing to difficulties surrounding authenticity, security and online collaboration; 3) distraction as a result of overwhelming or irrelevant information or communication; and 4) online discrimination. However, rather than claiming to set up a universal typology of non-use that applies to all higher education settings, we are promoting a new agenda for thinking about non-use of social media which is attentive to specific educational contexts. Basing our argument on research on international distance education students at the University of South Africa, we argue that any analysis should take a reflective and evolving stance which considers the multi-dimensional, temporally modulating nature of non-use that is sensitive to both student agency and the significance of the specific educational and geographic context. Moreover, the attention to African international distance education students is an important relocation, as thus far, typologies of social media have predominately been based on empirical case studies from ‘Western’ centres and imperatives. Placing African students centre stage realigns typologies of social media, illustrating and legitimizing the many centres from which social media non-use may be analysed and understood.

A Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of Cyberstalking – An Exploratory Study of Forensic Linguistics –

사이버 스토킹에 관한 기존의 국내 연구는 주로 법적 규제 측면에 치중하고 있는 경향을 보였다. 최근에야 사이버 스토킹에 대한 행위적 분석이 논의되기 시작하였다. 사이버 스토킹에 대한 경찰의 대응 방안이나 범죄예방 차원에서도 그 사례 분석 및 행위의 특성에 관한 연구는 필요하고 또 중요하다. 이 연구를 통해 실제 국내의 사이버 스토킹 사례를 중심으로 『비판적 담화 분석(Critical Discourse Analysis: CDA)』기법을 활용하여 텍스트상의 여러 층위를 나누어 사이버 스토킹 가해자의 언어 사용 특징을 분석하였다. 사이버 스토킹을 4가지 매개 범주로 분류하여 각 유형별로 분석해본 바, 다음과 같은 공통된 결과를 발견하게 되었다. 첫째, 발언의 기회를 얻기 위하여 의문문 형식을 활용하거나 모욕 및 비난과 같은 감정적 어휘를 사용함으로써 피해자의 반응을 유도한다. 둘째, 사이버 스토킹 피해자와의 상호작용 속에서 권력 쟁취를 위하여 반응이 없는 피해자에게 당연화(taken-for-granted) 전략을 사용한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 사이버 스토킹 가해자는 매체적 특성에 따라 스토킹 전략이 다르게 나타난다는 것을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 이 연구는 사이버 스토킹 가해 유형과 행위 분석 토대 위에 언어적 사용 특징을 분석함으로써 가해자의 언어행위 특성을 설명해내는 데 도움이 될 것으로 판단한다. 특히 비판적 담화 분석 기법을 적용한 언어 프로파일링 접근을 통해 사이버 스토킹 관련 기준과 가해자의 언어 특질을 분석해낸 탐색적 연구로서 향후 범죄의 수사 및 정책대안 마련에도 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다.Cyberstalking, including harassment, has become a major concern for the Internet users, and the society as well. Cyberstalking in general involves the repeated and persistent attempt by the cyberstalker to harass the victim, using the Internet or devices linked to the Internet. Thanks to the ubiquity and anonymity provided by the Internet environment, cyberstalking is taking on new forms with unprecedented scope and presents unique challenges for law enforcement worldwide. Stalking is typically a pattern of behavior over time in which a stalker may cause emotional distress to a victim and/or seeks to control over the victim. With the widespread adoption of new technologies in the digital age, the behavior patterns of cyberstalkers are becoming more complex, unpredictable, and difficult to investigate. In particular, there is no universal typology in cyberstalking, and it is quite hard to find a standard predator-prey profile. In this exploratory research, we suggest “Forensic Linguistics” for the tracking of cyberstalkers based upon a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach. Forensic linguistics is a type of science that examine ‘text’ and ‘talk’. It thus is the practice of identifying the social characteristics of an individual—the cyberstalker—and is the application of linguistic methods, knowledge and insights to the forensic context of language. Forensic linguistics also concerns the analysis of written and spoken language for both legal and investigative purposes. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an inter- or multi-disciplinary approach to the study of discourse—text and talk—and society, and it views language as a form of social practice. In this paper, we aim to utilize and demonstrate CDA as a conceptual framework for examining how societal power relations are established and reinforced through the use of language. In addition, we have identified different forms of cyberstalking and classified types of cyberstalkers. It thus is our ultimate goal to eventually contribute to a theoretical and empirical framework in which CDA is well integrated with forensic linguistics to better understand traits associated with the cyberstalking predators.

Diversity of Social Enterprise Models in South Korea

In this paper, we analyse the emergence and development of social enterprise in South Korea. Our purpose is to show how different broad, consensual and successive conceptions of social enterprise—the so-called meta-models—have generated a dynamic and complex environment which includes a variety of models of social enterprise. Based on multiple data sources, including interviews, documents, statistics and field research, we illustrate the diversity of Korean social enterprise models by using the EMES ideal-type as a conceptual framework that leads us to analyse the social, economic and governance dimensions of each type of social enterprise. This research suggests that the social enterprise phenomenon should not be limited to its expressed contents or to an excessively strict legal or economic definition. It eventually contributes to advancing our understanding on social enterprise by showing that the definitions and concepts of social enterprise can be diverse across different social, economic and political contexts. For this reason, building a universal typology that can embrace social enterprises in different national contexts is by far a challenging task.

