"Your problem is still your problem": Gatekeeping, perceived exclusion, and Ukrainian refugees' (dis)engagement with Danish general practice.

ABSTRACT Respect is a foundational moral and social value, yet its conceptualisation by and about children and young people remains underexplored. This systematic qualitative literature review examines how respect and disrespect are theorised, defined or conceptualised in relation to children and young people, and the extent to which their perspectives are represented in schools, higher education, care and community settings. Guided by PRISMA protocols, 10 databases were searched, yielding 814 records; 26 peer‐reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. Five overarching themes emerged: (1) Recognition and moral worth , emphasising respect as a universal entitlement and basis for rights; (2) Relational and reciprocal dynamics , highlighting mutuality, dialogue and authentic engagement; (3) Respect as a behavioural , emotional and cultural construct , shaped by norms, authority and gendered expectations; (4) Educational and developmental value , positioning respect as a teachable moral and epistemic virtue; and (5) Social justice , inclusion and power , critiquing top‐down, punitive respect agendas that alienate young people. Across contexts, respect was most often conceptualised as relational and care‐oriented, expressed through attentiveness, fairness and recognition of individuality. Disrespect, conversely, was linked to misrecognition, exclusion and structural inequalities. Future research should recognise young people as capable of contributing to theoretical and practical understandings of moral principles such as respect.

For decades, school choice has been promoted as a means to enhance educational efficiency and equity. Recently, a growing “parents’ rights” movement has demanded more educational options, seemingly shifting the choice rhetoric. Yet little systematic research has examined these changes and how discourse varies across states. Using framing theory and a longitudinal multiple-case study of Florida, Louisiana, and Michigan—three politically diverse, choice-rich states—we traced how the language of choice has evolved. Where choice was once justified as a way to improve outcomes, correct historical wrongs, or spur innovation, it was increasingly cast as a universal entitlement. These findings raise important questions about the equity implications of this new wave of school choice reform rhetoric.

Using ethnographic material of new parents’ encounters with welfare workers during the process of claiming and receipt of universal family entitlements in Denmark and Romania, this article proposes the concept of bureaucratic translation. Drawing on Latourian conceptual foundations, we show that the communication of bureaucratic information is not only symbolically loaded, but invariably in need of ‘translation’. We highlight five interrelated processes of meaning-making parents have to engage in. Despite the universalism of entitlements, parents experience information offered by welfare workers as specialised knowledge that they should not legitimately be expected to have good command of. Their contestation stems from the tension between the helping ethos of universalist programmes and the inadequacies and insufficiencies of bureaucratic information offered. Bureaucratic translation illuminates the complexities of ‘learning costs’ underpinning administrative burden from citizens’ perspective, flagging difficulties even for the bureaucratically least challenging social programmes.

Human safety (HS) is a relatively new doctrine that emerged at the end of the 20th century. It arose from the need to address global threats and to better understand worldwide problems. Human safety is a human right; it refers to the safety of people and communities, as opposed to that of states. The concept of human security recognizes several dimensions of safety, including freedom from fear, freedom from want, and freedom from indignity. Our study concerns the concepts of individual entitlements and individual safety, which are strongly supported in the discourse of international law. The safety of individuals has long been a central concern of the global community, first through the League of Nations and later under the United Nations. The concept of universal individual entitlements has opened the way for new rules in international law. Safeguarding these basic entitlements is no longer solely the responsibility of an individual’s state; it has become a shared interest of the entire international community. From this perspective, we call for recognizing the concept of individual safety as a customary rule capable of stopping the continuous attacks on humanity.

