Universal Matrix Research Articles

Highly Water‐Dispersible Spiropyran‐Octapeptide Supramolecules: Efficient, Multi‐processable, and Versatile Photoswitches for Time‐Dependent Dual‐Mode Encryption

AbstractWith exceptional photochromic and photoluminescent properties, spiropyrans have demonstrated significant potential for advanced information encryption and anti‐counterfeiting applications. However, its inherent water insolubility leads to incompatibility with aqueous polymers, and even more, its ease of leaching from the matrix hinders the formation of stable stimuli‐responsive platforms through direct blending with all polymers. Here, the fabrication of amphiphilic spiropyran‐octapeptide molecules is reported that can spontaneously self‐assemble into highly water‐dispersible supramolecular nanofibers in water. These assemblies exhibit universal polymer matrix compatibility while retaining the rapid photo‐responsiveness of spiropyrans. The formation of strong interactions between the supramolecular assembly and polymer chains ensures the long‐term stability of the resultant stimuli‐responsive materials in aqueous environments. These platforms fully preserve the base polymers’ processing properties, with silk fibroin as the matrix offering exceptional opportunities for constructing photo‐responsive platforms in various forms (e.g., films, gels, fibers, and coatings) with multiple functionalities using diverse solution processing techniques. Integrating distinct photochromic and photoluminescent responses within a single format without interference, combined with environmental stability and processing flexibility, enables the creation of dual‐mode, high‐security encryption devices for diverse application scenarios. The outlined strategy provides innovative concepts for developing high‐performance, versatile intelligent systems utilizing stimulus‐responsive molecules.

Assessing Mobile Network Fraud Threats and Prevention Strategies in Kenya

Background: Mobile network technology has exponentially advanced in the last decade and with this development, fraud activities have risen in equal measure resulting in companies and customers losing huge amounts of money as a result of, especially in developing economies that lag in the regulatory frameworks when it comes to Mobile network fraud. The purpose of the study was to explore Mobile network fraud in Kenya identifying the most common types of fraud, ways which service providers and regulators are employing to prevent or reduce fraud, methods currently used to detect fraud, and gaps thereof. Finally, the effect of concept drift in the automated fraud detection process. Method: A qualitative research method was adopted for the study and using a semi-structured question guide, four focus group discussions composed of 23 participants were conducted. The criteria used for selecting and placing participants into focus groups considered the following: The expert area of the participant, years of experience in the fraud ecosystem of the participant, and the organization to which the participant is attached. The availability and willingness of the participants were also considered in the selection process. The focus group approach was selected as it facilitated balanced discussion amongst all the players in the Kenyan fraud ecosystem, harnessing the power of group dynamics as it involved the regulators and the service providers who were drawn from different organizations. Results: The mobile network fraud ecosystem was stratified into three dimensions namely Fraud prevention which looked at the policies and methods used by both regulators and service providers to reduce fraud, Fraud categorization which aimed at categorizing different types of mobile frauds, and finally the Fraud detection which looked at the current tools being used to detect fraud. From the study, it emerged that although the regulators have provided strict guidelines on the customer onboarding process, not all service providers are currently using biometric approaches while onboarding new customers as this was highlighted as the entry point of most fraud cases. The study established five major types of Mobile network fraud in Kenya: SIM swap, SIM boxing, Wangiri, Commission arbitrage, and Hoax SMS and scams. Most of this fraud is committed using either SMS or voice channels; in some cases, both channels are used. Different matrixes derived from multiple factors are used by service providers while evaluating the criticality of fraud cases though not enforced by the regulators. The study also revealed that most of the fraud detection processes amongst the service providers still use manual tools that constantly require human input. While some of the detection processes are automated, concept drift is a major challenge for automated classification models due to the constant evolution of fraud patterns. Conclusion: The study revealed gaps in Mobile Network fraud prevention processes in Kenya as service providers still use non-biometric customer validation processes that are open to forgery and exploitation. A strict customer onboarding process that is fully automated and integrated should be used to address this gap. In the fraud categorization, there is no clear universal categorization matrix to guide the service providers while assessing the criticality of fraud and in this regard, a qualitative scientific model should be developed and used by all the stakeholders as a reference point. When it comes to fraud detection, concept drift is a major challenge, and service providers in Kenya still rely on manual processes due to the dynamic nature of mobile fraud. This exposes a huge gap in the detection process and there is a need to address this by developing systems and processes that will automatically detect and react to concept drift while automating the detection processes.

