Feed Units Research Articles

Влияние предполивного порога влажности почвы на продуктивность и кормовую ценность сои на мелиорированных землях

The results of vegetation and field experiments on the influence of moisture conditions on the productivity and feed value of Mageva soybeans are presented. It is established that the conditions of moisture availability are an important factor in regulating the level of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and the production process in soybeans. Increasing the pre-irrigation soil moisture from 40 to 60% PPV (maximum field moisture capacity) can significantly increase crop productivity: yield from 4.11 to 7.64 g/vessel, protein harvesting with seed yield from 8.04 to 16.50 g/vessel, essential amino acids from 5.22 to 10.70 g/vessel or 1.81‑2.05 times; fat collection – from 2.34 to 4.37 g/vessel, or 1.68‑1.85 times, collection of feed units from 28.77 to 53.48 g/vessel or 1.69‑1.86 times. In the field experiment, with optimal heat and moisture availability, the yield is 2.71 t/ha, the level of symbiotic nitrogen fixation reaches 208 kg/ha, which covers 96% of the nitrogen needs of plants. Excessive and especially insufficient moisture supply significantly reduce productivity indicators: yield – by 1.08‑1.84 times, protein collection by 1.14‑1.62 times, collection of essential amino acids – by 1.13‑1.60 times, lysine – by 1.12‑1.61 times, fat collection – by 1.04‑1.42 times, and unsaturated fatty acids – by 1.03‑1.41, collection of feed units – 1.10‑1.80 times, the level of symbiotic nitrogen fixation up to 33‑79% or 1.29‑2.90 times.

Resistance of Kalmyk cattle breed to high ambient temperatures of the highlands of the North Caucasus

The purpose of the research is to establish indicators of heat resistance and study the growth of Kalmyk cattle youth in different natural, climatic, organizational and technological conditions in the highlands of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The investigations were carried out in LLC «Dargan» (Chereksky district, in village Gerpegezh) and LLC «Malka» (Zolsky district, in village Malka) of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic of the Kalmyk breed bulls during the period of grazing (from 7 to 12 months). The highest values of the heat resistance index and tolerance coefficient were recorded at the beginning of the grazing period in species of both farms, when the ambient temperature during the day was within comfortable limits for the species as a whole. Subsequently, the heat resistance indicators were decreased by the middle of the analyzed period of detention, which is explained by the temperature stress for the body of the experimental animals. However, temperature conditions and resistance were restored to their original values for them by the end of the experiment. Inter-farm divergences in growth intensity in age period of 7-9 months were 31 g (P<0.95), 9-12 months - 65 g (P<0.999) and for the entire period - 52 g (P<0.99). The largest absolute increase in live weight over the analyzed period was distinguished by bulls from LLC «Malka», which were under other conditions, recorded the lowest feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain. Thus, the differences in the cost of energy feed units in comparison with individuals from «Dargan» LLC were 0.18, digestible protein was 11 g.

Phyto and mineral complex and Glucolux F enzyme in feeding of calves during preweaning period

One of the main tasks of animal husbandry is the proper rearing of replacement young animals on diets that meet feeding standards for all elements of a detailed nutrition system. However, the nutritional value of animal feeding does not always correspond to the required norms. Having a high antibacterial, immunostimulating, immunomodulating eff ect, extracts of various vegetative organs of plants are used to treat many diseases of contagious and non-contagious etiology, for the prevention of parasitic diseases, and the healing of wound surfaces. Containing biofl avonoids and other biologically active components, they increase feed intake by animals, its digestibility, and nutrient conversion, improve product quality, and reduce feed costs for its production. The purpose of the research was to establish the infl uence of the phyto and mineral complex and the enzyme Glucolux F in the diets of calves during the preweaning period on metabolic processes in their bodies and productivity when used separately and together. When rearing calves on the basic diet were consumed per unit of live weight gain 4,15 energy feed units and 506 g of digestible protein, with the addition of the phyto and mineral complex feed consumption decreased by 1,2–1,8 %, with the Glucolux F enzyme by 1,9–3,1 %, and when they were used together by 0,5–4,6 %. At the same time, in the 4th experimental group there was the highest total live weight gain by 25,29 kg, which exceeded the 1st control group by 4,8 %, the 2nd experimental group by 3,0 and the 3rd experimental group by 1,6 %. The level of profi tability of live weight production of calves was higher in the 2nd experimental group by 2,3 abs.%, in the 3rd experimental group by 3,8 abs.% and in the 4th experimental group by 5,3 abs.% than in the 1st control group. The use of a phyto and mineral complex of biogenic microelements 100 ml/animal/day and the enzyme Glucolux F at a dose of 0,50 kg/t of compound feed in the diet of calves during the preweaning period, both separately and together, made it possible to increase the productivity of animals and the level of profi tability of production. The best results were obtained when using them together.