The world has widely recognized the right to health as a fundamental right in various international instruments, yet it has been observed that the same constantly collides with the global patent regime governing pharmaceutical products. This paper aims to critically examine the complex relationship between intellectual property rights, particularly as stated under the WTO’s TRIPS Agreement, and the need for equitable access to patented medicines. Through an analysis of international legal instruments like the UDHR and ICESCR, as well as some pivotal case law, policy frameworks, and the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, this study explores the far-reaching implications of patent laws on the affordability and availability of essential drugs, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The paper highlights the landmark decisions made by the judiciary, the growing need for generic medicines, and the constant challenges including high pricing, limited local production, and the political economy of global health governance. It also explains how bilateral trade agreements and TRIPS-plus provisions further exacerbate access barriers, and to reduce the same, it also suggests the role of generic drugs, which lays ways for the world through which one can achieve equitable medical access, which stands as one of the important goals of human rights law. The study also preaches for a human rights-based approach for medical access that is grounded in legal obligations and moral imperatives, emphasizing structural reforms in global patent governance, corporate accountability, and pandemic preparedness, also highlighting the need for structural reforms in global patent governance, stronger corporate accountability, transparent pricing mechanisms, and strict pandemic preparedness strategies. Despite the constant challenges faced, it tries to conclude with actionable recommendations aimed at balancing innovation with equity and ensuring that life-saving medicines are treated not as luxuries, but as universal entitlements and thereby promoting human life growth.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to use ethnographic immersion in low-discretion bureaucratic contexts to explore how performative communication affects welfare bureaucracy outcomes in two European contexts.Design/methodology/approachComparative ethnographic study of face-to-face welfare bureaucratic encounters between frontline workers and new parents claiming and/or receiving universal family entitlements in Denmark and Romania, using a most-different comparative design.FindingsIrrespective of discretion, “successful” bureaucratic interactions are judged based on demeanour (performative agency). This judgement carries over to general dispositions towards the welfare state.Originality/valueA performative taxonomy of welfare bureaucrats involved in the delivery of universal and contributory family services and benefits helps explain perceived outcomes of face-to-face frontline welfare encounters. The paper also argues for moving beyond logocentrism in ethnographic studies of street-level welfare work towards a more encompassing understanding of language.

The Scottish Government has demonstrated its commitment to Learning for Sustainability through both policy initiatives and embedding it within the Scottish curriculum to the extent that it has become a universal entitlement for all students and a universal responsibility for all staff. Despite this prioritization, research has indicated that this entitlement is not yet being fully met. In large part, this has been the result of a lack of clarity around the terminology and the absence of subject-specific guidance as to how this should be achieved in practice. This article seeks to clarify the terminology around Learning for Sustainability and to challenge some of the assumptions concerning where it fits into the curriculum. By way of a model, the role of Classics in delivering the key goals of learning for sustainability will be considered through an examination of Classics pedagogy and content, with discussion taking account of the particular context of Classics which, through its interdisciplinary nature and the ongoing efforts of Classicists to make the subject more socially and academically accessible, is well suited to be at the forefront of learning for sustainability education.

Abstract Background Implementing universalism is more a political than a technical project. With this in mind, Ireland devised a ten-year plan through political consensus to deliver universal healthcare - Sláintecare. The COVID-19 pandemic occurred early in its implementation. Methods This is qualitative research drawing on international literature on universal health system reform in the context of COVID-19 as well as the politics of health reform. The overall research programme is co-produced with the Irish health system. A timeline and analysis of the reform journey is drawn from documentary analysis of key policy documents, parliamentary reports and key informant interviews. Results Despite a policy commitment since 2005, universal healthcare implementation only became government policy in Ireland 2018. While whole system reform and implementation progress has been slow, the COVID-19 health system response boosted aspects of universalism and reform. All COVID-related services during the pandemic were universal, free at the point of delivery, as are most new services introduced since 2021. Despite the political consensus holding through a change government and the pandemic, and significant additional investment in the public health system, there remain many obstacles to reform. These include different stakeholder understanding of implementing universalism in Ireland especially in the context of COVID-19, how best to implement universal healthcare and the politics of delivering reform. Conclusions Contrary to other countries’ experience during COVID, Ireland pursued its policy aim of delivering universalism and expanded services provided universally, free at the point of delivery, with a focus on enhanced community care. The universalism applied to COVID-related prevention and care, new women’s health and chronic disease management services. Despite progress, government has yet to legislate for a universal entitlement to care and obstacles to reform implementation remain.

Scholars of international law have been increasingly troubled by states’ vast powers and practices of migrant exclusion. There is no doubt that much of this uneasiness is catalyzed by a keen sense of the demands of a basic liberalism at the international legal order's core. Indeed, the increased construction of border walls,1 the continuously widespread use of deportation as a migration control tool,2 and new digital bordering technologies3 have all come under scrutiny precisely because of the challenges they pose to the notion of supposedly universal entitlements, both substantive and procedural, that often appear disabled or overridden when it comes to the treatment of different sorts of migrants. My goal in this contribution is not to add to such legal critiques, but rather to provide the contours of a broader normative argument to rebuke—or at least complicate—what is often called the state's “right to exclude” all or most would-be immigrants. This right is not just standardly assumed in legal and political practice—indeed, standardly viewed as the linchpin of sovereignty—but has also enjoyed sophisticated defense by liberal political theorists.4 The main goal of my argument is to suggest that anyone with basic liberal inclinations—including political theorists, lawyers, and practitioners of politics—should be able to agree that, under current circumstances, granting states a potent “right to exclude” entails deep tensions with basic moral standards of legitimate authority. This is because the deeply entrenched characteristics and historical background conditions of immigration control today tend structurally to push states to violate the appropriate moral conditions of their legitimate authority to enforce immigration restrictions.5 While moving above and beyond legal argumentation, my hope is that the argument may underscore and give further analytical expression to some of the animating concerns of contemporary legal contestations of states’ exclusive powers and practices.

