ABSTRACT Since the 2010s, the Russian Federation has devoted significant resources to promoting its own interpretation of cyber norms. To this end, Russia has engaged in various cyber dialogues in different multilateral settings. The article adopts a constructivist perspective to explain Russia’s role as a norm entrepreneur, shaped by its great power identity and underlying vulnerabilities both domestically and internationally. We examine Russia’s norm-promotion strategies within the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and the United Nations (UN). We argue that within the CSTO – where cultural homogenisation among members promotes a common outlook – socialisation is an effective approach for advancing cyber norms. In contrast, within the UN – where actors from diverse backgrounds converge – Russia persuades others to endorse its proposed cyber norms by clustering them together with founding international principles, such as national sovereignty, non-interference, and territorial integrity. Against this backdrop, we further inquire why Russia’s promotion of cyber norms within the UN has not been significantly affected by its malign cyber activities and its ongoing full-scale invasion of Ukraine, while these developments have partly challenged Russia’s entrepreneurship and cyber cooperation within the CSTO.

This study examined the levels of gamma-emitting natural radionuclides in soils from 11 paddy fields across Taiwan's primary rice-producing regions and assessed the potential radiological risk to farmers. The mean activities of 40K, 232Th, and 226Ra in the 66 soil samples were 591.0±133.8, 45.4±10.2, and 30.9±6.6Bq/kg, respectively, with variations among sites attributed to geological differences. The average activity ratios of 40K/226Ra (19.3) and 40K/232Th (13.1) were higher than global soil averages, suggesting a soil composition enriched in potassium-rich minerals, such as feldspar and mica. A strong positive correlation observed among 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th activities indicated a common geological origin. The radiological hazard was assessed by calculating the annual effective dose using the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2010) methodology. The mean effective dose for farmers was estimated to be 46.5±9.9μSv/y, a value significantly below the public dose limit of 1000μSv/y.

Wind energy and species reintroductions: a call to action for adaptive conservation planning.

This study is dedicated to the analysis of the regional role of Brazil and Latin American countries in leading the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) from 2004 to 2017. The paper examines the reasons for the active participation of regional states, the peculiarities of their foreign policy strategies, and the impact of this participation on the international peacekeeping system. Special attention is given to Brazil's role as a leading participant and commander of the military component of the mission—the first instance in which a Global South country fulfilled such a function in a large-scale UN operation. The research is based on the analysis of normative documents from the United Nations Security Council, official mission mandates, data on troop contributions, and numerous academic and analytical sources. Key stages of the mission's evolution, the impact of Brazil's participation on its development, and the consequences for regional and global security policy are identified. The first component of the methodological framework is a qualitative approach used in leading studies on the dynamics of UN peacekeeping operations, including the work of Terán (2019), where the peacekeeping mission is analyzed based on an in-depth study of primary and secondary data, including official UN documents, publications in academic journals, and international reports. In conclusion, this article argues that the participation of Brazil and Latin American countries in the MINUSTAH mission has become a significant phenomenon in international peacekeeping practice, characterized as both a unique regional initiative and an important contribution to the global conflict management system. MINUSTAH was established by the UN Security Council in 2004 through resolution No. 1542. Brazil's strategic participation represents an unprecedented case: a Global South country became a key strategic actor in a UN-led operation, which had previously been dominated by states with higher levels of economic and military power. More than 37,500 Brazilian military personnel were deployed in MINUSTAH in rotations from 2004 to 2017. Regional countries in Latin America, such as Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, also contributed to MINUSTAH.

Lectins - valuable bioligands towards sustainable clinical sensing?

Peace, as the eternal ideal of humanity, is as old as history itself and serves as the guarantor of both material and spiritual development for humankind. Therefore, it is essential that peace be institutionalized within the structures and existence of states and individuals and be transformed into a universal culture so that the world may rest upon the authentic foundation of peace. However, it appears that, considering certain events and practices arising from the actions and objectives of some states and individuals, the necessity of peace for humanity cannot be assumed as self-evident. Accordingly, the main question of this study is whether the recreation of peace constitutes a necessity for humankind. The data and findings of this research indicate that, for the material and spiritual advancement of humanity, the recreation of global peace is indeed a necessity, and the United Nations can play a highly effective role in this regard. The present study seeks to explain and elucidate the necessity of recreating peace. Data and information were examined through both library-based and field methods, followed by descriptive and analytical evaluation.

