Currency Unit Research Articles

Antakng as a Unit of Value in the Life of Dayak Benuaq Tonyooi Community in West Kutai

This paper aims to explain the shift that has occurred in antakng as a customary value standard in the Dayak Benuaq Tonyooi community. Using a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, observations, and document studies, this research was conducted in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan. The results showed that antakng, which has traditionally served as ceremonial object and used as a unit of value for Dayak people, and also functions as a standard of exchange, has now been replaced and converted into a unit of currency (rupiah). Currently, the value of 1 antakng is equivalent to IDR 400,000 (four hundred thousand rupiah). This transformation occurred due to the scarce availability of antakng (urns) and as a form of rational choice from the community to continue conducting economic transactions and maintaining customary practices in the midst of changing times. Antakng converted to money or rupiah is now used as the unit of value for paying wages and fines, and is applied in the settlement of cases in West Kutai. This research recommends the need for preservation efforts and the establishment of clear regulations regarding the use of antakng in the customary context, in order to preserve traditional values amid the challenges of modernization.

Cost efficiency of municipal green bonds’ measures: a marginal abatement cost curves approach

PurposeWith more cities aiming to achieve climate neutrality, identifying the funding to support these plans is essential. The purpose of this paper is to exploit the present of a structured green bonds framework in Sweden to investigate the typology of abatement projects Swedish municipalities invested in and understand their effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachMarginal abatement cost curves of the green bond measures are constructed by using the financial and abatement data provided by municipalities on an annual basis.FindingsThe results highlight the economic competitiveness of clean energy production, measured in abatement potential per unit of currency, even when compared to other emerging technologies that have attracted the interest of policymakers. A comparison with previous studies on the cost efficiency of carbon capture storage reveals that clean energy projects, especially wind energy production, can contribute to the reduction of emissions in a more efficient way. The Swedish carbon tax is a good incentive tool for investments in clean energy projects.Originality/valueThe improvement concerning previous applications is twofold: the authors expand the financial considerations to include the whole life-cycle costs, and the authors consider all the greenhouse gases. This research constitutes a prime in using financial and environmental data produced by local governments to assess the effectiveness of their environmental measures.

DESIGN OF CRYPTOCURRENCY INVESTMENT TRANSACTION MODEL AS AN EFFORT TO INCREASE STATE REVENUE THROUGH DIGITAL ASSET INSTRUMENT RATES AND TAXES IN INDONESIA

This research will discuss the design of cryptocurrency transaction models as an effort to increase state income. The main factor that must be met in order to be legal in Indonesia is special regulations related to cryptocurrency. Developing special regulations related to cryptocurrency is actually an important step for the Indonesian state. For example, in developed countries such as the United States, Japan and Singapore, tax regulations related to cryptocurrency have been prepared. Especially at this time, technological developments, especially digital or virtual systems, are very rapid. So it can be predicted that various new virtual currencies that are similar or even more sophisticated and more complex than the ones that exist today will continue to emerge in the future. Determining the basis for tax levies for Cryptocurrency digital assets needs to be done based on the virtual currency units or also based on their value when converted to foreign currency such as rupiah or USD. Apart from that, it is also necessary to classify the type of tax that will be imposed on Cryptocurrency, whether it will be the object of income tax (PPh 21), profit income tax on exchange rate differences or income tax on capital gains (PPh article 4 paragraph 2) or VAT. This research actually started with attention to the many demands from Bitcoin users in Indonesia who wanted to have legal protection rights in the cryptocurrency transaction process, because in several other countries such as Singapore Bitcoin has become a legal financial investment option and is regulated and supervised by the government and the State Financial Authority. the. So the researcher intends to study in more depth how the Cryptocurrency transaction system can be supervised and controlled by the government, so that later a "Legal Cryptocurrency" Regulation can emerge with a "Digital Asset Transaction Tax" quotation system to be able to accommodate several interests of the Indonesian public and government.

