Unique Trends Research Articles

The landscape of eating disorders research: A 40-year bibliometric analysis.

Employing bibliometric methods, the present study aimed to map out the general landscape of existing research on eating disorders (EDs) over the past decades. Using the Web of Science database, we retrieved 41,917 research articles related to EDs published from 1981 to 2020. After removing those without an abstract, a total of 37,446 articles were retained. The study outlined the distribution of scholarship by time, languages, regions, and countries, and identified major research lines by applying latent topic modelling. Results revealed a general increasing trend in the number of publications on EDs research, and researchers from Western countries dominated the production of related scholarship. The distribution of published scholarship varied significantly by languages, regions, and countries. Seven main research topics emerged from past research (i.e., animal studies of food intake, risk factors and at-risk groups for eating disorders, body image in eating disorders, studies of cognition and brain in eating disorders, symptomatology and comorbidity of eating disorders, body weight and nutrition status in eating disorders, and treatment of eating disorders), with different topics showing unique research trends across the years. This bibliometric analysis presents the most complete up-to-date overview on published research on EDs. While there is an increasing trend for EDs research, the available research evidence is generally from Western countries; thus, it is suggested that cooperation on EDs research should be strengthened between Western countries and other countries in the future.

From apex to shoreline: fluvio-deltaic architecture for the Holocene Rhine–Meuse delta, the Netherlands

Abstract. Despite extensive research on alluvial architecture, there is still a pressing need for data from modern fluvio-deltaic environments. Previous research in the fluvial-dominated proximal and central Rhine–Meuse delta (the Netherlands) has yielded clear spatial trends in alluvial architecture. In this paper, we include the backwater length to establish architectural trends from apex to shoreline. Channel-belt sand body width / thickness ratios and interconnectedness were determined, and the proportions of fluvial channel-belt deposits, fluvial overbank deposits, organics and intertidal deposits were calculated for the complete fluvio-deltaic wedge based on high-resolution geological cross sections. It was found that the average width / thickness ratio of channel-belt sand bodies in the proximal delta is 5 times higher than in the distal delta. Other down-valley trends include an 80 % decrease in the channel deposit proportion (CDP) and a near-constant proportion of overbank deposits. Additionally, interconnectedness in the proximal delta is 3 times higher than in the distal delta. Based on the Rhine–Meuse dataset, we propose a linear empirical function to model the spatial variability of CDP. It is argued that this relationship is driven by four key factors: channel lateral-migration rate, channel-belt longevity, creation of accommodation space and inherited floodplain width. Additionally, it is established that the sensitivity of CDP to changes in the ratio between channel-belt sand body width and floodplain width (normalized channel-belt sand body width) varies spatially and is greatest in the central and distal delta. Furthermore, the proportion of fluvial channel-belt sands is generally an appropriate proxy for the total sand content of fluvio-deltaic successions, although its suitability as a total sand indicator rapidly fades in the distal delta. Characteristics of the backwater zone of the Rhine–Meuse delta are (1) sand body width / thickness ratios that are lower as a consequence of channel narrowing (not deepening), (2) a rapid increase and then a drop in the organic proportion, (3) an increase in the total sand proportion towards the shoreline, and (4) a drop in the connectedness ratio. For this paper, unique high-resolution quantitative data and spatial trends of the alluvial architecture are presented for an entire delta, providing data that can be used to further improve existing fluvial stratigraphy models.

Effect of drug incorporation and polymer properties on the characteristics of electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery

Electrospun polymeric nanofibers have garnered substantial interest for biomedical applications in recent years due to their ability to enhance solubility, dissolution rate, and provide targeted and sustained release for a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). A design of experiments (DOE) was applied to select formulation polymer properties and incorporation of an API ciprofloxacin hydrochloride to study electrospinning process parameters and nanofiber characteristics. Polymer solutions were characterized by viscosity and surface tension, and the resultant nanofibers were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and in vitro drug release. Incorporation of ciprofloxacin HCl improved nanofiber uniformity and reduced the nanofiber breakage and cracking that was evident in poly(vinyl acetate) based nanofibers that were fabricated without the ciprofloxacin HCl. In vitro, extended drug release was observed with poly(vinyl acetate) nanofibers (up to 6 days), while a rapid drug release (less than 2 h) was shown by poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers. This work shows the utility of DOEs for studying API-containing electrospinning formulations to determine unique trends as compared with the electrospinning formulations without a drug such as ciprofloxacin HCl, and DOEs should be considered as a rapid approach to bring electrospinning forward as a process method for biomedical materials.