Unorientable topological gravity and orthogonal random matrix universality

The duality of Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity and a double scaled matrix integral has led to studies of the canonical spectral form factor (SFF) in the so called τ−scaled limit of large times, t → ∞, and fixed temperature, in order to demonstrate agreement with universal random matrix theory (RMT). Though this has been established for the unitary case, extensions to other symmetry classes requires the inclusion of unorientable manifolds in the sum over geometries, necessary to address time reversal invariance, and regularization of the corresponding prime geometrical objects, the Weil-Petersson (WP) volumes. We report here how universal signatures of quantum chaos, witnessed by the fidelity to the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble, emerge for the low-energy limit of unorientable JT gravity, i.e. the unorientable Airy model/topological gravity. To this end, we implement the loop equations for the corresponding dual (double-scaled) matrix model and find the generic form of the unorientable Airy WP volumes, supported by calculations using unorientable Kontsevich graphs. In an apparent violation of the gravity/chaos duality, the τ−scaled SFF on the gravity side acquires both logarithmic and power law contributions in t, not manifestly present on the RMT side. We show the expressions can be made to agree by means of bootstrapping-like relations hidden in the asymptotic expansions of generalized hypergeometric functions. Thus, we are able to establish strong evidence of the quantum chaotic nature of unorientable topological gravity.

Facile preparation of hollow covalent organic frameworks as superior and universal matrix clean-up micro-structures for high throughout determination of food hazards

The complicated food matrix seriously limits the one-time test for the potential food hazards in non-targeted analysis. Accordingly, developing advanced sample pretreatment strategy to reduce matrix effects is of great significance. Herein, newly-integrated hollow-structured covalent organic frameworks (HCOFs) with large internal adsorption capacity and target-matched pore size were synthesized via etching the core-shell structured COFs. The as-prepared HCOFs could be directly applied for matrix clean-up of vegetable samples, while further modification of polydopamine (PDA) network facilitated application for animal samples. Both HCOFs and HCOFs@PDA with the comparable sizes to the matrix interference gave excellent adsorption performance to targets, achieving satisfied recoveries (70%–120%) toward 90 pesticides and 44 veterinary drugs in one-test, respectively. This work showed the great potential of the facile-integrated HCOFs with high stability and customized size to remove interference matrix and offered a universal strategy to achieve simultaneous screening of hazards with considerable quantity in high-throughput non-targeted analysis.

Distributed matrix computing system for big data

In order to solve the problem of low computing efficiency in big data analysis and model construction, this paper intended to deeply explore the big data analysis programming model, DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) and other contents, and on this basis, it adopted a distributed matrix computing system Octopus for big data analysis. Octopus is a universal matrix programming framework that provides a programming model based on matrix operations, which can conveniently analyze and process large-scale data. By using Octopus, users can extract functions and data from multiple platforms and operate through a unified matrix operation interface. The distributed matrix representation and storage layer can design data storage formats for distributed file systems. Each computing platform in OctMatrix provides its own matrix library, and it provides a matrix library written in R language for the above users. SymboMatrix provides a matrix interface to OctMatrix that is consistent with OctMatrix. However, SymboMatrix also retains the flow diagram for matrix operations in the process, and it also supports logical and physical optimization of the flow diagram on a DAG. For the DAG computational flow graph generated by SymbolMatrix, this paper divided it into two parts: logical optimization and physical optimization. This paper adopted a distributed file system based on line matrix, and obtained the corresponding platform matrix by reading the documents based on line matrix. In the evaluation of system performance, it was found that the distributed matrix computing system had a high computing efficiency, and the average CPU (central processing unit) usage reached 70%. This system can make full use of computing resources and realize efficient parallel computing.

New secular holidays in modern Kazakh culture. Westernization of everyday life and transfor-mation of family rituals

