Convention On Climate Change Research Articles

Carbon Credit Mechanisms: A Market Based Approach to Climate Mitigation

Introduction: Climate change is mainly caused by human activities, and it results in the release of harmful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere. Among the various sources of ‘C’ emission, electricity and heat generation is the major activity both in the World (32.25 percent) as well as in India (35.86 per cent) where Agriculture acts as the fourth major player of CO2 emission in the World (11.60 per cent) and in India, it has a dominant role which stand in second position with 21.92 per cent share. Rising GHG emissions, especially from electricity and agriculture, pose a major climate challenge in India. Though carbon markets offer a tool for mitigation, awareness and participation remain limited. Understanding carbon trading mechanisms is essential to enhance their role in reducing emissions. Objectives: To know the different carbon trading mechanism to mitigate carbon emission. Carbon Market: In simple terms, the carbon market is buying and selling carbon credits; each credit indicates one ton of carbon dioxide (or similar gases) that's been removed from the atmosphere or prevented from being released. These credits can be traded at both national and international carbon markets. There are two main types of carbon markets: compliance markets and voluntary markets. Major Findings: Compliance Market: The compliance market is run under the certain rules and regulations, which is given by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It’s backed by regulations and helps monitor emissions across countries and industries. India issued approximately 106 million tons (MT) of CO₂ emissions upto mid-2024. Voluntary Market: The voluntary carbon market is designed for those who choose to act on climate change, even when they’re not legally required to. Whether it's businesses, organizations, or individuals, they can purchase carbon credits to support initiatives such as reforestation or clean energy projects. India issued approximately 43.4 MT carbon credits in 2024, making it the second-largest issuer globally after the United States. Conclusion: This dual engagement reflects not only India’s dedication to reducing emissions but also its strategic approach to integrating economic incentives with environmental responsibility, thereby supporting its broader goals for sustainable development and a low-carbon future.

The influence of varying atmospheric CO2 on global warming potentials and carbon emission impulse response functions

Abstract Impulse response functions (IRF), the response in a climate parameter to an emission pulse of CO2, are used to characterize Earth system response timescales and to calculate Global Warming Potentials (GWPs). GWPs are widely used to compare emissions of different greenhouse gases and to compute CO2 equivalent emissions as reported by governments to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The GWP of any gas x is the absolute GWP of gas x Absolute and relative Global Warming Potential (AGWP x ) divided by AGWP of CO2. Ideally, AGWP C O 2 and GWP x would be independent of atmospheric CO2 and climate. However, AGWP C O 2 , and, in turn, GWP x change under rising atmospheric CO2 and global warming, affecting the emission reporting under the UNFCCC. Here, we apply perturbed parameter ensemble simulations, constrained in a Bayesian approach by observational data, to investigate how AGWP C O 2 and IRF vary under different atmospheric background CO2 levels (CO 2 , b g ). We provide analytical formulations to compute AGWP C O 2 and IRF for CO2, ocean and land carbon uptake, global mean surface air temperature, steric sea level, and ocean heat content, and to adjust these metrics to different CO 2 , b g . AGWP C O 2 , given by the time-integrated response in CO2 at year 100 multiplied by its radiative efficiency, is 101.8(±13.5) 10−15 yr W m−2 kg-CO 2 − 1 for CO 2 , b g = 425 ppm and decreases by 7% for CO 2 , b g = 500 ppm. The decrease is driven by a decrease in the radiative efficiency of CO2, partly canceled by a concomitant increase of IRF C O 2 due to muted ocean and land carbon uptake under higher CO2 levels. We recommend regularly adjusting AGWP C O 2 and, in turn, GWPs of long-lived gases to contemporary atmospheric CO2 and climate.