Contextualised peak periods of play in English Premier League matches.

The present study aimed to determine the physical-tactical trends of elite players/teams during peak 1-, 3- and 5-min periods of match-play. A total of 50 English Premier League matches (n = 583 player observations) were analysed by coding the players’ physical-tactical activities through the synchronisation of tracking data and video. The contextualised data showed that during the peak periods (i.e., the most demanding passage of play), players/teams covered the largest distances for ‘Recovery Run’ (28–37%) out of possession and ‘Support Play’ (9–13%) in possession. In the following periods, players covered less high-intensity distance versus the average with a more pronounced decline in the next 1-min period than longer duration 3- and 5-min periods (48% vs ~25–30%, ES: 0.4–0.5, P < 0.01); team data showed similar trends with different relative patterns (31% vs 17–30%, ES: 0.5–0.8, P < 0.01). After peak periods, players/teams performed 20–53% less high-intensity distances for ‘Covering’ and ‘Recovery Run’ (ES: 0.2–0.7, P < 0.01) out of possession. However, players covered 28–91% less distance for ‘Run with Ball’ (ES: 0.1–0.5, P < 0.05) when in possession. Some physical-tactical actions exhibited inconsistency in different time durations of the next periods; however, these physical-tactical data were position-specific. This may signify that each position has certain physical-tactical actions to execute even after the peak periods, especially when they are tactically required to do so. As the data demonstrates unique physical-tactical trends of players/teams during the peak and next periods of play, this could help practitioners prescribe position- and player-specific drills, and better understand transient decrements in high-intensity running after intense passages of play.

2022 Fitness Trends from Around the Globe

Apply It! From this article, the reader should be able to • Identify top 20 fitness trends for Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, Mexico, Spain, and the United States. • Recognize individual and unique fitness trends represented within Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, Mexico, Spain, and the United States.

Bearing capacity of bucket foundations in silt-over-clay soil condition under combined V-H-M loading

The bearing capacity of bucket foundations subjected to combined vertical-horizontal-moment loadings (V-H-M) is an important issue for its design and application. This paper investigates the response of bucket foundations under V-H-M loadings in silt-over-clay using small strain finite element method. Model validation is carried out by comparing with previously testing data with good agreement obtained. Then parametric study is conducted to study the effect of embedded ratio, soil property and top layer thickness. It is found that the soil failure mechanism and corresponding bearing capacity of bucket foundations in silt-over-clay are significantly different to that in clay only condition. Approximating expressions are proposed to describe the unique trends of the normalized failure envelopes for bucket foundations in silt-over-clay soil deposits. The findings of this study could help to guide design application of bucket foundations.