CAUSES OF DEGRADATION OF NATURAL PASTURES IN THE ZHAMBYL REGION AND THEIR RESTORATION

The article presents data obtained during study conducted in the context of the vertical (altitudinal) zonation of soils in the southeastern part of Kazakhstan, aimed at studying the causes of pasture degradation. The technologies for their restoration in specific project areas are also outlined. Natural forage lands are the basis of nutrition for animal husbandry. A study of the current state of the food supply in our country shows that up to 80% of the animal feed ration is pasture forage. More than 64% of the area of Kazakhstan is occupied by pasture lands. Pasture forage is a plant resource that is renewed annually, and its potential productivity is about 22-26 million tons of feed units. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the consumer attitude of users to these natural resources has a negative impact on their nutritional value. Yields decrease, the composition of the grass layer and the quality of the forage change, and the areas become overgrown with inedible and poisonous plants. During the study, water and physical parameters of the soil, agrochemical analysis of the soil, measurement of the projective cover of plants and weighing of the pasture mass of grass, determination of the forage nutritional value (chemical composition) were carried out. Taking into account the seasonal yield of natural grass, the increase in live weight of animals during the grazing period and economic efficiency were determined. In the course of the ongoing work, conditions have being created for the restoration of degraded pastures in the Zhambyl region. The growth and development of the green cover increases by 14-17%, and livestock production rises by 11% due to rational grazing practices.

Dual imaging technique for a real-time inspection system of foreign object detection in fresh-cut vegetables

Fresh-cut vegetables are a food product susceptible to contamination by foreign materials (FMs). To detect a range of potential FMs in fresh-cut vegetables, a dual imaging technique (fluorescence and color imaging) with a simple and effective image processing algorithm in a user-friendly software interface was developed for a real-time inspection system. The inspection system consisted of feeding and sensing units, including two cameras positioned in parallel, illuminations (white LED and UV light), and a conveyor unit. A camera equipped with a long-pass filter was used to collect fluorescence images. Another camera collected color images of fresh-cut vegetables and FMs. The feeding unit fed FMs mixed with fresh-cut vegetables onto a conveyor belt. Two cameras synchronized programmatically in the software interface simultaneously collected fluorescence and color image samples based on the region of interest as they moved through the conveyor belt. Using simple image processing algorithms, FMs could be detected and depicted in two different image windows. The results demonstrated that the dual imaging technique can effectively detect potential FMs in two types of fresh-cut vegetables (cabbage and green onion), as indicated by the combined fluorescence and color imaging accuracy. The test results showed that the real-time inspection system could detect FMs measuring 0.5 mm in fresh-cut vegetables. The results showed that the combined detection accuracy of FMs in the cabbage (95.77%) sample was superior to that of green onion samples (87.89%). Therefore, the inspection system was more effective at detecting FMs in cabbage samples than in green onion samples.