The proliferation of AI-driven surveillance architectures has intensified global debates surrounding privacy, dignity, and the preservation of human rights in digital societies. From a broad perspective, artificial intelligence technologies including facial recognition, behavioral analytics, and predictive policing have become integral to governance, security, and commercial systems. Yet their expansion has also introduced profound ethical tensions between the pursuit of safety and the protection of individual freedoms. States increasingly deploy AI surveillance under the banner of national security and public order, while private corporations utilize similar tools for consumer profiling and behavioral prediction. This convergence of state and corporate monitoring creates unprecedented asymmetries of power over individuals’ digital identities and personal autonomy. At the normative level, these practices challenge the universal entitlement to privacy and dignity enshrined in international human rights law, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 12) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 17). Narrowing the scope, this paper examines how algorithmic surveillance erodes the principles of consent, proportionality, and accountability that underpin digital rights frameworks. It highlights the blurred boundary between legitimate oversight and intrusive control, exploring case studies where AI surveillance has facilitated discrimination, social manipulation, and suppression of dissent. Ultimately, the paper argues that reconciling technological innovation with human rights preservation requires embedding ethical oversight mechanisms into AI governance architectures. Establishing binding safeguards, transparency mandates, and rights-based digital charters is essential to ensuring that security-enhancing technologies do not compromise human dignity. In the evolving digital order, privacy must remain a universal entitlement rather than a privilege subject to algorithmic discretion.

Human rights, a universal entitlement, face infringements that demand robust protection mechanisms. Instances of violations, whether by individuals or governments, underscore the necessity of vigilant monitoring. Regional human rights systems therefore play a pivotal role as the next resort when national remedies prove insufficient. This paper examines and analyzes the reporting mechanisms employed by regional human rights bodies. It asserts that these mechanisms are crucial in guiding reporting parties and ensures redress for contraventions committed by member states. The main argument revolves around the significance of reporting mechanisms as a tool for preserving the rights of regional body members. The research considers the statutes, laws, and rules governing each regional body, and offers an insight into their respective frameworks. Hence, a doctrinal methodology was adopted using primary and secondary sources. Findings reveal the diversity of mechanisms in place across regional bodies by discussing their role in safeguarding human rights. The paper concludes by suggesting improvements to regional bodies to enhance accessibility and ensure member states' compliance with established human rights standards. Recommendations include procedural enhancements in reporting mechanisms, harmonization of standards across regional bodies, and increased public accessibility.

This article contests the dominant ethnocentric Human Rights grammar and proposes a decentred alternative by focusing on the legal epistemologies of Southern African Indigenous Peoples. Increasing inequalities, aggravated poverty, environmental degradation, unsustainable life-styles and socio-cultural polarisation are compelling challenges that demand approaches grounded on new narratives, beyond the framework provided by Western centric theorisation, binary logic, the individual liberal human rights paradigm and neo-liberal development and justice models. The cultural specificity of human rights as well as their rise as normative instruments and assertions of universal entitlements, stripped human rights off the political and transformative potential to challenge the economic, social and political structures at the core of the imbalances they aim at remedying. In an attempt to transcend the limitations of the current hegemonic human rights paradigm (centred on the individual, rights and legalistic approaches), the proposal advanced here aims at reclaiming and recapturing the insights and values of African Indigenous Peoples as intellectual capital to reconfigure the prevailing human rights discourse. This article strives to rework and enlarge the notion and content of human rights with elements from counter hegemonic alternative world-views informed by peripheral knowledge(s), subaltern legalities and epistemologies. It seeks to revert epistemic injustice by formulating an alter-native narrative based on Indigenous Peoples’ world-views.