Aligning regional and international biodiversity conventions to benefit butterfly conservation in Africa: A review

African butterflies play vital ecological roles but face numerous threats. Their protection requires aligning biodiversity conventions with butterfly-specific conservation goals. This review examines how to optimize regional and international conventions for enhanced African butterfly conservation. Through systematic assessment of relevant conventions, their provisions, success stories, and implementation effectiveness, I identify strategies to strengthen conservation outcomes. A comprehensive search of academic databases and official convention resources, using rigorous selection criteria, revealed that international frameworks support butterfly conservation through diverse mechanisms. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) provides a foundational framework for biodiversity protection, including population monitoring and conservation. The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (ACCNNR) supports butterfly conservation indirectly through sustainable resource use and habitat protection. While climate change remains a significant threat, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) offers mitigation tools. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) regulates butterfly trade, with potential for greater impact through expanded species coverage and aligned strategies. The Ramsar Convention’s wetland focus benefits butterflies when butterfly species are recognized as bioindicators in site management plans, while the World Heritage Convention protects critical habitats. Collectively, these conventions advance butterfly conservation through habitat protection, sustainable practices, awareness-raising, and international cooperation. However, their effectiveness is constrained by resource limitations and data deficiencies. To address these challenges, three key recommendations are proposed: (1) integrating butterfly-specific targets into national biodiversity strategies, (2) strengthening research capacity and enforcement mechanisms, and (3) creating a Pan-African conservation network for coordinated regional action. Additionally, promoting the use of butterflies as bioindicators in climate and land-use policies would simultaneously enhance conservation efforts and support broader ecosystem protection objectives.

Climate scientists as trustees in public reason: the legitimacy of political institutions amid non-epistemic values

ABSTRACT Addressing global challenges like climate change requires both national action and international collaboration. However, it remains unclear under what conditions international institutions, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), can legitimately demand compliance from individuals and states in regulating climate change. One might assume that their legitimacy is derived from the epistemic authority of climate scientists, supporting a belief-based account of political legitimacy. However, the pervasive role of non-epistemic values in climate science challenges this view, necessitating an alternative source of legitimacy. In this paper, we argue that will-based accounts – such as democratic or public reason approaches – better reconcile the technocratic role of climate scientists with democratic decision-making in establishing the legitimacy of international climate institutions. Specifically, we contend that institutions like the UNFCCC should derive their legitimacy from the appropriate role of climate scientists as trustees, who must be held accountable through mechanisms governed by public reason.

Climate Diplomacy of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Where Do They Compare in Climate Action, Based on Their Involvement in the UN Climate Conferences

The study compares how Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia address global climate change internationally. Even though the institutions of the European Union play a pivotal role in setting the climate change mitigation goals, and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) are submitted collectively, the ambition and involvement vary significantly between different EU member states. Each country has diplomatic tools to negotiate, particularly during the Conference of Parties (COP), the climate conferences held annually in the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1995, and through external action. Successful climate diplomacy in this study is understood as proactive participation in the above-mentioned conferences, including delivering high-level segment national statements, delegation size and the involvement of different stakeholders in the process, memberships and propositions in Climate clubs aiming at quicker decarbonisation, and contribution to the international climate finance by assisting developing countries. Climate diplomacy is evaluated by analysing the documents available on the UNFCCC website regarding participation, statements, and pledges to climate finance. The study finds that although no Baltic State stands out as a clear frontrunner in climate action, Estonia has become more outspoken in the international arena, particularly since COP26 in Glasgow. Meanwhile, Latvia and Lithuania can be considered more as bystanders. At COP28, Estonia became the first and, so far, the only Baltic State to have ever built its pavilion to present itself as ‘a consistent advocate for environmental stewardship and climate action’. Estonian participation record is also notable for the participation of academicians and researchers, while Latvian participation can be praised for the highest share of the civil society attending the conferences. Estonia and Latvia have involved various stakeholders other than the government representatives in the climate negotiation process. Meanwhile, the size of Parties (government and its agencies) is the biggest in Lithuania; Lithuanian and Latvian delegations tend to be the most diverse at the ministerial level – seven ministries have sent their delegates to the COPs, which may signify the political involvement is not limited to the ministry in charge of energy. However, Estonia remains more carbon-intense than Latvia and Lithuania, and none of the three have joined the most ambitious Climate clubs. This case study helps understand the role and negotiating potential of the EU member states in climate change talks, where each can become frontrunners, passive bystanders or obstacles in implementing the common EU position and contributing to global decarbonisation.