A framework for triple oxygen isotopes in speleothem paleoclimatology

Speleothem oxygen isotope (δ18O) records provide key insight into the rate and timing of terrestrial paleoclimate changes during the late Quaternary. However, it can be difficult to deconvolve the δ18O signal into individual components, which include processes related to moisture source, moisture transport, temperature, precipitation amount, infiltration, and the cave environment. We developed a framework that uses triple oxygen isotope distributions in speleothems to refine interpretations of δ18O speleothem records. This framework identifies the influence of dominant processes on δ18O values through time by their characteristic (although not necessarily unique) trends in Δ′17O vs. δ′18O space, where Δ′17O = δ′17O – 0.528δ′18O and δ′xO = ln(δxO + 1). Following Guo and Zhou (2019a), we expect that ‘cave kinetic’ processes (e.g., fast degassing at the drip site, prior calcite precipitation) will drive positive trends between δ′18O and Δ′17O. In contrast, we can identify hydrologic processes from near-horizontal trends that reflect Rayleigh-type meteoric water processes and negative trends driven by changes in evaporation processes at the moisture source region or at the cave site, mineralization temperature, and seasonality in precipitation/infiltration amount. We applied this framework to four western USA speleothems from Cave of the Bells (Arizona), Leviathan Cave (Nevada), and Lehman Caves (Nevada). The Cave of the Bells and Leviathan data have near-horizontal to negative trends indicating δ18O variability was driven largely by changes in Rayleigh distillation of atmospheric moisture and moisture source conditions, supporting prior interpretations. We analyzed two Lehman Caves records because they were likely influenced by non-equilibrium processes and the data show weak to moderate negative trends. For sample LMC-12b, chosen for its extreme 7.5‰ δ18O range, the trend is statistically distinct from the near-horizontal Rayleigh-process trend and most consistent with changes in local evaporation intensity and infiltration seasonality as primary drivers. None of these records displays a positive covariation slope between δ′18O and Δ′17O, suggesting limited variability in cave kinetic processes through time or unknown limitations to the kinetic model of Guo and Zhou (2019a). Additionally, reconstructed formation waters for all sites fall near the Δ′17O vs. δ′18O Local Meteoric Water Line, a correlation we suggest as a novel test of the absolute magnitude of isotopic offset due to cave kinetic processes. More broadly, our framework adds context to the only other study of carbonate speleothem triple oxygen isotope composition (Sha et al., 2020). We find that positive to negative Δ′17O vs. δ′18O trends likely exist in speleothem data that may reasonably be expected from regional climate processes and that, combined with other proxy data, triple oxygen isotope data will be useful in constraining interpretations of δ18Ospeleothem records.

Spatial and temporal variability and data bias in wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in a sewer system

The response to disease outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-2, can be constrained by a limited ability to measure disease prevalence early at a localized level. Wastewater based epidemiology is a powerful tool identifying disease spread from pooled community sewer networks or at influent to wastewater treatment plants. However, this approach is often not applied at a granular level that permits detection of local hot spots. This study examines the spatial patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage through a spatial sampling strategy across neighborhood-scale sewershed catchments. Sampling was conducted across the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area from November to mid-December of 2020. This research utilized local spatial autocorrelation tests to identify the evolution of statistically significant neighborhood hot spots in sewershed sub-catchments that were identified to lead waves of infection, with adjacent neighborhoods observed to lag with increasing viral RNA concentrations over subsequent dates. The correlations between the sub-catchments over the sampling period were also characterized using principal component analysis. Results identified distinct time series patterns, with sewersheds in the urban center, outlying suburban areas, and outlying urbanized districts generally following unique trends over the sampling period. Several demographic parameters were identified as having important gradients across these areas, namely population density, poverty levels, household income, and age. These results provide a more strategic approach to identify disease outbreaks at the neighborhood level and characterized how sampling site selection could be designed based on the spatial and demographic characteristics of neighborhoods.

Installation of caisson in non-uniform clay interbedded with a sand layer

Accurately predict the resistance of caisson penetrating in stratified soil deposits is an engineering challenge for application of such foundation system. This paper performs large deformation finite element analysis to investigate the penetration behavior of caisson foundations in non-uniform clay interbedded with a sand layer. The numerical model is validated by comparing with previously testing data, in which good agreement is obtained. Parametric study is then conducted to examine potential influencing factors, including the penetration depth, the top clay layer thickness, clay properties, and the thickness of the second sand layer. It is found that the soil failure mechanism and corresponding penetration resistance of caisson foundations in clay-sand-clay are significantly different from that in pure clay or sand soil deposits, especially for the part in the middle sand layer, where the peak resistance could be overestimated by 10–40% using the current design codes without considering the influence of the weak underlying layer. In this study, based on intensive numerical modeling results, approximating expressions are proposed to describe the unique trends of the resistance profile for caisson penetration in non-uniform clay interbedded with a sand layer soil deposit, which can provide design guide for engineering application.

Trajectories of clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with COVID-19 in hemodialysis patients by survival.