The growing attention to processes related to the revival of Islam throughout Central Asia leaves in shadow some no less interesting tendencies associated with the westernization of the daily life. These processes have been recorded across the entire Central Asia but presently they manifest themselves to the greatest extent specifically in Kazakhstan, where interweaving of traditional elements of the East and the West created a remarkable distinctive culture of the 21st century. The voluntary or involuntary neglect of these processes undoubtedly leads to serious misrepresentation in our understanding of further routes of development of the traditional rites. Equally important is the fact that problems of Islamization itself undoubtedly appear more prominent when taking into account factors linked with the new ‘westernized daily routine’. In this regard, very interesting are the new secular rituals and festivities which appeared in modern Kazakh culture not long ago: gender reveal party, baby shower, tilashar (Kaz., literally ‘opening of the tongue’), constituting the subject of this research. This study employs methods of his-torico-cultural and ethnographic approaches, and it is based on fieldwork data obtained during the ethnographic studies in Western Kazakhstan in recent years and data from monitoring personal profiles of users of social networks and services. Gen-der reveal parties and baby shower celebrations are widespread in the entire world, and they are of a secular nature. The analysis of evidence from Kazakh culture shows an example of how modern Kazakhs attempt to fit the ‘westernized’ practices into the universal matrix of present-day Kazakh ritual activities based on three constituents: a repast with an indispensable na-tional dish of ‘meat in Kazakh style’, a symbolic exchange of presents between members of socially kindred group, and bata beru i.e. ‘best wishes from senior relatives’. This is also supported by the search for parallels in the rites, conventional synonymity of the new practices and established family rites. Thus, the secular celebrations of gender reveal and baby shower are acquiring a national colour. The culture is adapting the ‘westernized’ practice; copying of the original example and its re-interpretation at a new level is taking place. In contrast to family rites, the gender party and baby shower are not obligatory; following of such practices is rather a fashion of its kind — a response of the modern Kazakh young people to cultural globalization. The author is trying to find an answer to the ques-tion: why indeed the Kazakh culture is so readily accepting and adapting practices of this kind? The answer seems to lie in the specifics of the social organization of the Kazakh society, in the emergence of new channels for storing and broadcasting of information, and in the overall orientation of modern Kazakhstan towards globalization.

Universal Distance Spectra of Join of Graphs

Consider G a simple connected graph. In this paper, we introduce the Universal distance matrix UD (G). For α, β, γ, δ ∈ R and β ̸= 0, the universal distance matrix UD (G) is defined asUD (G) = αTr (G) + βD(G) + γJ + δI,where Tr (G) is the diagonal matrix whose elements are the vertex transmissions, and D(G) is the distance matrix of G. Here J is the all-ones matrix, and I is the identity matrix. In this paper, we obtain the universal distance spectra of regular graph, join of two regular graphs, joined union of three regular graphs, generalized joined union of n disjoint graphs with one arbitrary graph H. As a consequence, we obtain the eigenvalues of distance matrix, distance Laplacian matrix, distance signless Laplacian matrix, generalized distance matrix, distance Seidal matrix and distance matrices of complementary graphs.

A formalism for extracting track functions from jet measurements

The continued success of the jet substructure program will require widespread use of tracking information to enable increasingly precise measurements of a broader class of observables. The recent reformulation of jet substructure in terms of energy correlators has simplified the incorporation of universal non-perturbative matrix elements, so called “track functions”, in jet substructure calculations. These advances make it timely to understand how these universal non-perturbative functions can be extracted from hadron collider data, which is complicated by the use jet algorithms. In this paper we introduce a new class of jet functions, which we call (semi-inclusive) track jet functions, which describe measurements of the track energy fraction in identified jets. These track jet functions can be matched onto the universal track functions, with perturbatively calculable matching coefficients that incorporate the jet algorithm dependence. We perform this matching, and present phenomenological results for the charged energy fraction in jets at the LHC and EIC/HERA at collinear next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. We show that higher moments of the charged energy fraction directly exhibit non-linear Lorentzian renormalization group flows, allowing the study of these flows with collider data. Our factorization theorem enables the extraction of universal track functions from jet measurements, opening the door to their use for a precision jet substructure program.

Universal adjacency spectrum of the cozero-divisor graph and its complement on a finite commutative ring with unity

For a finite simple undirected graph [Formula: see text], the universal adjacency matrix [Formula: see text] is a linear combination of the adjacency matrix [Formula: see text], the degree diagonal matrix [Formula: see text], the identity matrix [Formula: see text] and the all-ones matrix [Formula: see text], that is [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The cozero-divisor graph [Formula: see text] of a finite commutative ring [Formula: see text] with unity is a simple undirected graph with the set of all nonzero nonunits of [Formula: see text] as vertices and two vertices [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are adjacent if and only if [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we study structural properties of [Formula: see text] by defining an equivalence relation on its vertex set in terms of principal ideals of the ring [Formula: see text]. Then we obtain the universal adjacency eigenpairs of [Formula: see text] and its complement, and as a consequence one may obtain several spectra like the adjacency, Seidel, Laplacian, signless Laplacian, normalized Laplacian, generalized adjacency and convex linear combination of the adjacency and degree diagonal matrix of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in an unified way. Moreover, we get the universal adjacency eigenpairs of the cozero-divisor graph and its complement for a reduced ring and the ring of integers modulo [Formula: see text] in a simpler form.