This article studies a universal entitlement to education grant in Sabang that shows policy making at subnational government level in Indonesia. The policy is designed and implemented by Sabang municipality of Aceh province to help students at primary and secondary schools who would otherwise struggle with the cost of education. Desk study and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the major and high-ranking officials from related government departments in Sabang. The results show the central - local relations has not been easy to be understood by lower tier of governments. While the distribution of authorities between central and subnational government (such as: in education development functions) has not been well defined, the Sabang Education Grant (SEG) has been evidence of how a municipality government exercise the discretion and decision-making power. The transfer of authority and responsibility under the decentralization is instrumental in supporting the SEG policy formulation. The sub-national governments at special regions were given an authority to formulate policies to ensure all students have access to educational services. To implement this policy, Sabang municipality government regulate the operational procedures to implement the processes, define the technical guideline, establish the expert and management team as well as provide the tools to support the policy implementation.

Do preschool entitlements distribute quality fairly? Racial inequity in New York City

Over the last three decades, social security reform in Australia has increasingly moved to a model of welfare conditionality. A neoliberal agenda has led to Australian social security changing from a model of universal entitlement to mutual obligations. This has led to criticisms that Australian social security increasingly blames and penalises recipients for their economic marginalisation while deemphasising structural barriers obstructing labour market participation. ParentsNext, a compulsory pre-employment program for select Parenting Payment recipients, continues this trajectory. This article argues that ParentsNext has had, and will continue to have, a detrimental impact on recipients. The program through outsourcing, use of the Targeted Compliance Framework to penalise non-compliance and the program’s one-size-fits-all approach continues the neoliberalist agenda in Australian social security. Women with young children are ‘next.’ This article concludes that ParentsNext true purpose is ideological. Its actual effect is to punish and harm vulnerable women and children by subjecting them to the whims of private providers and the data producing requirements of the social security machine without any substantive attempt to overcome structure barriers to achieving economic security.

This article discusses the nature of the capitalist crisis and its effects on the dismantling of the hard achievements of the universal health care entitlement in recent Brazil. It performs an analysis based on the limits of Brazilian state’s action, organically linked to capital movement and its crisis, particularly on ‘legal form’. In order to deepen this subject, it is based on the theoretical perspective of Pachukanis’ General Theory of Law, emphasizing its analysis on the difficult coexistence between public and private law, in order to understand the crisis of the right to health care.

Abstract This article presents an argument for creating a universal entitlement to aged care. Following the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety, significant reform of Australia's aged care system is needed. The current policy of rationing care must end, because it leaves too many older Australians without the level of care they need. It should be replaced with an aged care system that is underpinned by an objective to support the rights of older Australians, including their right to independently assessed, government funded, reasonable and necessary needs‐based care. This more equitable approach will require a massive boost in government spending to ensure all older Australians get the care and support they need, when they need it.

Consumption responses to COVID-19 payments: Evidence from a natural experiment and bank account data

The article discusses the relationship between intellectual property rights and human rights in the context of international treaties,in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.Based on the relevant articles of these documents provided for the right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral andmaterial interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author as well as on the specific featuresof human rights, the nature of intellectual rights and their intersection with human rights are analysed.The article devotes considerable attention to various international bodies’ views on the question at hand. In one of the most importantdocuments on the issue, General Comment No. 17, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contrasts humanrights with intellectual property rights. It is noted that the former are fundamental, inalienable and universal entitlements belonging toindividuals, and the latter are generally of a temporary nature, and can be revoked, licensed or assigned to someone else. At the sametime, the UN Committee interpreted the author’s moral rights of attribution and integrity of his work to form part of the moral interestsreferred to in human rights law.The Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights Farida Shaheed generally concurred with the position of the Committee.However, she stressed the importance of looking beyond moral rights already recognized in copyright regimes to discern additional orstronger moral interests from a human rights standpoint so as to prevent the moral interests of authors from being under-protected. TheSpecial Rapporteur acknowledges that the moral rights of inventors and scientific discoverers are also protected as human rights.In respect to material interests, a limited number of property rights of authors can be recognized as human rights. As both the UNCommittee and the Special Rapporteur agreed, the material interests of authors are linked to an adequate standard of living which canbe achieved through one-time payments or by vesting an author, for a limited period of time, with the exclusive right to exploit his scientific,literary or artistic production.Hence, considering the provisions of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights, the creator’s moral rights of attribution and integrity of his work as well as his resale right and right to remunerationcan be considered as human rights.