IntroductionThe clinical impact of COVID‐19 has not been established in the dialysis population. We evaluated the trajectories of clinical and laboratory parameters in hemodialysis (HD) patients.MethodsWe used data from adult HD patients treated at an integrated kidney disease company who received a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) test to investigate suspicion of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection between May 1 and September 1, 2020. Nonparametric smoothing splines were used to fit data for individual trajectories and estimate the mean change over time in patients testing positive or negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 and those who survived or died within 30 days of first suspicion or positive test date. For each clinical parameter of interest, the difference in average daily changes between COVID‐19 positive versus negative group and COVID‐19 survivor versus nonsurvivor group was estimated by fitting a linear mixed effects model based on measurements in the 14 days before (i.e., Day −14 to Day 0) Day 0.ResultsThere were 12,836 HD patients with a suspicion of COVID‐19 who received RT‐PCR testing (8895 SARS‐CoV‐2 positive). We observed significantly different trends (p < 0.05) in pre‐HD systolic blood pressure (SBP), pre‐HD pulse rate, body temperature, ferritin, neutrophils, lymphocytes, albumin, and interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) between COVID‐19 positive and negative patients. For COVID‐19 positive group, we observed significantly different clinical trends (p < 0.05) in pre‐HD pulse rate, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and albumin between survivors and nonsurvivors. We also observed that, in the group of survivors, most clinical parameters returned to pre‐COVID‐19 levels within 60–90 days.ConclusionWe observed unique temporal trends in various clinical and laboratory parameters among HD patients who tested positive versus negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and those who survived the infection versus those who died. These trends can help to define the physiological disturbances that characterize the onset and course of COVID‐19 in HD patients.

Drivers of Tourism in Zanzibar

Understanding drivers of tourism is important in transforming actors’ perceptions and ultimately the industry for sustainability. Motives, historical forces shaping tourism policy, legislations and their actual implementations is less researched. This paper exposes drivers of tourism in Zanzibar. It explains how the contested natural, cultural heritage, revolutionary regime, neoliberal structural adjustment, legislations and policy changes in the archipelago shape our understanding of tourism theory and practices overtime and space. It is generally founded that enduring political instability, conflicting institutional power struggles and variable interests have created unique unsustainable tourism practices and trends in the island. Overall, the paper contributes to an understanding of the use of post structural critical theory and political ecology approach in rethinking the future of tourism policy and legislations with references to island destinations in developing economies.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF TEXTILE MATERIALS IN SPACE DESIGN IN EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD

The advances and developments that appeared with the Industrial Revolution have accelerated with the independence of the countries, and the synergy between the craftsmanship and machinery had become a power factor. Particularly the concept of textile has become an inseparable part of the word “art” in the 21st century with the influence of Bauhaus. The use of textile products in interior design as spatial elements made the disciplines of textile and architecture an integral whole. In the article, textile as one of the architectural elements was analyzed for the period where postwar Turkey was in her infancy and trying to rapidly recover, and artistic movements as well as architectural identities, investments and developments that impacted the process were examined. In addition, the power of England’s influence that emerged during 1920s in shaping the world’s textile market and her interactions are examined in the article with various examples. In this context, the concepts of space and textile in Early Republican Era’s Turkey are discussed both as an interior architecture decoration element and as one of the elements in the country’s progress. In this way, the study aims to demonstrate how the history of textile design has evolved through unique trends of each era; the designs, designers and institutions that shape the society and the varying role of textile in space design. Keywords: Early Republic, textile design, Turkey, UK