The Bioeconomy Revolution: How Trade Fuels the Green Transition

The global bioeconomy, a key driver of the Fifth Industrial Revolution, promises significant advancements towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Success, however, depends on addressing complex trade challenges, including regulatory inconsistencies and market access barriers. Innovations in biotechnology, such as enzymatic biopolymers and New Genomic Techniques (NGTs), highlight the need for structured multilateral dialogue. Collaboration is essential to promote equitable access to technology and ensure safe, sustainable bio-based trade. Existing international trade considerations, such as precautionary principles and sustainability criteria, shape the bioeconomy’s trajectory. Hence, strengthened framework across international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), could help integrate bioeconomy into trade policies, balancing growth with environmental and health safeguards. Projected to grow from USD four trillion to USD thirty trillion in the coming decades, industrial biotrade could transform industries by replacing fossil-based resources with sustainable alternatives. Yet, without cohesive governance and harmonized regulations, geopolitical tensions and regulatory conflicts may hinder this shift. This article provides twelve recommendations to address trade-related challenges, advocating for a policy ecosystem that fosters a resilient bioeconomy aligned with climate goals, biodiversity preservation, and fair competition with fossil industries. Finally, it calls for the recognition of the bioeconomy by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a contributor to the UN SDGs.

THE EFFORTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN PROMOTING THE TRANSFER OF MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY IN THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Objective: This study aims to analyze the measures undertaken by the UN to support developing countries in exploiting their marine renewable energy (MRE) resources from their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) to promote development while reducing world energy poverty. Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in international legal and institutional frameworks, such as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Paris Agreement, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all focusing on technology transfer, protection of the environment, and fair sharing of marine resources. Method: This analysis utilizes a qualitative legal analytical approach in analyzing principal UN legal documents and institutional structures, such as the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) and the Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) initiative. Case studies in Mauritius, Vietnam, Brazil, and Namibia form part of this study. Data include formal United Nations documents, academic writing, and international organization technical reports. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the UN has established legal and institutional frameworks for the transfer of marine renewable energy technology. However, its implementation is inhibited by insufficient binding mechanisms for implementation, the existence of financial and technical constraints, as well as limited cooperation between North and South. These challenges are discussed in light of energy justice and blue economy governance for sustainability. Research Implications: This study emphasizes that commitments to law need to be turned into practical mechanisms for realization. It makes concrete suggestions for enhancing international cooperation, models for financing, as well as developing countries. Originality/Value: This study links legal analysis to policy practice and informs international discourse on the governance of marine technologies. This work provides new ideas to address institutional challenges and practical alternatives to ensure an equitable and sustainable energy transition process.

Constructing Climate Justice in Discourse: Australian Logic

This study aims to find out Australian government’s logic on climate justice discourse. With Australia’s official speeches at the successive sessions of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the climate change-related policy and legal texts issued by the Australian federal government as the corpus, this study explores the logic of generation, organization and function of the discourse under the guidance of Fairclough’s idea. It is found that distributive justice, procedural justice and compensatory justice are the main dimensions of climate justice in the discourse. And they’re organized through judgement, recognition and action. They functions with political, economic and social spheres.

How is climate science used to inform national-level adaptation planning in southern Africa?

ABSTRACT Climate model projections are increasingly being included within adaptation planning across sectors but there is limited understanding of how they are being used, and to what extent they improve adaptation planning. This article investigates how climate projections inform adaptation planning processes in the National Communications (NCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 16 southern African countries through a document analysis together with 18 key informant interviews. The study found that all the NCs include future climate model projections for the mid and/or late twenty-first century and focus on average changes in temperature and precipitation; meanwhile, the models, scenarios and time periods used vary between countries. The climate analysis is often detached from the adaptation planning section of the NC. The impacts and adaptation sections focus on key risks, such as flooding and drought and have limited recognition of uncertainties, suggesting plans are made without considering the full range of plausible futures. The role of climate science in the adaptation planning process varies, with some evidence of highly collaborative processes, resulting in evidence-based adaptation options across sectors and scales. In many cases, boundary agents play a key role in interpreting and communicating climate projections. We suggest that providing additional climate projections is unlikely to improve national adaptation planning, despite their scientific benefits. Instead, the focus should be on developing approaches and collaborative processes to distil and interpret climate information in different contexts, to enable decision-makers to understand the range of plausible futures, including changes in climate alongside growing populations, urbanization and changing economies.