Organising Rhetorical Components in Verbal Presentation of Scientific Research Outcomes: A Systematic Scoping Review

Background: The rhetorical structure of various genres of written scientific communication has been extensively covered in articles by contemporary researchers from different countries. However, the rhetorical structure of oral scientific presentations accompanying the presentation and defence of graduation theses, scientific research, and others has not received the same level of detailed study and attention. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of presenting conducted research significantly influences the degree and depth of its further acceptance by the readership.
 Purpose: to summarise the literature on the rhetorical structure of verbal presentation of scientific research results accompanied by a presentation. 
 Materials and Methods: We conducted a search of the Scopus bibliographic databases on March 2nd, 2023, and carried out a related grey literature search on March 27th, 2023. We screened the titles and abstracts of the retrieved records. From these records, we extracted demographic characteristics related to the rhetorical structure of oral presentations representing scientific research results. Following this, we extracted passages from empirical studies that described empirically derived moves and steps in speeches during oral presentations. These moves and steps were summarised and presented in the form of a universal matrix for the oral presentation of scientific research results.
 Results: In the result of the search request 63 articles were found. Having screened all the papers we revealed that only 11 of them met our predetermined inclusion criteria. All these papers were journal research articles. It is worth stating that the majority of the studies were dedicated to rhetorical structure in written presentation of scientific research outcomes and there is a lack of papers related to moves and steps of verbal presentation of scientific research outcomes.
 Conclusion: This systematic scoping review identified the moves and steps highlighted by authors in the reviewed articles within the oral speech accompanying the presentation of scientific research results to an audience. This matrix can be used to construct a more effective oral presentation of scientific research outcomes. Limitations of the work include the restriction to English language articles and the fact that the methodological quality of the articles included in our extraction was not assessed.

Creative Strategies for the Development of Modern Cities: Features, Essence of the Concept and Approaches to their Understanding

Introduction. Creative strategies are strategies for activating the development of urban agglomeration, built on innovative projects, usually with an emphasis on the active development of local culture, the preservation of historical heritage and experience, the development of the uniqueness of the agglomeration, and may also include the ideas of a “smart city”. In agglomerations, creative strategies are implemented according to different scenarios, since urban spaces have different cultural and infrastructural contexts. The purpose of this article is to analyze approaches to understanding creative strategies in urban planning and urban space management; to consider the experience of a number of creative cities of the Russian Federation, including the city of Krasnodar, which will allow developing a number of measures within the framework of creative strategy as the most universal and promising approach to urban creativity. Materials and Methods. The presented research is based on the results of the works of authors studying various aspects and approaches to the development and use of creative strategies within the urban environment, engaged in the search for promising universal strategies that contribute to the development of the potential of the cultural, social, economic sphere of the creative city. Diagnostics of the state of the urban cultural environment, assessment of the creative activity of the largest Russian cities, identification of threats and justification of priorities for the development of the urban creative environment are based on the use of retrospective analysis, comparison, synthesis, analogy, generalization. Results. The features of modern creative strategies based on the concept of new urbanism are identified and analyzed. A comparative characteristic of the indices of creativity of urban spaces is given, the problems of their use are analyzed. The experience of creating and implementing projects of creative urban space of Russian cities is analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of internal and external factors, significant challenges and significant threats to the active development of the creative sphere of the city of Krasnodar has been carried out, which makes it possible to develop a number of measures within the framework of the creative strategy as the most promising approach to urban creativity. Discussion and Conclusion. The study allowed us to identify approaches to understanding creative strategies based on innovative ideas, a creative approach to solving problems with an emphasis on the development of art, local culture, preservation of historical heritage and the uniqueness of urban spaces. The conclusions and suggestions of this study can be used as a universal matrix for the development of activities within the framework of a creative strategy for the development of modern urban space.