Epidemiology of unintentional fatal drowning among migrants in Australia

ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe the epidemiology and risk factors contributing to drowning among migrants in Australia. MethodsA total population retrospective epidemiological study of unintentional drowning deaths in Australia between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2019 of people born outside Australia (migrants). Cases were extracted from the National Coronial Information System. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square and relative risk were calculated. Crude drowning rates were based on country of birth and population in Australia. ResultsThere were 572 migrant deaths over the study period, 28.9% of total drowning deaths, 82.9% were male. Twenty‐one per cent were aged 25–34 years and 40.8% had lived in Australia for 20+ years. Migrants at highest risk of drowning were from: South Korea (2.63/100,000 95%CI: 0.85–8.25), Taiwan (2.29/100,000 95%CI: 0.27–13.44), and Nepal (2.15/100,000 95%CI: 0.23–11.55). Migrants were more likely to drown when around rocks (p<0.001) compared with Australian‐born people, who most frequently drowned in rivers (p<0.001). ConclusionsMigrants are not over‐represented in drowning statistics. However, unique trends were found for drowning among migrants based on country of birth and length of time in Australia. Implications for public healthHolistic drowning prevention strategies and policies are required to effectively lower drowning risk among migrant communities.

Exploratory Data Analysis and Offence Prediction

Big data is a part of data science that pinpoint different ways to diagnosis, systematically withdraw facts from informational collections that are excessively enormous or complex to be managed by customary information handling application software. Big Data Analytics(BDA) is a specific tactic for breaking down and recognizing assorted examples, kindred, and patterns inside a massive volume in order. Big data analytics (BDA) is a meticulous approach to data analysing and recognising unique layers, connections, and trends ina gigantic volume of data. We apply BDA to illegitimate information collected in this paper, where preliminary data analysis was conducted for visual analysis and trend prediction. Following statistical analysis and visualisation, some incredibly interesting facts and patterns emerge from illegal data in INDIAN states i.e. (Uttar Pradesh, New Delhi, Goa). The prognostic results demonstrate that Kerasstateful LSTM execute enhanced than neural network models. These capable outcomes will allow police departments and law enforcement agencies to better understand crime problems and gain insights that will allow them to schedule activities, predict the likelihood of incidents, efficiently allocate resources, and optimise decision making.

The Expanding Frontier of Outpatient Spine Surgery.

In 2014, inpatient spinal fusion surgery had the highest aggregate cost of any inpatient surgery performed in the United States, costing 12 billion dollars. As the national health care system seeks to improve value-based care, there is increased motivation to perform surgery on an outpatient basis. To ensure improved patient outcomes with this transition, patient selection has become increasingly important to identify who would most benefit from outpatient spine fusion, for example. This demands an improved understanding of the demographics of patients who have been receiving outpatient spine fusion on which the spine surgery community can build to improve cost-effective care delivered. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, State Ambulatory Surgery Databases, and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality databases were queried for demographic data regarding all-cause outpatient spine surgery between 2012 and 2014. Outpatient surgery volume was compared with inpatient surgery volume-which was provided by the State Inpatient Databases. A total of 1,164,040 spine fusion procedures were identified between 2012 and 2014, of which 132,900 procedures were performed as outpatient surgery (11.4%). Of all fusion procedures amongst 18- to 44-year-old patients, 18.4% were outpatient. A larger proportion of white patients, rather than black or Hispanic patients, underwent ambulatory procedures (12.14% vs 9.53% vs 7.46%, respectively); 16.54% of spinal fusion procedures for patients with private insurance was performed on an outpatient basis. Based on patient income, 76% of all outpatient fusions were performed on patients who live in "not low" income ZIP codes. There has been a gradual trend toward performing more outpatient spinal fusion procedures over the studied period. This study has also revealed unique trends in the demographics of patients who have received outpatient spine fusion during this time. 3.

Allopatric Plant Pathogen Population Divergence following Disease Emergence.