Techno-economic analysis of an HRES with fuel cells, solar panels, and wind turbines using an improved Al-Biruni algorithm

This research demonstrates the application of novel optimization methods in the realm of renewable energy and contributes to the development of environmentally friendly electricity generation and consumption. In this study, an improved version of the Al-Biruni algorithm has been proposed for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) optimization, which includes fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and windmills. The algorithm considers supply, demand, and energy storage constraints and seeks the best combination of energy sources to meet load demand while reducing total system cost. Inspired by ancient Iranian philosopher Abu Biruni, the proposed method includes modifications to explore solution space efficiently and improve answer value. The proposed HRES model is applied to a case study from Dunhuang City, China, and its findings are validated by comparing it with other optimization approaches. The Modified Al-Biruni Earth Radius (MBER) algorithm is found to be the most efficient and reliable system, costing 4.23 million units of currency. Compared to other optimization approaches, MBER exhibited a total cost of 4.1 million US dollars, 0.009, 3.7, 3.7, LPSP, and 356 h per year. The overall cost is 5.26 million units of currency with a 0.5% Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), which directly impacts system performance and dependability. The improved Al-Biruni algorithm can efficiently optimize the system, reduce costs, and increase load supply, contributing to the growth of renewable energy sources and the application of advanced meta-heuristic techniques in complex energy systems.

Need of Demonetization to wash away the Black Money of the Corrupt People and Market: A Review of the Lesson from India

This research paper presents corruption and demonetization with respect to some impacts on people, production and market. The research question to be answered is" Why was demonetization of Rs. 500 and 1000 notes in India and Nepal needed? The methodology is qualitative and related to interaction with people and document analysis. Demonetization is the process of stripping units of currency from their legal status. After demonetization, those units of currencies will not be used as before. It means their age will be passed away. The units of currencies will have no any existence. If someone circulates these units of currencies after demonetization, it will be a matter of fraud or doing illegal activity and the person will be the subject of deserving candidate for legal action and punishment for blackmailing government and people. Narendra Modi's midnight announcement of the legal proceeding of demonetization of the notes of Rs 500 and 1000 made the silently sleeping citizens wake up around the thunderstorm without cloud and amidst many sink holes without landslides. Millions of corrupted people counting their dreamful beautiful golden notes turned amongst heavy and scaring ghosts haunting around them. This situation was nearly compared to the philosophy of Nietzsche's "Death of God". It is because blackmailed money is the form of God for the blackmailers. The silent sound turned into the unending shape of murderer. It was one of the greatest decisions made by The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, in the history of India and other territories in the proximity of India. In the overall situation, it was a feeling of patriotic ideology in controlling black money in India, Nepal and Bhutan.

ROBERT TRIFFIN, JAPAN, AND THE QUEST FOR ASIAN MONETARY UNION

Especially with the Asian financial crisis of 1997–98, Asian countries have advocated a profound reform of the international financial architecture. Their proposals focused on two main axes: a reform of the global financial system, and stronger regional monetary integration in Asia. There are here significant parallels with the ideas of Robert Triffin (1911–1993). Triffin became famous with trenchant analyses of the vulnerabilities of the international monetary system. The Triffin dilemma is still present among international monetary policy-makers, also in Asia. Triffin put forward several proposals for reforming the global monetary system, but he also developed proposals for regional monetary integration. These were very much based on his experience with the European Payments Union, and focused on the creation of a (European) reserve fund and a (European) currency unit. In this paper we focus on Triffin’s proposals for an Asian payments union in the late 1960s, giving special attention to Japan (in Triffin’s time, the biggest Asian economy; moreover, Triffin had an important Japanese network).