Wastewater management has emerged as a critical global challenge in the contemporary era. Several contaminants, like textile dyes, heavy metals, non-metals, various organic compounds, etc., are discharged into water sources, causing a significant threat to the ecosystem. With the limited availability of water resources, it is required to adopt green and sustainable wastewater treatment methods aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 7, and 13. This review paper draws insights on Hydroxyapatite (HAP), a versatile sustainable material derived from waste sources, both biological and non-biological sources, as a promising candidate for sustainable wastewater treatment. The study described the innovations using wastes for the synthesis of HAP by diverse methods like wet, dry, high-temperature, and hybrid methods, offering flexibility and adaptability in tailoring HAP material to particular applications. Additionally, the potential to fabricate HAP in various nanoscale structures, like nanoribbons, nanoflakes, and nanocomposites, further exalts its ability for effective contaminant removal. Cadmium and Lead are the key heavy metals of significant interest, have detrimental effects on various environmental factors, and their presence necessitates effective removal strategies. HAP, with its innate properties like high stability, swift kinetics, good adsorption capacity, and availability, has emerged as a promising waste-derived adsorbent for the removal of hazardous Cd and Lead ions. This review paper provides insights on a comprehensive overview of research works on HAP-based wastewater treatment, extending its potential to address the issue of heavy metal contamination and highlighting the universal principle ‘One Health’- the health of the ecosystem and its parts.

Characterizing patterns in causes, risk factors, and life expectancy among the oldest old (aged 95+ years).

Bridging legal frameworks: assessing the potential impact of Nigeria's ratification of the United Nations Convention on the International Effects of Judicial Sales of Ships on Nigerian Maritime Law

The occupation of Iraq raises many responses in legal and political domains, as the prohibition of occupation is explicitly Stated in international law, particularly with the adoption of the United Nations Charter in 1945. Article 2(3) of the Charter mandates the peaceful resolution of disputes among Member States, while Article 2(4) forbids Member States from threatening or employing force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or by any means that contravene the objectives of the United Nations. The U.S-led international coalition invaded Iraq in 2003. To justify this action, the American administration embraced the doctrine of preventive war. This article seeks to examine the legitimacy of the occupation of Iraq in accordance with public international law and to delineate the responsibilities of the coalition countries should the occupation be deemed illegal The study will elucidate the political, economic, and social conditions that precipitated the invasion of Iraq, employing an analytical methodology through the examination of legal texts and reports to derive logical conclusions. Ultimately, the study will contribute provide a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the occupation of Iraq, its legitimacy, and the international responsibility resulting from it.

Universal and equitable accessibility to clean and affordable drinking water is one of the sustainable goals established by the United Nations General Assembly to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. However,...

Abolition: Is this the only pathway to upholding human rights and ensuring epistemic justice in psychiatry? A key informant qualitative study.

Development and evaluation of a multidimensional diet quality score for sustainable healthy diets (SUSDIET).

Since occupying Palestine following the Nakba in 1948, the Zionist movement has adopted a policy of forced displacement of Palestinians, destruction of their villages and cities, denationalize them, and denying them their right to return to Palestine. These policies are rooted in Zionist ideology and thoughts, which believes they are essential to ensure Jewish demographic superiority, which constitutes the safety valve of the Zionist occupation state. Successive Israeli governments have implemented these ideologies on the ground by forcibly displacing Palestinians and denying them their right to return, in violation of international law and UN resolutions. This article discusses the historical roots of Zionist thought, which calls for the displacement of Palestinians and depriving them of their right of return, and how this thought has been transformed into a practical policy implemented by successive Israeli governments. This paper also examines the denial of the displaced Palestinians’ right of return in international law and United Nations resolutions. It then discusses the denial of the displaced Palestinians’ right of return within the framework of the Rome Statute and the possibility of it constituting a crime against humanity, citing the court’s recent decision regarding Rohingya refugees. In its final section, the article sheds the light on the obstacles and challenges that the court may face while investigating alleged Israeli crimes in Palestine and the role of the international community in strengthening the court’s pathway, supporting the legal process, and ending Israeli impunity.

Prevalence, predictors and consequences of reported discrimination against children with disabilities in Lao PDR: a cross-sectional analysis in Xiengkhouang Province.

Obtaining clean water is a global priority, as emphasized by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, which aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Pharmaceutical pollutants are becoming more prevalent in aquatic environments, triggering public health concerns, negative environmental impacts, and the development of antibiotic resistance. Microalgae hold great potential for bioremediation of antibiotics, although most of the studies to date supporting these observations rely on conditions where artificial wastewater contained one or a few antibiotics. In this study, Chlorella sorokiniana was used to assess the removal of a mixture of 10 antibiotics selected and tested considering environmentally relevant antibiotic concentrations based on data from the National Health Service (United Kingdom). The selected antibiotics had a risk quotient > 1 as calculated by the ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted no effect concentration. The experimental antibiotic concentration tested for each antibiotic corresponded to their PEC values. After 19 days of incubation, the β-lactam class (amoxicillin, penicillin V, cephalexin) showed the highest percentage of removal (51-85), followed by trimethoprim (24), oxytetracycline (6), metronidazole (6), and sulfamethoxazole (2). Different mechanisms, that is, biodegradation, photodegradation, bioadsorption, and bioaccumulation, were involved at variable range. Increase in algal biomass was observed concomitantly to decrease in the concentration of the tested antibiotics, suggesting their use as a carbon source for cellular growth. In addition, levels of dissolved ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand, decreased by 88%, 22%, 100%, and 10%, respectively. Our study confirmed the ability of C. sorokiniana to biodegrade antibiotics while also effectively reducing key nutrient loadings.