Overshoot: A Conceptual Review of Exceeding and Returning to Global Warming of 1.5°C

Limited progress with mitigation makes it almost inevitable that global warming of 1.5°C will be exceeded. This realization confronts Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with a choice either to stabilize warming above but as close as possible to 1.5°C or to reverse global warming back to this level. We review core concepts and current knowledge relating to overshoot: an exceedance and subsequent decline back below a specified global warming level. We clarify the concept and origins of overshoot in science and climate policy, discuss the key drivers of climate-related risks and how they might evolve under overshoot trajectories to foster more systematic research into those risks, and consider the role of adaptation. We then consider the feasibility of overshoot in terms of mitigation across the six feasibility dimensions introduced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its sixth Assessment Report. We conclude by discussing critical barriers, challenges, and knowledge gaps related to overshoot.

The Role of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Influencing Climate Change Policy: The Case of PACJA at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan

Over 40,000 delegates from all over the world gathered in the city of Baku, Azerbaijan, the transcontinental country bordering Eastern Europe and West Asia for the 29th edition of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of Parties (COP29). Adopted in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Dawson & Spannagle 2008), the Conference of Parties set the limits on the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) to prevent the dangers of climate change. 195 countries adopted the Parish Agreement in 2015 at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21), committing to undertake more efforts to keep a global temperature rise in this century below 2°C. Over the years, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have recorded tremendous impact and influence over policy decisions in key areas of the economy within nations and transnational structures. The paper examines the realities of the Pan-African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA) within the global climate change corridor, and their contributions towards influencing climate change policies at COP29 held in Baku, Azerbaijan, particularly advocacy efforts, high-level intergovernmental and civic engagement activities to drive policy changes.

From promises to practice: Persistent challenges in safeguarding local rights in forest carbon market initiatives

Abstract In recent years, a strong push has been underway to expand the scope and number of forest carbon market initiatives (FCMIs) to meet climate change mitigation goals set by the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Cancun Safeguards of 2010 established an international policy commitment to assure that FCMIs would align with social safeguards (among other goals) to protect the rights and well-being of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IP&LCs). Despite the rapid growth of FCMIs in recent years, several studies have raised concerns about their implementation and the rights and well-being of local communities. In response to anecdotal reports of rights violations, we conducted a literature review, drawing on 94 sources, to understand the reality on the ground. An eight-principle framework was proposed for evaluating FCMIs’ impacts on the rights and well-being of IP&LCs, providing a structured approach to assess equity and effectiveness. There are two main findings. First, there have been significant violations of the rights of IP&LCs in recent years. Second, there is a widespread lack of empirical evidence on the implementation of safeguards to protect local rights. Measures are necessary to strengthen protections and transparent monitoring, reporting, and verification of the implementation of safeguarding the rights of IP&LCs. This review contributes actionable insights and a framework to inform the design and implementation of more effective and equitable FCMIs.

Enhancing climate change resilience: Assessing adaptation needs, and significance of monitoring and evaluation systems

Losses and damages from climate change-related extreme weather events and disasters require the development of adaptation measures to increase resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change. In line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement's Global Goal on Adaptation, Parties have developed strategies that include adaptation actions, but there are significant gaps in the identification of adaptation needs and the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of actions to address them. Adaptation M&E systems are critical for measuring the success of adaptation actions, providing feedback from the implementation process, and identifying new actions. There is no global methodology for adaptation M&E. At international climate change negotiations in 2023, it was agreed that countries should operationalize their national adaptation M&E systems by 2030. The study aims to evaluate adaptation M&E methodologies developed by countries at different development levels and to present future policy recommendations for the adaptation M&E system planned to be established in Türkiye. The study reveals the necessity of up-to-date socio-economic data as well as climate data in determining adaptation needs and adaptation M&E systems. In Türkiye, which is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, for the success of adaptation actions, besides the rapid operationalization of the adaptation M&E system, the establishment of the system with an approach that includes all stakeholders in the process and considers adaptation actions as integrated with disaster risk management actions is an important requirement in the context of Türkiye's international commitments, national security, and development.