Денежная реформа 1993 г. в мемуаристике и научной литературе

The article provides an overview of the memoir and scientific literature, which provides various opinions on the monetary reform of 1993, implemented in the form of the exchange of old, mainly Soviet money, for new Russian banknotes. Some authors do not consider this measure a reform at all, characterize it as a manifestation of the monetarist course of the government, as an unsuccessful initiative of the Central Bank in terms of design, organization and results, carried out in the mode of "shock therapy" without taking into account the general state of the national economy, as the desire of conservative forces to take revenge from liberal reformers. However, some other economists consider the 1993 exchange, in combination with the law of September 25, 1992 on the introduction of the Russian currency unit, as a full-fledged reform, as a natural step that allowed separating the monetary system of Russia from the former Soviet republics, ending the continued existence of a ruinous ruble zone for the country and strengthening the economic sovereignty of the state. At the same time, all researchers agree that the reform of 1993, which was also supposed to stop the progressive inflation and create prerequisites for the regulation of monetary circulation, did not have the expected effect. The exchange of banknotes was not supported by the subsequent rational actions of the state authorities, and this eventually led to the default of 1998.

Investigation of selected key indicators of circular economy for implementation processes in sectorial dimensions

The main goal of this study is to investigate and to evaluate the selected indicators of the circular economy to advance the development of effective tools and policies regarding the circular economy system. This investigation is supported by the three research questions covering the topics of dependence of the circular economy on the use of reusable material, help with the reuse of circular material for economic sectors to establish a platform for effective policy development and implementation, and finally, the necessity of quantifying circular economy indicators to obtain an accurate picture of the circular economy sector relationships. The eight research hypotheses are considered, five of which are rejected. The gross investment of the circular economy sector in tangible goods in the both explored variants – expressed in the currency units also as the share of gross domestic product, circular economy sector value added at factor cost, the glass packaging waste recycling rate, the metallic packaging waste recycling rate, and the municipal waste act in the statistically significant way. The study applies a regression analysis technique with consistently validating test outcomes. The discussion section introduces the implications of the analytical outcomes with a potential of the setting current policies in the circular economy system and the construction of the new ones.

Legal Analysis of Cryptocurency Utilization in Indonesia

Background. Bitcoin is the world's first digital currency that uses the concept of Cryptocurrency, which is a digital asset designed as a medium of exchange using cryptographic techniques to secure transactions and control the administration of its currency units that are likely to continue to grow in the future. Based on Law No. 7 of 2011 on Currency or cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin cannot be considered as legal tender in Indonesia. Purpose. It is said to be a means of payment because the means of payment in Indonesia is the Rupiah, but based on the Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 99 of 2019, crypto assets are one of the commodities that can be used as the subject of futures contracts traded on futures exchanges. Method. his research uses a statute approach. In addition, a case approach is also used to find out the ratio decidendi used by the Constitutional Court judges in deciding cases of judicial review of laws related to indigenous peoples. Results. This type of research is normative juridical research. The nature of research in this research is descriptive analytical. The type of data used in this research is library research. The validity of crypto asset transactions based on Indonesian contract law which refers to the Civil Code is valid because it fulfills the terms of the agreement in article 1320 of the Civil Code and is supported by the principles contained in the Civil Code itself, including the principle of freedom of contract, the principle of consensualism, the principle of pacta sunt servanda, and the principle of good faith. Therefore, crypto asset transactions are also legalized according to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE) because crypto asset transactions are carried out online through the internet network. Conclusion. The Indonesian government then compiled several rules to accommodate interests as guidelines and clarity for the public regarding the government's recognition of the existence of bitcoin and virtual currencies, namely through the policy of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 99 of 2019, and based on the rules of the Bappebti Regulation Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Crypto Asset Physical Market on the Futures Exchange.

Cross-country analysis of national mental health investment case studies in sub-Saharan Africa and Central, South and South-East Asia.