СОЗДАНИЕ ПРОСТЫХ И СЛОЖНЫХ АГРОФИТОЦЕНОЗОВ МНОГОЛЕТНИХ ТРАВ

The paper presents the effect of binary mixtures of perennial grasses on the productivity and quality of forage crops of various species composition. It is known that mixed crops of perennial grasses are able to produce a balanced yield of green mass and hay in terms of their protein productivity. Our research has shown that mixed crops outperformed single-species crops in all indicators of productivity of forage crops. In total, for five years, binary blackhead crops exceeded single-species crops in all productivity indicators. The lowest rates were in blackhead crops – 62.6%. In mixed crops with a blackhead, the germination rates of alfalfa, esparcet and goat were lower than in single-species crops and ranged from 62.2; 64.3; 63.7%. The preservation of plants by the end of the growing season was also slightly lower than in single-species crops, which can be explained by greater competition for light, moisture and nutrients. Thus, the safety of alfalfa amounted to 81.8%, esparcet – 83.6%, goatgrass – 89.7%, blackhead – 74.6%, which is lower than that of legumes in single-species crops. In all the years of use of herbage, binary plants exceeded single species, on average, over 5 years of research, the yield of blackhead was 25.5 t/ha, alfalfa 22.5 t/ha, and esparcet 23.7 t/ha. Among leguminous grasses, the maximum yield was characterized by the agrocenosis of goatgrass of 26.1 t/ha. Mixed crops of blackhead with leguminous grasses were characterized by the collection of vegetative mass on average from 28.5-30.9 t/ha. The maximum values of binary blackhead crops were characterized by crops with a legume component of goatgrass in all years of research. Also, mixed crops showed maximum values of dry matter per unit area and amounted to 33.52 – 36.74 t/ha, respectively. The same pattern was maintained for the yield of feed units, digestible protein and metabolic energy, their maximum was obtained on the variant of blackhead + goat.

Cow productivity depending on the energy level of their feeding

This article presents the results of a scientific and economic experiment conducted on lactating cows of Holstein black-and-white breed during the second lactation period, in which the effect of increased energy levels of feeding dairy cows on their productivity was studied. Based on the conducted studies, it was revealed that an increase in the energy level of feeding lactating cows of the experimental group in the second lactation period by 33.3 MJ of metabolic energy due to a decrease in the yield of corn silage and concentrated feed, the replacement of mixed hay with alfalfa hay and the introduction of long-term grass haylage into the feeding diet contributed to a better consumption of metabolic energy by 31.3 MJ, dry matter – by 5.2 kg, crude protein – by 997 g, including digestible protein – by 613 g, crude fiber – by 1594 g, crude fat – by 237 g, sugar – by 553 g, compared with lactating cows of the control group. This led to an increase in gross milk production during the second lactation period in lactating cows of the experimental group by 275 kg, an increase in the fat content in milk by 0.02% and protein by 0.03%, respectively, then in lactating cows of the control group. One energy feed unit in the feeding diet of lactating cows of the control group accounted for 12.3 g less digestible protein than in the experimental group. The consumption of concentrates per 1 kg of milk in the control group was 25% higher than in the experimental group.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ

Proper, competent use of arable land, improvement of the structure of crops, is the most important condition for the growth of crop production. Our research was conducted on the basis of scientific principles and approaches set out in the methodological guidelines: "Agroecological assessment of lands, design of adaptive landscape systems of agriculture and agrotechnologies" (Moscow: RASKHN, 2005, ed. academicians RASKHN A. L. Ivanov and V. I. Kiryushin). To make more efficient use of arable land, increase the yield of major crops, meet the needs of farms with crop production, improve soil fertility, we have developed a structure of acreage taking into account specific agro–climatic conditions of the districts: Mozdok district, winter cereals in the structure of acreage should occupy 42%, corn for grain – 15%, legumes -7%, sunflower - 12%, feed – 16-17%. Kirovsky district, in the structure of sown areas, winter cereals should occupy 31%, corn for grain – 32%, legumes – 7%, fodder – 16-17%. Alagirsky district, 22% of arable land should be allocated for winter cereals in the structure of sown areas, 34% for corn for grain, 7% for technical and vegetables, and 37-40% for forage crops. Irafsky district, winter cereals in the structure of sown areas should occupy 22%, corn for grain – 30%, forage crops up to 45%. Digorsky district, in the structure of sown areas, winter cereals should occupy 28%, corn for grain – 30%, legumes – 7%, forage crops up to 30%. Pravoberezhny district, winter cereals – 26%, corn for grain – 30%, legumes – 7%, industrial crops and vegetables – 14%, fodder 23%. Prigorodny district, winter cereals should account for 32% of arable land, corn for grain – 27%, potatoes and vegetables – 19% and forage crops – 17%. Ardon district, winter cereals – 27%, corn for grain – 27%, legumes – 7%, potatoes and vegetables 11%, forage crops – 28%, which will increase the yield of feed units from 1 ha by 15-25 kg/ha.