The sounds of “water” in German and Russian phonosemantic pictures of the world

The correlation of the concepts of the phonosphere, the sound picture of the world, the phonosemantic picture of the world is defined. The sounds of water as an integral part of the sound phonosemantic picture of the world are chosen. A comparative phonosemantic and quantitative analysis of German and Russian verbs nominating the sounds of water is presented. The types of water sounding on the basis of universal phonosemantic typology by S. V. Voronin are revealed. Some quantitative differences of onomotopes of water sounding from acoustic onomatopoeia studied by the author earlier on the materials of the German and Russian languages are noted as a whole. Analysis of this fragment of the phonosemantic picture of the world confirms the conclusion that universal features in onomatopoeia prevail over specific ones.

The Influence of Buyers’ Time Orientation on Online Shopping Behavior: A Typology

ABSTRACTThis research investigates the influence of buyers’ time orientations (measured as polychronic–monochronic and past–future time orientations) on four major variables of online shopping: trust, social interaction, browsing, and locus of control, which in turn influence users’ intention to shop online. Results using structural equation modeling with a sample of 377 Chinese cosmetics shoppers support our hypotheses and show that polychronic orientation of users tends to be positively related to trust, social interaction, browsing experience, and external locus of control and indirectly to intention to shop online through these four consumer characteristics. No relationship was found between future orientation and browsing experience and external locus of control, but a positive relationship was found with intention to shop online through trust and social interaction. Finally, results show that trust and social interaction are positively related to intention to shop online. The authors conclude that time orientations can be used as effective segmentation variables, which are useful in describing a universal typology among different types of online shopping behaviors. Internet retailers should take into account the role of time in e-shopping adoption when assessing different types of users and website design.

Advancing integrated care and its evaluation by means of a universal typology.

Health systems around the globe implement integrated care interventions to address the Triple Aim of simultaneously improving population health, patient experiences and cost-efficiency. However, the underlying definitions and conceptualisations of integrated care often differ considerably, which makes uniform measurement and comparison difficult. Rather than agreeing on one definition of integrated care, we argue that a universal typology of integrated care interventions should be developed to enable the comparison of interventions that are based on different understandings of integrated care. This universal typology should combine rankable and intangible components with unrankable and tangible sub-components, and be conceptually sound and flexible. The content of the typology should be developed by an international consortium of relevant stakeholders.

INSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONALITY OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOVREMEN-NYH OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Approaches of the institutional theory to differences between hierarchical and market mechanisms of economic interactions are researched. affirms that modern evolution leads to deleting of borders between these two forms and to their mutual interlacing. The research of the fundamental principles of organizational forms and coordination of economic activity as in each of two main forms of cooperation of economic actors - the organization (hierarchy) and the market, and between them is one of basic elements of modern economic science. With respect thereto there is a question of basic differences between them, their borders and forms of interactions. the existing universal typology not absolutely precisely reflects reality. The entities aren’t capable to perform complete optimization of transactional expenses because of complexity and the uncertainty of the environment, and also owing to limited rationality making the decision. Therefore the choice of this or that organizational “ideal model" is utopian as borders of the entities don’t give in to a limitation in connection with variety of the purposes, interdependence of actions of other economic actors as components of the external environment. The state stimulation of these or those links of economic system shall be aimed at the development not of the separate entities, but market structures in general into which they enter only as components.

Towards a comprehensive green infrastructure typology: a systematic review of approaches, methods and typologies

There is no consensus on a comprehensive classification for green infrastructure (GI). This is a consequence of the diversity of disciplines, application contexts, methods, terminologies, purposes and valuation criteria for which a GI typology is required. The aim of this systematic literature review is to evaluate the existing evidence on how GI is being categorised and characterised worldwide. We reviewed a total of 85 studies from 15 countries that were analysed for contextual trends, methods, parameters and typologies. Results show that relevant literature lacks a common terminology and that a universal typology for all scenarios is impractical. Analysis reveals that GI can be organised into four main GI categories: (a) tree canopy, (b) green open spaces, (c) green roofs and (d) vertical greenery systems (facades/walls). Green open spaces and tree canopy attracted the attention of researchers due to their complexity, variability and important roles in GI planning. Evidence suggests that a ternary approach in terms of the functional (purpose, use, services), structural (morphology) and configurational (spatial arrangements) attributes of GI should be applied for a more comprehensive classification. Although this approximation is inherently generic, since it can be used across different research disciplines, it is also sufficiently specific to be implemented for individual scopes, scenarios and settings. Further research is needed to develop a typology capable of responding to particular research aims and performance analyses based upon the findings discussed in this paper.

Healthcare in the light of the concept of welfare state regimes – comparative analysis of EU member states

This paper addresses issues related to health care in the context of the debate about the typology of welfare state regimes and comparative studies conducted in reference to the debate. Particular attention has been paid to the phenomenon of decommodification as one of the key dimensions that define welfare regimes identified in the literature associated with this debate. The study presents a health decommodification index, on the basis of which an attempt has been made to assess the decommodification potential of health care, taking into account the situation in the 28 EU Member States in 2012. The identification of a widely understood accessibility of publicly funded health care as a basic measure for assessing the decommodifying features of health programs is an important result of the empirical analysis. The study has also confirmed the views expressed in the literature about the existence of practical obstacles standing in the way of developing a universal typology of welfare states.