Symmetries and spectral statistics in chaotic conformal field theories. Part II. Maass cusp forms and arithmetic chaos

We continue the study of random matrix universality in two-dimensional conformal field theories. This is facilitated by expanding the spectral form factor in a basis of modular invariant eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on the fundamental domain. The focus of this paper is on the discrete part of the spectrum, which consists of the Maass cusp forms. Both their eigenvalues and Fourier coefficients are sporadic discrete numbers with interesting statistical properties and relations to analytic number theory; this is referred to as ‘arithmetic chaos’. We show that the near-extremal spectral form factor at late times is only sensitive to a statistical average over these erratic features. Nevertheless, complete information about their statistical distributions is encoded in the spectral form factor if all its spin sectors exhibit universal random matrix eigenvalue repulsion (a ‘linear ramp’). We ‘bootstrap’ the spectral correlations between the cusp form basis functions that correspond to a universal linear ramp and show that they are unique up to theory-dependent subleading corrections. The statistical treatment of cusp forms provides a natural avenue to fix the subleading corrections in a minimal way, which we observe leads to the same correlations as those described by the [torus]×[interval] wormhole amplitude in AdS3 gravity.

Universal adjacency spectrum of the commuting and non-commuting graphs on AC-groups

For a simple undirected graph [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], the universal adjacency matrix [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the identity matrix, [Formula: see text] is the all-ones matrix, and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the adjacency and degree diagonal matrices of [Formula: see text], respectively. For a finite non-abelian group [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the commuting graph [Formula: see text] is a simple undirected graph with vertex set [Formula: see text] and the adjacency rule is commuting. The non-commuting graph of [Formula: see text] is the complement of [Formula: see text]. An AC-group is a non-abelian group such that the centralizer of every non-central element is abelian. In this paper, we obtain the universal adjacency eigenpairs of the commuting and non-commuting graphs for an arbitrary AC-group [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we determine the eigenpairs of [Formula: see text] when [Formula: see text] is a specific kind of group.

Review of Rydberg Spectral Line Formation in Plasmas

The present review is dedicated to the problem of an array of transitions between highly-excited atomic levels. Hydrogen atoms and hydrogen-like ions in plasmas are considered here. The presented methods focus on calculation of spectral line shapes. Fast and simple methods of universal ionic profile calculation for the Hnα (Δn=1) and Hnβ (Δn=2) spectral lines are demonstrated. The universal dipole matrix elements formulas for the Hnα and Hnβ transitions are presented. A fast method for spectral line shape calculations in the presence of an external magnetic field using the formulas for universal dipole matrix elements is proposed. This approach accounts for the Doppler and Stark–Zeeman broadening mechanisms. Ion dynamics effects are treated via the frequency fluctuation model. The accuracy of the presented model is discussed. A comparison of this approach with experimental data and the results of molecular dynamics simulation is demonstrated. The kinetics equation for the populations of highly-excited ionic states is solved in the parabolic representation. The population source associated with dielectronic recombination is considered.

PLA aerogel as a universal support for the typical organic phase change energy storage materials

We first prepared Polylactic acid (PLA) aerogels with high porosity based on a facile and efficient thermal induced phase separation technique. In view of the excellent internal nano structure of PLA aerogel, high porosity and suitable interfacial affinity, it was selected as a support material to encapsulate four common organic phase change materials (PCMs), thereby preparing anti-leakage, shape-stable and sustainable PCMs with ultra-high latent heat (178.9–224.9 J g−1). PLA aerogel encapsulated PCMs perform high enthalpy efficiency (>92 %), which may benefit from the highly internal compatible nanostructure of PLA. Thermally conductive fillers (Boron nitride and Graphene nanoplatelet) were introduced to improve thermal conductivity. An important factor of PLA aerogel as a universal encapsulation matrix is analyzed based on the solubility parameters and Flory-Huggins parameters. The application cases of smart container and thermal regulation in confined spaces further prove the practical application value in the thermal regulation and energy saving area.

A universal surrogate matrix assay for urea measurement in clinical pharmacokinetic studies of respiratory diseases.

In pharmacokinetic studies for respiratory diseases, urea is a commonly used dilution marker for volume normalization of various biological matrices, owing to the fact that urea diffuses freely throughout the body and is minimally affected by disease states. In this study, we developed a convenient liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) surrogate matrix assay for accurate urea quantitation in plasma, serum and epithelial lining fluid. Different mass spectrometer platforms and ionization modes were compared in parallel. The LC method and mass spectrometer parameters were comprehensively optimized to reduce interferences, to smooth the baseline and to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio. Saline was selected as the surrogate matrix, and its suitability was confirmed by good parallelism and accurate quality control sample measurements. Reliable and robust assay performance was demonstrated by precision and accuracy, dilution integrity, sensitivity, recovery and stability, all of which met bioanalysis requirements to support clinical studies. The assay performance was also verified and better understood by comparing it with a colorimetric assay and to a surrogate analyte assay. The newly developed surrogate matrix assay has the potential to be further expanded for urea quantitation in numerous physiological matrices.