Fertilizer systems for detoxification of chernozem contaminated with heavy metals

On the podzolized chernozem, where the increased level of contamination with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) was modeled, a certain dynamics of crop yields was observed. Mineral, organo-mineral and organic fertilizer systems in crop rotation were studied as a possibility of using detoxicants. The studied fertilizer systems increase the productivity of soil contaminated with heavy metals by 34 – 109%. The most effective fertilizer system (79.4 c/ha of feed units) turned out to be organo-mineral. When using only organic or mineral fertilizers, the efficiency decreased (27.9 – 55.5 c/ha of feed units) in relation to the control variant.

Formation of meat productivity in descendants of Kalmyk breed improver bulls

The article analyzes the results of assessing by scoring and index methods the quality of the offspring of five Kalmyk breed bulls and their sons in terms of their own productivity and the formation of their carcass morphological composition. For this purpose, 10 sons of bulls Prometheus 1127, Grilyazh 916, Gomat DRZh-59223, Yago DRZh-39023 and Raskat 8692 were selected from the Solnechnoe Breeding Plant LLC, Oryol district, Rostov region. The sons of the evaluated stud bulls up to 8 months of age were raised on full suction with mothers, and from 8 to 15 months of age were kept in the same group under equal conditions and over a 7-month period, on average, feed was consumed per bull, containing 1569 feed units, 168 kg of digestible protein, 2032 kg of dry matter with exchange energy 15663 MJ. With this level of feeding, all the controlled sires and almost all of their sons, according to the score, met the requirements of the elite-record grading class. However, according to the results of the index assessment, only the bulls Prometheus 1127 and Grill-yazh 916 met the requirements of the improver category, and the remaining three bulls met the requirements of the neutral category. The descendants of the leading bulls with a preslaughter live weight of 412.1 and 419.9 kg exceeded peers of other groups in carcass weight by 8.5-14.1 kg, in muscle tissue weight by 9.4-15.4 kg, but by 3-5% less yield of fat, bones, cartilage and tendons and the highest meat ratio.

The influence of liquid mineral fertilizers on the productivity of fodder beet in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The paper presents data on the study of the effect of liquid mineral fertilizers on the productivity of fodder beet in the Republic of Bashkortostan on gray forest soils. The object of research was the Saharnaya rounded 0143 variety, zoned in the Ural region, its predecessor being winter wheat. An analysis was carried out of the dynamics of yield, dry matter content, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and ash under the influence of liquid mineral fertilizers -Isagri Vita and Izagri Bor. Results for the collection of feed units, digestible protein and feed protein units are shown. The yield and prospects for growing fodder beet using liquid mineral fertilizers in the Republic of Bashkortostan are assessed and the profitability of cultivation is calculated.

Formation of turnip yield when using mineral fertilizers in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The paper presents data on the study of the formation of turnip yields when using various doses of mineral fertilizers in the Republic of Bashkortostan on leached chernozems. The object of the study is the turnip of the Ostersundomsky variety (approved for use in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Ural region) and options for applying various doses of mineral fertilizers (NPK), the forecrop is winter wheat. The analysis of yield dynamics, dry matter content, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash was carried out with the use of various doses of mineral fertilizers. The results of collecting feed units, digested protein, and feed protein units are shown. The yield and the prospect of growing turnips with the use of various doses of mineral fertilizers in the Republic of Bashkortostan are estimated, and the profitability of cultivation is also calculated.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КУЛЬТУР ТРАВОПОЛЬНОГО СЕВООБОРОТА НА ПЛОДОРОДИЕ ПОЧВЫ

The development of effective, highly productive crop rotations in modern agricultural production is an urgent task. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of grass–field crop rotation crops on agrophysical, biological indicators of soil fertility and crop yields. The research was carried out at the experimental site of the Department of Adaptive Landscape Agriculture of the National Research Institute of Agriculture of the VNC RAS in 2021-2022. The soil of the experimental site is represented by leached chernozems on pebbles. The experiments, phenological observations, and statistical processing of the obtained data were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Under various crops, the lumpy structure (at the beginning of the growing season) accounted for from 13.46 to 49.56%, the macrostructure – from 48.53 to 81.88%, aggregates less than 0.25 mm – from 1.88 to 8.01%. By the end of the growing season, the proportion of the dusty fraction under winter wheat decreased from 8.01% to 1.09%. The structural coefficient varied between 2.48 (corn) and 2.79 (oats + clover). The highest indicators of total porosity at the beginning of the growing season were noted under crops: oats + clover (57.5%), clover (57.6%) and potatoes (58.8%), and at the end of the growing season under clover (57.1%) and potatoes (59.6%). The highest yield of feed units was noted for the following variants: oats + clover – 9.83 t/ha, clover – 9.49 t/ha, corn – 9.49 t/ha. More digestible protein was contained in the clover crop, the rest of the crops were at about the same level. The best indicators of energy value were obtained for corn for grain – 101.0 GJ/ha, for perennial grasses of 1 and 2 years of use – 57.3-65.0 GJ/ha, winter wheat – 81.4 GJ/ha and potatoes – 69.9 GJ/ha.