Purpose Prefabricated construction is widely recognised for offering numerous sustainability benefits to the construction industry and plays a key role in advancing the sustainable objectives outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In Australia, prefabrication is increasingly acknowledged as a key pathway to improving the environmental performance of the construction industry. However, its development remains limited, particularly in the low-rise housing sector in Australia. This study investigates the key environmental sustainability issues and challenges in the prefabricated low-rise housing sector in Australia. Design/methodology/approach A systematic search of the Web of Science and Scopus databases was conducted in May 2025. A total of 46 articles were selected for qualitative synthesis of topic-related outcomes, using thematic analysis to synthesise the findings. Findings The review identified four key themes of sustainability indicators for prefabricated low-rise housing in Australia: (1) circular economy, (2) material consumption in construction, (3) energy performance and efficiency, and (4) site disruption and appropriate strategies. Originality/value The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable development in the prefabricated construction and housing field and offer valuable insights for policymakers, developers, architects, and urban planners in both academia and industry.

With the rapidly changing socio-political and technological landscape, the definition and manifestation of child labor are also shifting beyond traditional industries. The discourse of child labor has traditionally focused on employment of children in physical spaces such as factories, fields and domestic work. Previously, global efforts have been made for putting an end to child labor, however, with rapid development of digital economy, a new form of child labor is emerging, though less visible but equally concerning. In the recent years, world has witnessed the rapid emergence of child influencers, often achieving celebrity status and substantial financial gains. While this new form of digital engagement provides ample opportunities for income and creativity, it also brings to the light serious implications about welfare of children, including risk of exposure to public scrutiny, psychological stress, absence of legal framework and most importantly financial exploitation in the hands of parents or guardians of such children. This article examines the phenomenon of child influencers on social media platforms like, YouTube and Instagram, where children often create monetized content that may erase the difference between creative expression and exploitative labor. This study then proceeds to critically analyze the ethical, psychological and legal aspects of digital participation of children, asking whether such activities violate the principles of International Human Rights outlined in frameworks like, Universal Declaration of Human Rights and United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It further highlights the gaps in existing legal framework and protection of children from digital exploitation especially in countries like India, where the intricacies between technology, tradition and economic aspiration complicates regulatory oversight.

In this perspective, we discuss how the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals can provide a global framework of thinking for a sustainable fragrance industry.

In this study we present the implementation of Action Research (AR) within Málaga Racing Team (MART) at the University of Málaga (UMA); initially launched as a multidisciplinary project to participate in Formula Student (FS). Founded in 2016 by a small group of engineering students, MART has evolved into an innovative educational initiative, now involving eighty students from over twenty different undergraduate and graduate programs. MART’s mission extends beyond vehicle development; it encompasses educational, social, and research initiatives aimed at fostering technical skills, promoting social responsibility, and encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration among students. The primary aim of the study is to show how AR has facilitated and guided MART’s progress and achievements, addressing the dual objectives of experiential learning and community engagement.AR, recognised for its iterative and participatory nature, is particularly suited for projects that integrate technical and educational objectives. This approach allows MART to systematically progress through cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection, facilitating continuous improvement and problem-solving. Through AR, MART has achieved significant milestones, including transitioning from combustion to electric vehicle technology and developing programs such as MART Academy, MART Social, MART Academy School or MART Research. These programs provide specialised training for students, drive social impact through outreach initiatives, contribute to the local community, particularly by promoting STEAM vocations among younger audiences, and facilitates knowledge dissemination and academic contributions.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of AR in enhancing MART’s technical performance and educational impact. Structured cycles have enabled MART to improve both vehicle design and interdisciplinary skill development, leading to notable placements in FS competitions. Additionally, MART’s social initiatives, supported by the AR framework, have positively impacted the community, aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in education and innovation.The discussion addresses how AR has assisted MART in overcoming challenges related to interdisciplinary coordination and resource management. Coordination among students from various disciplines, including engineering, business, and communication, was facilitated through structured feedback mechanisms and regular team meetings, fostering a collaborative culture. Despite resource limitations, particularly during the transition to electric vehicle technology, MART managed to adapt and grow by establishing partnerships and refining its sponsorship strategies.This study affirms the potential of AR as an approach for educational innovation in multidisciplinary settings. The iterative cycles of AR have allowed MART to balance technical success with social responsibility, setting a benchmark for other educational initiatives. The findings underscore the value of continuous reflection and adaptation in managing complex projects and suggest that AR can serve as an effective approach for projects that aim to integrate technical, educational, and social goals. Future directions include expanding MART’s industry partnerships and further enhancing its training programs to address emerging technical challenges. The success of MART provides a replicable model for institutions seeking to create holistic educational experiences that prepare students for the complexities of modern engineering and social responsibility.