Global greenhouse gas reconciliation 2022

Abstract. In this study, we provide an update on the methodology and data used by Deng et al. (2022) to compare the national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) and atmospheric inversion model ensembles contributed by international research teams coordinated by the Global Carbon Project. The comparison framework uses transparent processing of the net ecosystem exchange fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inversions to provide estimates of terrestrial carbon stock changes over managed land that can be used to evaluate NGHGIs. For methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), we separate anthropogenic emissions from natural sources based directly on the inversion results to make them compatible with NGHGIs. Our global harmonized NGHGI database was updated with inventory data until February 2023 by compiling data from periodical United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) inventories by Annex I countries and sporadic and less detailed emissions reports by non-Annex I countries given by national communications and biennial update reports. For the inversion data, we used an ensemble of 22 global inversions produced for the most recent assessments of the global budgets of CO2, CH4, and N2O coordinated by the Global Carbon Project with ancillary data. The CO2 inversion ensemble in this study goes through 2021, building on our previous report from 1990 to 2019, and includes three new satellite inversions compared to the previous study and an improved managed-land mask. As a result, although significant differences exist between the CO2 inversion estimates, both satellite and in situ inversions over managed lands indicate that Russia and Canada had a larger land carbon sink in recent years than reported in their NGHGIs, while the NGHGIs reported a significant upward trend of carbon sink in Russia but a downward trend in Canada. For CH4 and N2O, the results of the new inversion ensembles are extended to 2020. Rapid increases in anthropogenic CH4 emissions were observed in developing countries, with varying levels of agreement between NGHGIs and inversion results, while developed countries showed a slowly declining or stable trend in emissions. Much denser sampling of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations by different satellites, coordinated into a global constellation, is expected in the coming years. The methodology proposed here to compare inversion results with NGHGIs can be applied regularly for monitoring the effectiveness of mitigation policy and progress by countries to meet the objectives of their pledges. The dataset constructed for this study is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13887128 (Deng et al., 2024).

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE

The greatest problem of the 21st century is climate change, and due to its global repercussions, it calls for global efforts around the globe in the form of international institutions and law. This research responds to the role of international law in responding to climate change, and the evolution of the history of major treaties, protocols, and agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. It raises the question of the capacity of international legal regimes to enable adaptation to the effects of climate change, compliance issues, and international institutions' efforts in pushing for progress with climate justice. The article also responds to loopholes and lacunae in current global regimes of law and suggests how the global legal response to climate change might be strengthened, including through demanding accountability, technology transfer, and financing to affected states. The document concludes on policy recommendations and future litigation for a more sustainable, equitable and ethical world order of climate policy.

A Comparative Study on South Korea’s Response to the UN Climate Change Convention and the Biodiversity Convention

Climate change and biodiversity loss are intricately linked, and as the severity of these challenges intensifies, the need for a cohesive international response has become increasingly evident. Since 1992, South Korea has developed relevant legal and institutional frameworks; however, its initiatives addressing biodiversity loss have received less recognition and prioritization compared to its efforts concerning climate change. In this context, this study aims to analyze the disparities in South Korea’s policy responses to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), while proposing an integrated policy direction. To achieve this, the study compares key policies related to both conventions by utilizing the OECD’s Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD) indicators and evaluation criteria derived from previous research. Furthermore, the analysis incorporates variables identified in earlier studies, including legal enforceability, economic incentives, financial support, and industry participation, to enhance the depth of the analysis. Additionally, a review of international best practices was conducted to extract actionable insights for policy enhancement. The analysis reveals several challenges in biodiversity policies, including fragmented governance systems, low policy prioritization, weakened policy momentum, imbalanced financial support, and limited corporate awareness. Moreover, difficulties in quantitative evaluation hinder the verification of policy effectiveness due to the complex nature of biodiversity goals. This research aims to assess South Korea's responsiveness in accordance with the integrated approach promoted by the international community.