Within the landscape of globally distributed pathogens, populations differentiate via both adaptive and nonadaptive forces. Individual populations are likely to show unique trends of genetic diversity, host-pathogen interaction, and ecological adaptation. In plant pathogens, allopatric divergence may occur particularly rapidly within simplified agricultural monoculture landscapes. As such, the study of plant pathogen populations in monocultures can highlight the distinct evolutionary mechanisms that lead to local genetic differentiation. Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen known to infect and damage multiple monocultures worldwide. One subspecies, Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, was first introduced to the United States ∼150 years ago, where it was found to infect and cause disease in grapevines (Pierce's disease of grapevines, or PD). Here, we studied PD-causing subsp. fastidiosa populations, with an emphasis on those found in the United States. Our study shows that following their establishment in the United States, PD-causing strains likely split into populations on the East and West Coasts. This diversification has occurred via both changes in gene content (gene gain/loss events) and variations in nucleotide sequence (mutation and recombination). In addition, we reinforce the notion that PD-causing populations within the United States acted as the source for subsequent subsp. fastidiosa outbreaks in Europe and Asia.IMPORTANCE Compared to natural environments, the reduced diversity of monoculture agricultural landscapes can lead bacterial plant pathogens to quickly adapt to local biological and ecological conditions. Because of this, accidental introductions of microbial pathogens into naive regions represents a significant economic and environmental threat. Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen with an expanding host and geographic range due to multiple intra- and intercontinental introductions. X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa infects and causes disease in grapevines (Pierce's disease of grapevines [PD]). This study focused on PD-causing X. fastidiosa populations, particularly those found in the United States but also invasions into Taiwan and Spain. The analysis shows that PD-causing X. fastidiosa has diversified via multiple cooccurring evolutionary forces acting at an intra- and interpopulation level. This analysis enables a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to the local adaptation of X. fastidiosa and how a plant pathogen diverges allopatrically after multiple and sequential introduction events.

Group B Streptococcus Colonising the Genital Tract of Pregnant Women from Dibrugarh, Assam: Circulating Serotypes, Susceptibility Pattern and Phylogenetic Analysis

Introduction: Maternal genitalia colonising bacteria i.e., Group B Streptococcus (GBS) well known as Streptococcus agalactiaeis responsible for serious health complications in newborns like sepsis, meningitis and pneumonitis. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a thorough culture based screening in 35-37 weeks gestation mothers for further therapeutic steps. Previously no study was carried out on the occurrence of GBS among pregnant mothers in Assam with phylogenetic analysis. Aim: To bring the scenario of GBS infection in antepartum women by targeting the capsular serotypes with their antibiogram profile and to bring the phylogenetic relationship of the prevailing GBS isolates found in Dibrugarh district, Assam, India. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based observational study which was carried out in District Urban Health Centre, Assam, India. Lower vaginal swabs without using speculum were collected from the enrolled late trimester pregnant women. Socio-demographic data were collected with their consent. Out of the total enrolled participants (n=345), GBS was isolated in 52 samples. These were inspected by culture techniques and further confirmed using molecular methods. Serotyping was carried out by employing multiplex PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and phylogenetic tree was reconstructed. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Results: This study showed a GBS carriage rate of 15.1% in the colonising participating women. No significant association with any of the demographic and clinical factors was found. Serotype Ia (42.1%) was the ruling one followed by VI (31.6%), II (15.8%) and VII (10.5%). While 36.7% of the GBS isolates were grouped into not typeable. Serotypes Ia showed resistant towards cefotaxime, erythromycin and clindamycin and serotype II towards vancomycin. Phylogenetic evaluation showed the presence of four distinct clusters viz., I, II, III and IV with unique evolutionary trends in human GBS population in the study site. Conclusion: So far in Assam, this study reports for the first time on GBS prevailing rate in late trimester mothers which may be helpful in declining the rate of adverse neonatal outcomes with on time maternal therapeutic administration by real time monitoring of antibiogram profiling. This study also paves a way of designing Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS) based vaccines for immunising the expectant mothers to prevent adverse outcomes of the newborns.

Using genetic algorithms to identify deleterious patterns of physiologic data for near real-time prediction of mortality in critically ill patients