THE YIELD AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SUNFLOWER DEPEND ON ITS SHARE IN CROP ROTATION

The importance of sunflower as the main oilseed crop, high economic efficiency, saturation of the agricultural market with high-quality seeds of modern hybrids resistant to adverse environmental conditions, diseases, and pests with high yield potential contribute to increasing the share of the crop in crop rotations. Despite many researchers not recommending returning sunflower to the crop rotation earlier than five to eight years, growing sunflower after sunflower is possible. One of the main conditions for obtaining a high yield in continuous sunflower crops is the nutrient background. Research was conducted on alternating sunflower and maize for grain in a two-field crop rotation and for sunflower cultivation in monoculture under different fertilization systems in the fields of the Institute of Steppe Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences. Annual alternation in the crop rotation of sunflower and maize contributed to an increase in sunflower yield to 1.75 t/ha compared to its continuous cultivation, where the yield did not exceed 1.39 t/ha; the yield increase due to the crop rotation factor was 0.36 t/ha or 21.5%. The fertilization system significantly affected the yield of sunflower. The highest yield was achieved with the organo-mineral fertilization system in a crop rotation with 50% saturation with sunflower at 2.33 t/ha. Moreover, the application of mineral fertilizers together with sunflower residues in monoculture neutralized the effect of the crop rotation factor and provided a seed yield at the level of crop rotation with alternating crops, 0.71 t/ha. The highest yield increase was obtained with the mineral fertilization system, 0.51 t/ha or 36.7%; for the organo-mineral system, the yield increase was slightly lower at 0.46 t/ha or 27.4%. Higher productivity was formed by sunflower crops in a crop rotation with 50% saturation with crops. The crop rotations factor ensured an increase in grain units, feed units, and digestible protein to 3.51 t/ha, 1.93 t/ha, and 0.66 t/ha, respectively; the yield increase compared to sunflower monoculture was 0.72 t/ha, 0.39 t/ha, and 0.14 t/ha. The increase in sunflower productivity due to the fertilization system factor was even more significant, and under the organo-mineral system in a crop rotation with 50% saturation with sunflower, they were the highest at 4.67 t/ha of grain units, 2.57 t/ha of feed units, and 0.89 t/ha of digestible protein.

Кормовая ценность зерна яровой тритикале сортов Ботаническая 4 и Тимирязевская 42

Laboratory analysis of raw materials (grains) is an important stage for the production of feed. The wider the range of data obtained as a result of research, the more effective the work on compiling the diet of animals, which is reflected in the conversion of feed and the economic component of livestock production. The use of near infrared radiation (NIRS) technology to determine the nutritional value of feed allows us to obtain data on the content of dry matter, crude protein, crude ash, crude fat, sugar and starch in feed, as well as data on protein absorption in the intestines of many animal species, including lactating cows. With the help of such a study conducted in the laboratory of Eurofins Agro (Wageningen, the Netherlands), data on the nutritional value of grain of two varieties of spring triticale obtained in the conditions of the Moscow region were obtained. The crude protein content in the grain of the Timiryazevskaya 42 variety was 119 g/kg of dry matter, in the grain of the Botanicheskaya 4 variety 125 g/kg of dry matter. In terms of starch content, Timiryazevskaya 42 grain exceeded Botanicheskaya 4 grain by 27 g/kg of dry matter. At the same time, studies have shown similar values in terms of the content of feed units for milk production (VEM) at the level of 1192–1189 g/kg of dry matter, the amount of protein absorbed in the intestine (DVE) — 95–96 g/kg of dry matter and organic matter fermented in the rumen (FOS) — 771–769 g/kg of dry matter.