Climate Justice through International Courts and Tribunals: Advisory Opinions in the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Climate change is the justice challenge of our century, and the increasingly serious impacts of climate change on human societies and ecosystems are raising important international legal challenges. States and stakeholders are appealing to international courts for clarity concerning their responsibilities in the global response to climate change, as well as their accountability for climaterelated loss and damage. Through advisory proceedings, these institutions are being asked to clarify the legal obligations of States in addressing climate change, including the prevention of ocean impacts, the protection of human rights, and in international law more broadly. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are at the forefront of such proceedings with the potential to reshape international climate law and governance. In this article, expert legal scholars highlight the significance of climate advisory proceedings in these tribunals, briefly underlining the legal reasoning of the ITLOS advisory opinion, its implications for international climate governance, and the questions and arguments before the IACtHR and the ICJ. The article explores, in the context of global efforts to implement the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other climate litigation including in international courts and tribunals, the transformative potential of recent advisory opinions sought from the ITLOS, the IACtHR and the ICJ. In their responses to the pressing need for legal clarity in a world grappling with unprecedented climate challenges, the article suggests, courts are offered an historic opportunity to shape the contributions of international law to global sustainability, justice and the survival of life on Earth.

Legitimating non-state actor engagement in global climate governance

Abstract Our study examines how international organizations seek to legitimate non-state actor engagement to elite audiences, using the secretariat of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change as an illustrative case. We employ the prism of legitimation, a process whereby international organizations justify their institutional designs, decision-making procedures and policy outcomes with a view to enhancing legitimacy. We unpack legitimation along two vectors: normative and operational. Normative legitimation seeks to justify a particular norm, while operational legitimation explains how the organization meets a norm—or why it fails to do so. The latter constitutes a blind spot in existing literature. Based on a qualitative analysis of official documents and interviews with climate secretariat officials, we present two findings. First, the secretariat has sought to justify the need for non-state actor engagement by accentuating its significance for procedural and performance legitimacy. Second, in response to contestation over its engagement practices, the secretariat advances operational claims. It has underscored multiple constraints to its agency, the tension between ever-rising audience demands and a finite supply of engagement opportunities, and a unique organizational environment. Our analysis highlights the need to recognize the complex operational realities international organizations face when making normative demands or gauging the appropriateness of global governance.

Ecological Analysis of Public Speeches in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A Perspective of Transitivity

The objective of this study is to investigate ten speeches delivered at the 15th (COP15) and 26th (COP26) sessions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), guided by the ecosophy of “harmony, diversity, co-existence, and interaction” to extract and analyze the prevalent ecological perspectives on climate change, as well as to assess the advancements achieved since COP15. A quantitative analysis is undertaken based on the principle of transitivity, utilizing statistics pertaining to the distribution patterns of processes, participants, and the environmental elements within clauses as the fundamental data for assessment. The study revealed that the ecological perspective of the discourses is in line with the ecosophy, which advocates balanced development alongside the remediation and replenishment of nature, and the ecological perspective of COP26 significantly diverges from that of COP15, primarily due to the remarkable technological advancements achieved since then and the heightened confidence among individuals in tackling the challenges posed by climate change.

Трансформация концепции справедливого перехода в повестке «Группы двадцати»

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that the harmonization of approaches to a just transition within the Group of 20 (G20), taking into account the position of both developed and developing countries, can ensure the development of more effective tools to promote a climate and energy transition while maximizing benefits and minimizing risks and negative consequences for all, including the most vulnerable populations and countries. The purpose of this study is to highlight the main aspects of the G20’s just transition agenda and the stages of its transformation. Based on the results of the study, the author concludes that, although the term “just transition” was only introduced in the G20 agenda in 2021, a number of decisions reflected its most important aspects before then. The appearance of the term in the outcome documents of the Italian presidency reflects the tensions that are escalating between the developed and developing economies that make up the institution. Developed countries want to force developing countries to follow the same path of decarbonization, providing it with the same instruments, regardless of economic model and available resources. Developing countries want to make developed countries comply with the commitments made in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement on finance, technology, consideration of their national circumstances and the possibility of at least catching up on their own strengths, an equal right to determine the rules, and not using climate as a pretext for protectionism and protection of their economies. As a compromise, the language on a just transition was included in the Rome summit outcome documents. Since 2022, developing countries have made the fairness of energy and climate transitions a top priority of the institute.