Despite the increasing interest in and political commitment to mental health service development in many regions of the world, there remains a very low level of financial commitment and corresponding investment. Assessment of the projected costs and benefits of scaling up the delivery of effective mental health interventions can help to promote, inform and guide greater investment in public mental health. A series of national mental health investment case studies were carried out (in Bangladesh, Kenya, Nepal, Philippines, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Zimbabwe), using standardized guidance developed by WHO and UNDP and implemented by a multi-disciplinary team. Intervention costs and the monetized value of improved health and production were computed in national currency units and, for comparison, US dollars. Benefit-cost ratios were derived. Across seven countries, the economic burden of mental health conditions was estimated at between 0.5%-1.0% of Gross Domestic Product. Delivery of an evidence-based package of mental health interventions was estimated to cost US$ 0.40-2.40 per capita per year, depending on the country and its scale-up period. For most conditions and country contexts there was a return of >1 for each dollar or unit of local currency invested (range: 0.0-10.6 to 1) when productivity gains alone are included, and >2 (range: 0.4-30.3 to 1) when the intrinsic economic value of health is also considered. There was considerable variation in benefit-cost ratios between intervention areas, with population-based preventive measures and treatment of common mental, neurological and conditions showing the most attractive returns when all assessed benefits are taken into account. Performing a mental health investment case can provide national-level decision makers with new and contextualized information on the outlays and returns that can be expected from renewed local efforts to enhance access to quality mental health services. Economic evidence from seven low- and middle-income countries indicates that the economic burden of mental health conditions is high, the investment costs are low and the potential returns are substantial.

Analysis of Pond Revitalization and Land Suitability for Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and Milk Fish Cultivation Tradisonally Policultural: A Case Study in Muara Kintap Village, Kintap District, Tanah Regency

Shrimp and milkfish are the main commodities of aquaculture in ponds, which have considerable development potential in almost all coastal areas in Indonesia. Based on the description above, to revitalize ponds in the village of Muara Kintap, Kintap District, the research aims to analyze the efforts to revitalize the aquaculture ponds of vannamei shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) and milkfish in a polyculture manner based on water quality analysis in the village of Muara Kintap, Kintap District, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Implementation is planned for June 2023, with the location of the research being in the community pond area of Muara Kintap Village, Resistant Laut District, South Kalimantan Province. Business revitalization of vannamei shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) and milkfish aquaculture ponds in polyculture based on water quality analysis in Muara Kintap Village, Kintap District, Tanah Laut Regency, Kalimantan, obtained an average R/C ratio for traditional vannamei shrimp farming business, which is worth 3.19, which means the aquaculture business Traditionally polyculture vannamei shrimp is efficient in the use of business costs, because every 1 unit of currency (Rp. 3.19) issued as the cost of the vannamei shrimp farming business will provide business revenue, and based on the land suitability analysis resulting from the interpolation of all parameters it can be concluded that at the research location it was stated that it was suitable to very suitable. The community of Muara Kintap village, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province.

Топоры как товаро-деньги в контексте их ритуального и социального значения

During its history, money has undergone a complex evolution due to historical and cultural transformations in the different periods. Money as medium of account and exchange arose in the Neolithic era simultaneously with the new stage of social-economic relations, when the surplus of products takes on a commodity form and the barter exchange developed. In the Early Bronze Age (III millennium BC) the first statements arose, bronze and precious metals appeared in Western Asia including the Armenian Highland. At the same time measurement of weight was created in Mesopotamia, money expressed in metal objects became not only a price equivalent, but also medium of payment. The axe, as the most important tool and weapon, acquires the significance of money. Therefore, the Sumer/Akkadian shekel, which was the widespread unit of currency in Near East, originates from the word “axe”.