Influence of Extruder Setup and Process Parameters on the Product Quality of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Using Melt Extrusion

All solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are the next generation battery technology, in which the classical liquid electrolyte is replaced by an ion-conducting solid electrolyte. Materials that are used as solid-state electrolytes are generally divided into three material classes: polymers, oxides and sulphides. Electrolyte materials for ASSBs have been extensively studied regarding their electrochemical performance and their stability towards the electrode materials. Nevertheless, the commercialization of ASSBs is still hindered by the material availability in case of oxide and sulphides and the knowledge of scaled production routes for all kinds of separators. Polymers are readily available on the global market. It is thus possible to focus more on the processing routes of polymer based solid electrolytes. The use of thermoplastics as matrix for solid electrolytes (SE) offers the prospect of facile upscaling of the process from lab-scale to industrial series production by the implementation of a solvent-free thermal extrusion process. A twin-screw extruder offers the possibility of continuously mixing the SE components to produce homogeneous polymer based SEs. With two feeding units, the addition of the components takes place separately. This eliminates the time-consuming premixing step to obtain a homogeneous mixture.Thermoplastic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is one of the most investigated materials for polymer based SEs due to its capability to dissolve alkali salts like Lithium(bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). The thermal process route of PEO and its effect on the polymeric properties are currently under investigation. Previous works from our research group show that the processability of PEO not only depends on the conductive salt (LiTFSI), but also on its molecular weight and applied process parameters. [1] With increasing molecular weight, PEO becomes more sensitive towards thermal and mechanical load that leads to chain scissoring and degradation even at small load. Hence, the use of low molecular weight PEO (Mw= 100.000 g mol-1) is preferable for the dry production of PEO based SEs.The aim of this work is to optimize the extrusion process using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder for the solvent free production of solid PEO/LiTFSI-electrolytes in a molar ratio of 20:1 (EO:Li). Here, we investigate the effects of several extruder set-ups on the mixing behaviour of PEO and LiTFSI. Therefore, type of dosing and screw design are varied. The screw can be designed with conveying, kneading and mixing elements. We compare the dry extrusion of a premixed PEO/LiTFSI (20:1) batch with dry extrusion of PEO/LiTFSI (20:1) using two feeding units, one for each component. Process parameters, such as pressure at the extruder die, actual screw speed, torque and barrel temperature are continuously measured during the production. Process temperature and screw speed are optimized to avoid degradation of PEO. PEO/LiTFSI-electrolytes are produced with a process temperature of 90 °C across the whole extruder barrel and with screw speeds of 5 – 15 rpm. The products are evaluated by their homogeneity and quality of the extruded electrolytes. Optical microscopy is used for macroscopic evaluation and the Li-salt distribution is checked with SEM/EDX. Conductivity and rheology measurements are performed to determine the lithium concentration within the electrolyte and loss of molecular weight, respectively. For the determination of the ionic conductivity, we examine electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The characterization of the extruded electrolytes helps to find optimal process parameters for the production of polymer based SEs.

Optimal time separation modeling and simulation for stable neon isotopes in a transient square cascade: a comprehensive study

This study simulates the separation of stable Neon isotopes in a transient square cascade using the Crank–Nicolson method and the q-iteration method. The simulations show that each isotope has an optimal value in either the product or waste streams at a specific time, which affects the cost of separation. The results demonstrate that the optimal separation time for Ne-20 increases with the feed concentration and is influenced by the unit separation factor. Depending on the feed concentration and separation parameter, Ne-21 may be enriched in either the product or waste stream. The optimal separation time for Ne-22 is the maximum operation time and is not affected by changes in feed concentration or unit separation factor. Calculating the optimal separation time is crucial for obtaining target isotopes with specific purity at a designated time, depending on their intended applications.