Constraining Weil–Petersson volumes by universal random matrix correlations in low-dimensional quantum gravity

Based on the discovery of the duality between Jackiw–Teitelboim quantum gravity and a double-scaled matrix ensemble by Saad, Shenker and Stanford in 2019, we show how consistency between the two theories in the universal random matrix theory (RMT) limit imposes a set of constraints on the volumes of moduli spaces of Riemannian manifolds. These volumes are given in terms of polynomial functions, the Weil–Petersson (WP) volumes, solving a celebrated nonlinear recursion formula that is notoriously difficult to analyse. Since our results imply linear relations between the coefficients of the WP volumes, they therefore provide both a stringent test for their symbolic calculation and a possible way of simplifying their construction. In this way, we propose a long-term program to improve the understanding of mathematically hard aspects concerning moduli spaces of hyperbolic manifolds by using universal RMT results as input.

Cold Sintering of Highly Transparent Calcium Fluoride Nanoceramic as a Universal Platform for High‐Power Lighting

AbstractA thermally robust all‐inorganic color converter is imperative to high‐power light‐emitting diode (LED) lighting. However, it remains challenging to find a universal inorganic matrix for encapsulating multicolor phosphors due to the hurdle of achieving a highly transparent medium at a moderate temperature. Here, the densification of calcium fluoride (CaF2) nanoceramic with visible transmittance up to 75% at merely 350 °C, benefiting from an acid‐mediated cold sintering process of oxygen‐segregated CaF2 nanoparticles is reported. Using the optically isotropic CaF2 as a transparent platform, a Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG: Ce) phosphor‐based phosphor‐in‐ceramics (PiC) converter with luminous efficacy as high as 190 lm W−1 is fabricated. The ultralow temperature enables the PiC converter to be further combined with red‐emitting CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ (CASN:Eu), delivering a color‐rendering index of 92. The cold‐sintered CaF2 nanoceramic demonstrates great potential as a general solution for next‐generation high‐power LED lighting.

Easily Scalable Photonic Tensor Core Based on Tunable Units with Single Internal Phase Shifters

AbstractPhotonic neural networks (PNNs) show tremendous potential for artificial intelligence applications due to their higher computational rates than their traditional electronic counterpart. However, the scale‐up of PNN relies on the number of cascaded computing units, which is limited by the accumulated transmission attenuation. Here, a topology of PNN with Mach–Zehnder interferometers based on a single‐tuned phase shifter that implements arbitrary nonnegative or real‐valued matrices for vector‐matrix multiplication is proposed. Compared with the universal matrix mesh, the new configuration exhibits two orders of magnitude lower optical path loss and a twofold reduction in the number of the tunable phase shifter. An 8 × 8 reconfigurable chip is designed and fabricated, and it is experimentally verified that the 2 × 4 nonnegative‐valued matrix and the 2 × 2 real‐valued matrix are implemented in the proposed topology. Higher than 85% inference accuracies are obtained in the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology handwritten digit recognition tasks with these matrices in the PNNs. Therefore, with much lower optical path loss and comparable computing accuracy, the proposed PNN configuration can be easily scaled up to tackle higher dimensional matrix multiplication, which is highly desired in tasks like voice and image recognition.

Co-Assembly of Carbon Nanotube Porins into Biomimetic Peptoid Membranes.

Robust and cost-effective membrane-based separations are essential to solving many global crises, such as the lack of clean water. Even though the current polymer-based membranes are widely used for separations, their performance and precision can be enhanced by using a biomimetic membrane architecture that consists of highly permeable and selective channels embedded in a universal membrane matrix. Researchers have shown that artificial water and ion channels, such as carbon nanotube porins (CNTPs), embedded in lipid membranes can deliver strong separation performance. However, their applications are limited by the relative fragility and low stability of the lipid matrix. In this work,wedemonstrate that CNTPs can co-assemble into twodimension(2D) peptoid membrane nanosheets, opening up a way to produce highly programmable synthetic membranes with superior crystallinity and robustness. A combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Ramanspectroscopy, X-ray diffraction(XRD), and atomicforcemicroscopy(AFM) measurements to verify the co-assembly of CNTP and peptoids are used and show that it does not disrupt peptoid monomer packing within the membrane. These results provide a new option for designing affordable artificial membranes and highly robust nanoporous solids.