Credit Rationing Equilibrium Achievement in the Conditions of Digitalization

The author clarified the degree of achievement of the credit market equilibrium in the conditions of information asymmetry and active digitalization of processes in activity of credit market participants. The subject of research is the economic and technological conditions for achieving credit rationing equilibrium. The purpose of the research is to highlight the nature of the impact of digitalization on the degree of achieving equilibrium in the credit market in the context of digitalization. The author focuses on the new conditions of functioning of the credit market, when the current digitalization allows to significantly complement the credit profile of borrowers, and new participants appear in the credit market. The objective of research is assessment of compliance of theoretical postulates on achieving the credit rationing equilibrium in the context of digitalization of processes associated with the lending. The authors’ hypothesis is that the credit market has the potential to increase the return on a loan per currency unit of borrowers’ loans, and the current estimates of the of defaults borrowers’ probability, interest rates are “biased”. As the main methods, the author used systematic and logical methods, which made it possible to consider the credit market equilibrium in terms of the economic relationships between its participants and the achieved economic indicators. As a result of the analysis of theoretical concept of credit rationing equilibrium, taking into account the identified qualitative changes, that take place in the credit market in the context of digitalization. The author concludes that is the potential increase the rate of return on credit operations. Extending the borrower credit data with alternative, non-credit sources, as expected, allows to get more accurate creditworthiness assessment. The results of the research to some extent serve as a rationale for possible decisions of central banks to expand the traditional sources of borrowers’ credit histories, reconfigure the existing information exchange architecture in the credit market.

Trading Strategies for Cryptocurrencies Based on Machine Learning Scenarios

A Cryptocurrency is a peer-to-peer digital exchange system in which cryptography is used to generate and distribute currency units. Bitcoin as the foremost digital currency, using asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, blockchain technology, was conceptualized by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 and born in 2009. In 14 years, digital currency has gone from being initially controversial and worthless to rapid increase in value. The huge fluctuations in its price have attracted worldwide attention, and more people have begun to pay attention to the investment strategy of digital currency. Starting from the attributes of Bitcoin, this paper objectively compares the application effect of arbitrage strategy and trend strategy in machine learning on Bitcoin, analyzes and summarizes and predicts the future of Bitcoin's investment. To be specific, the arbitrage strategy involves three methods, i. e. , cash arbitrage, cross-exchange arbitrage and related variety arbitrage; trend strategy involves two methods, i. e. , the timing method and the multi-factor method. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of potential of investing digital currencies, which provides an in-depth summary analysis of risk-free arbitrage and digital currency value forecasts.

Pengarauh Kebijakan Deviden Kebijakan Hutang dan Profitabilitas terhadap Ukuran Perusahaan Sektor dagang yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding dividend policy, policy, and profitability in predicting firm value by testing each ble. using the rupiah currency unit in financial reporting, the company not experience a loss.The method used in the selection of objects in this is purposive sampling involving 13 manufacturing companies listed on donesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2017-2021 periode with an vation period of 5 (five) years with 65 samples of companies. The tical model used in this study is a multiple linear regression analysis which was carried out with the help of the SPSS version 26 for window am.The results of this study indicate that the Dividend Policy (DPR) rofitability (ROE) have a significant effect on firm value. while the debt (DER) does not show a significant effect on firm value.

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on the Maternal Mortality in Kazakhstan and Comparison with the Countries in Central Asia.

Maternal mortality ratio is one of the sensitive indicators that can characterize the performance of healthcare systems. In our study we aimed to compare the maternal mortality ratio in the Central Asia region from 2000 to 2020, determine its trends and evaluate the association between the maternal mortality ratio and Central Asia countries' total health expenditures. We also compared the maternal mortality causes before and during the pandemic in Kazakhstan. The data were derived from the public statistical collections of each Central Asian country. During the pre-pandemic period, Central Asian nations had a downward trend of maternal mortality. Maternal mortality ratio in Central Asian countries decreased by 38% from 47.3 per 100,000 live births in 2000 to 29.5 per 100,000 live births in 2020. Except for Uzbekistan, where this indicator decreased, all Central Asian countries experienced a sharp increase in maternal mortality ratio in 2020. The proportion of indirect causes of maternal deaths in Kazakhstan reached 76.3% in 2020. There is an association between the maternal mortality ratio in Central Asian countries and their total health expenditures expressed in national currency units (r max = -0.89 and min = -0.66, p < 0.01). The study revealed an issue in the health data availability and accessibility for research in the region. The findings suggest that there must be additional efforts from the local authorities to enhance the preparedness of Central Asian healthcare systems for the new public health challenges and to improve health data accessibility.