ObjectiveContemporary predictive models of mortality for adult critically ill patients are not suitable for use at the bedside. Almost all have been developed and then tested using retrospective, cleansed data, which does not give an accurate assessment of how the models will function under actual situations. We previously reported on a promising predictive model called SIGNIPHY that used genetic algorithms to identify patterns that were precursors of patient decline in an intensive care unit (ICU). But it was based on retrospective data that had been post-processed. This study looked at how genetic algorithms could partition streaming physiologic data into patterns that translated into a near real-time, accurate, prediction of mortality in adult ICUs. MethodsPatients admitted to six ICUs had their vital signs data collected continuously and in near real-time for three months in 2020. A genetic algorithm partitioned the distribution of each vital sign into bins that conferred the greatest variation in mortality rate. “Letters” were assigned to each bin, which were then mapped to a patient's median value for each vital sign during a 10-min time segment. Concatenating letters from three time segments resulted in “words” that were proxies for unique physiologic trends over 30 min. Weights were assigned to these physiologic trends, as well as whether or not the patient was receiving mechanical ventilation, to give each patient a rolling score for every time period: rSIGNIPHY. A genetic algorithm optimized the randomly assigned weights into those that maximized the association between a patient's highest rSIGNIPHY score and risk of death. Results1810 patients had data collected and an rSIGNIPHY score computed at each 30-min time segment. A patient's highest rSIGNIPHY score was strongly associated with future mortality, with an R2 of 0.981 for a second-order polynomial model. We then partitioned the maximum rSIGNIPHY score into three “risk bins”, labelled low risk, moderate risk, and high risk. The respective morality rates for those three groups were 3.2%, 18.8%, and 33.3%. ConclusionThe use of genetic algorithms to identify specific physiologic patterns associated with mortality was tested using live, real-time data collected from critically ill patients. Although retrospectively analyzing the data, rSIGNIPHY proved successful in assigning patients to risk groups: low, moderate, and high. The high-risk group had a mortality rate that was 10.5-fold higher than that seen in the low-risk patient group, and increasing values of a patient's maximum rSIGNIPHY score were strongly associated with increasing mortality. Moving forward, implementation of rSIGNIPHY to prospectively assign mortality risk to patients in near real-time could lead to improved treatment of critically ill patients in a timely manner.

ترجمة الأدب العربي إلى اللغة العبرية... أسباب ودوافع

Arab literature is undoubtedly the focus of attention of Jewish critics and translators, and their areas of interest in the modern era. And translate it or not realize it. Therefore, the Jewish translators used to translate many of the Arab literary products as the most vital means on the ground, which contribute greatly to the knowledge of the essence of Arab societies and the social transformations therein, so that literature is a mirror of the social, intellectual and political transformations that societies witness. Our research will focus on three prominent translators who have adopted unique trends of translation, in opposition to ideological motives, and led translation activities in different directions: Menachem Kaplwick (1988-1900), Shimon Ballas (1930-2019) and Anton Shammas (1950). All three represent not only three generations of translators who have worked within this translation activity, but also three ideological and ethnic groups of translators: the European-oriented Jewish translators who are the orientalists, and the Jews of Arab culture who maintained their confidence in this culture but who served in their activities and orientations.

Tracking sectoral allocation of official development assistance: a comparative study of the 29 Development Assistance Committee countries, 2011–2018

ABSTRACT Background: Official development assistance (ODA) is one of the most important means for donor countries to foster diplomatic relations with low- and middle-income countries and contribute to the welfare of the international community. Objective: This study estimated the sectoral allocation of gross disbursements of ODA of the 29 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for the duration of 2011 to 2018, by aid type (bilateral, multilateral, and both aids). Methods: Data from the OECD iLibrary were used. The sector definition was based on the OECD sector classification. For core funding to multilateral agencies that do not specialize in each aid sector, we estimated ODA and its flows based on the OECD methodology for calculating imputed multilateral ODA. Results: For all 29 countries, during the period of 2014–2018 where data were available for all the countries, the sector with the highest average annual ODA contribution was health at 20.34 billion USD (13.21%), followed by humanitarian aid at 18.04 billion (11.72%). Humanitarian aid has increased in the sectoral share rankings in both bilateral and multilateral aid, and the sectoral share for refugees in donor countries has increased in bilateral aid. While the 29 countries show relatively similar trends for sectoral shares, some countries and sectors display unique trends. For instance, infrastructure and energy sectors in bilateral aid of Japan are particularly high accounts for 48.48% of the total bilateral ODA of the country in 2018. Conclusions: This paper evaluated ODA trends by major donors of DAC countries in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic periods. We hope that our estimates will contribute to the review of the strategic decision-making and the effective implementation of future ODA policy discussions in the DAC countries while ensuring transparency.