PSIV-9 Describing the Consumption of Chlortetracycline-Containing Supplement Offered Free-Choice to Commercial Beef Cows on Pasture

Abstract Extensive beef cattle production systems depend on forage as the predominant nutrient source. However, mineral requirements are not always met solely through forage consumption. To maintain optimum animal productivity, beef cattle producers must provide mineral supplementation and free-choice supplements are most common. Free-choice supplement intake by grazing cattle is highly variable and is dictated by season, individual animal preference, supplement palatability and other factors. Variation in supplement intake is problematic for delivering medication such as chlortetracycline (CTC), which is aimed to mitigate the risk of bovine anaplasmosis in beef herds. Research investigating the relationship between individual animal attributes and supplement consumption in extensive settings is limited. Recently, adoption of technology such as a portable, self-contained individual feeding unit (SmartFeed; C-Lock Inc.) into supplementation programs has facilitated unprecedented data collection in grazing cattle. The study objectives were to describe the consumption patterns of a granular CTC-containing supplement and to evaluate the factors contributing to consumption variability by gestating cows on pasture. A total of 103 nonlactating, pregnant, crossbred cows were assigned to this experiment on d -28 and allocated to 1 of 3 pastures equipped with a SmartFeed unit to record individual supplement intake. Cows were offered dried distillers grains for 27 d of acclimation to the units (mean intake of 0.29 kg of supplement/cow daily; 74% of cows) before transition to a commercially available granular mineral supplement containing CTC for 46 d. Supplement was formulated such that a 630 kg cow must consume 113 g/d to receive the label CTC dose (1.1 mg/kg). Cow intake and unit visit frequency data were analyzed using a general linear model (PROC GLM) and differences evaluated using Least Squared Means. The runs test for serial randomness was used to evaluate clustering of feeding and non-feeding events. Feeding and non-feeding events during the 46-d observation period were not randomly distributed (P < 0.01), and the mean number of consecutive days a cow did or did not consume mineral supplement were 1.8 and 5.6 days, respectively. As cow age increased, visits to the feeding unit decreased and total supplement consumption also decreased (P < 0.01). According to supplement label instructions, each cow was expected to consume 5.2 kg of supplement in total over 46 d to receive the total recommended 32.2 g CTC dose. Mean supplement consumption was 40.5 g· cow-1· d-1, providing 0.25 g CTC· cow-1· d-1, and only 1.9% (2/103 cows) consumed enough supplement to receive the recommended dose. Collectively, results indicate that providing a granular free-choice supplement containing CTC is not an effective method of ensuring cows consume an adequate amount of supplement to receive CTC at the label-directed dose and frequency.

A grinding force model considering the arc-track feeding unit device in ELID grinding of the non-standard ultra-precision bearings

Bearings play an important role in the national defense industry. The demands for the ultra-precision non-standard bearings are increasing year by year. Correspondingly, the requirements for the surface roughness of bearing raceways are getting higher and higher. The surface roughness Ra value of the bearing groove raceway has been significantly improved by the ELID (Electrolytic In-Process Dressing) grinding assisted by the arc-track feeding unit. In this research, a grinding force model for the ELID groove grinding assisted by the arc-track feeding unit is established. The modelling of the swing speeds, swing angles and duty ratios of the arc-track feeding unit are carried out as the basis for the predicting of the tangential and the normal forces. For the first time, the equivalent elastic modules are used to characterize the variation of the ELID oxide layer in the new model. Validated by the linear-groove ELID grinding with varying swing speeds, swing angles and duty ratios of the arc-track feeding unit, the predicting results of the force capture well the fluctuation of different force components due to the changing of the variables. The new grinding force model involving the arc-track feeding device is able to give accurate predictions to the tangential and normal forces. The maximum error between the predicting tangential forces and the experimental tangential force is 5 %; the maximum error between the predicting normal forces and the experimental normal forces is 6.2 %. It provides an insight into the material removal mechanism and the grinding force characteristics in the ELID grinding assisted by the arc-track feeding unit for further improving the forming accuracy of this new method.

Environmental impact of fouling for crude oil flow in preheat pipes according to oil blends

Crude oil fouling is a complex process caused by multiple mechanisms. This study examined fouling's environmental impact on a distillation unit's heating tubes and heat exchangers, proposing optimal pollution levels to reduce emissions and achieve sustainability goals. The study evaluated five crude oil blends in terms of API, sulphur, salt content, and other physical properties. Contaminated water was analyzed through biological and chemical means, while CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions were calculated from actual fuel and power consumption. Solid and sludge sediments were observed throughout all plate heat exchangers, consisting primarily of iron hydroxides and manganese oxides. Rationalizing energy use reduced the burden on the environment and fuel consumption by 7 %, with a 2 % reduction in energy needed to refine crude oil feeding units when fouling is removed after maintenance. By optimizing pollution levels and reducing energy consumption, the environmental impact of fouling can be mitigated.