Evaluating structural relations between money demand and its determinants

The relationship between money demand and specific macroeconomic predictors has been explained by a number of money demand theories. Panel structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) techniques were deployed to analyze the data on money demand with lag adjustment in relation to inflation uncertainty, interest rate variations, household consumption, and exchange rate depreciation in Africa. The study which covers 30 African nations discovered a two way relationship between money demand and price level variation. While higher prices would increase demand for money, the same demand also influences changes in a nation’s price level, such that in the long run, inflation would result from more money held by economic units. With a standard deviation of 5.51, Guinea had the most erratic money demand, followed by Sierra Leone at 5.29. A variance of inflation uncertainty ranged from 9.45 percent to an extremely high proportion for Congo. Exchange rate devaluation is found to be considerably impactful in determining money demand. Results show that as more of the units of the local currency is used to exchange a unit of foreign currency such as the dollar, local economic units are discouraged to increase demand for money in local money and thus hold fewer local currencies while investing in foreign exchange investments

Impact of digital India on society during demonetization

The term 'Digital India' refers to the transformation of India into a digitally empowered knowledge economy. It is an Indian government project to integrate government departments and the citizens of India. It strives to make government services available to citizens electronically by minimizing paper effort. It describes the program's various opportunities for the people of the country. Every country wants to be fully digitalized, and this initiative seeks to benefit both the user and the service provider equally. As a result, an attempt has been made to comprehend Digital India, in which technologies and connections would interact to affect all facets of governance, particularly during demonetization. The act of removing a currency unit's legal tender status is referred to as demonetization. The primary goal of this research is to determine the influence of digital India on demonetization. Also, to know if this has affected people's transactions and purchasing habits in India, The results indicate a significant association between annual incomes and price increases following demonetization. It also establishes a notable relationship between people's occupations and the shift toward a less-cash economy.

Proof-of-Stake in Algorand

In the last few years, a number of blockchain-based online platforms decided to use consensus procedures other than Proof of Work (PoW), originally adopted by Bitcoin. An alternative protocol, which attracted much attention, is the so-called Proof-of-Stake (PoS), which unlike PoW consensus is not based on solving an energy-consuming cryptopuzzle, but rather on the amount of currency units owned by a user. Different platforms adopted alternative versions of PoS. In this article, we investigate a version of PoS inspired by Algorand, which embodies a number of specific features. Indeed, to confirm a new block in the chain Algorand introduces three steps: proposal, selection , and confirmation of a block. Each step is performed by randomly selected users, where draws are based on PoS. We find explicit solutions for individual money demand, under the main simplifying assumption that a user is rewarded by the system only for the first role that she's drawn for. We do so by considering both exogenous and endogenous money supply. We also discuss the monetary equilibrium of the system, an important element in the analysis because a long-lasting disequilibrium of the economy may cause disappointment and induce some users to leave the system. Our findings suggest that an equilibrium seems to be more likely to take place if users have heterogeneous, rather than homogeneous, preferences.

Double-Execution Strategies Using Path Signatures

We employ the expected signature of equity and foreign exchange markets to derive an optimal double-execution trading strategy. The signature of a path of a stochastic process is a sequence of real numbers that provides a full description of the evolution of the process. The double-execution strategy maximizes the wealth (in units of the domestic currency) of an investor who liquidates a block of shares in a foreign stock market. Our approach is model agnostic because we do not specify the dynamics of the market. We prove that the optimal strategy is a linear combination of the terms in the expected signature of the market and employ high-frequency data from Nasdaq and for various currencies to compute the signature of the market. Data for 10 stocks and 4 currency pairs are employed to implement the strategy. Our results show that the performance of the signature-based double-execution strategy is superior than the performance of the benchmarks. In most cases, the outperformance increases further when the signature of the market is enhanced with the price dynamics of the SPY, a tracker of the Standard & Poor's 500 index.