Established from five reference assessments of post-stroke spatial neglect, the cutoff is seven points for the Catherine Bergego Scale.

BackgroundSpatial neglect (SN) is a common visual attention deficit affecting stroke patients due to large-scale disruptions within brain networks. Most studies have focused only on resting-state, but effective rehabilitation requires a clearer understanding of how brain networks change during visuospatial tasks.ObjectiveThis study aims to identify network disruptions associated with neglect by comparing resting-state and task-based electroencephalography (EEG) connectivity patterns in stroke patients with and without neglect.MethodsWe recorded EEG data from 28 stroke patients using the augmented reality (AR)-based EEG-guided neglect detection system (AREEN) during resting-state and a visuospatial task. Connectivity was measured using coherence in delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands for both conditions, with gamma-band coherence assessed only during the task. Graph-based metrics were applied to model network-level disruptions. Classification models evaluated the significance of connectivity features to find patterns predictive of neglect.ResultsThe neglect group showed reduced connectivity in frontal and right parieto-occipital (ParOcc) regions, primarily in beta and theta bands, during both conditions, with additional gamma-band connectivity differences in the task condition, compared to the non-neglect group. Conversely, connectivity was greater in central and midline regions, which may indicate a maladaptive shift in network organization. Classification models accurately classified patients into neglect and non-neglect groups (resting-state: 87.0% ± 0.7%; task: 80.9% ± 16.0%). Feature importance analysis identified eigenvector and closeness centrality within frontal, right ParOcc, and central regions as key predictors.ConclusionsNetwork disruptions can effectively identify SN and provide potential targets for connectivity-based rehabilitation. Future studies should investigate whether these interventions improve attention and recovery in stroke patients.This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under ID NCT04187131.

Unilateral neglect is a common and disabling cognitive disorder following stroke and is associated with poor functional recovery. Non-invasive brain stimulation has emerged as a potential intervention. To investigate the development status, research hotspots, and future trends of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) in the treatment of post-stroke unilateral neglect (UN), providing evidence-based references for clinical practitioners. Literature on NIBS applications for post-stroke UN was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection up to April 12, 2025. VOSviewer and SCImago Graphica were used to visualize collaborations among countries, authors, and institutions. CiteSpace was employed to analyze co-cited journals and references, while R language and CiteSpace tools were applied to investigate the temporal evolution of keywords, clustering features, and their prominence in specific years. A total of 103 articles were included, with annual publications showing an upward trend. The United States ranked first in both publication volume and citation frequency. Johns Hopkins University contributed the most publications, and researcher Hillis and Argye E. had the highest publication and citation counts. The journal BRAIN received the most citations. Keywords primarily focused on intervention methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and optokinetic stimulation (OKS), as well as brain regions implicated in UN pathogenesis, including the temporoparietal junction and parietal lobe. NIBS techniques (e.g.,TMS, tDCS) have become common interventions for post-stroke UN. Research emphasizes the efficacy validation of different technologies and the synergistic effects of combining peripheral interventions with central regulation. Emerging technologies like GVS and tACS are gaining attention. Future studies may further explore the clinical applicability of diverse NIBS techniques and optimize early intervention strategies for acute stroke patients.

Various motor and cognitive functions affect dressing skill. Evaluating the hierarchy of factors that influence performance in daily dressing and predicting this performance are crucial for effective rehabilitation. This study aims to clarify the interrelationships among motor function, cognitive function, dressing skill, speed of dressing, and performance of dressing in daily living, and to predict the latter using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model. We conducted a retrospective study. A total of 243 stroke patients were enrolled in this study, which comprised 2 rounds of data analysis. The first round involved all 243 patients and aimed to identify the hierarchical structure in the performance of dressing in daily living. The second round focused on 153 of these patients to predict dressing performance among those able to dress themselves in a rehabilitation setting. In the first round, path analysis was used to examine the interrelationships among motor function, cognitive function, dressing skills, speed of dressing, and performance of dressing in daily living. In the second round, a predictive algorithm for dressing in daily living was developed using a CNN. The model's performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The model analyzing the performance of dressing in daily living revealed statistically significant causal relationships among the path coefficients for the severity of paresis, unilateral spatial neglect, attention disorder, dressing skill, and speed of dressing. Speed of dressing directly influenced the performance of dressing in daily living, exhibiting the highest standardized path coefficient in each of the path models. The CNN model, which predicts the speed of dressing and the performance of dressing in daily living, performed well, achieving the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.939 ± 0.015. The severity of paresis, unilateral spatial neglect, attention disorder, and dressing skill had indirect effects on the performance of dressing in daily living by influencing the speed of dressing. The speed of dressing could predict the performance of dressing in daily living with high accuracy. Our results suggest that the performance of dressing in daily living strongly depends on the speed of dressing.

Characteristics and Trends of Randomized Controlled Trials on Post-Stroke Unilateral Spatial Neglect Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.

Analysis of recovery-related white matter microstructures in visual spatial neglect based on diffusion tensor imaging.

Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a complex cognitive syndrome frequently observed after stroke. Characterized by a failure to attend, respond and orient to stimuli on the side opposite the brain lesion, USN significantly impairs patients' functional independence and presents significant challenges for rehabilitation. Current rehabilitation strategies often fall short in addressing the heterogenous manifestations of USN across perceptual modalities due to limited ecological validity, patient engagement and adaptability to individual needs. Recent advances in neurotechnologies such as virtual reality (VR) and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer promising avenues for overcoming these limitations. These tools enable top-down rehabilitation strategies that directly engage cognitive recovery mechanisms to promote neuroplasticity, and support adaptive interventions tailored to individual profiles. This narrative review explores recent developments and future prospects of VR and BCI technologies in the rehabilitation of USN, both individually and in combination. After outlining key features of USN to frame rehabilitation challenges, it examines VR, BCI, and their integrated applications in this context. While there is growing evidence supporting VR interventions efficacy in enhancing conventional strategies and alleviating USN symptoms, research on BCI applications in this context is still emerging. Nevertheless, insights from broader neurorehabilitation research suggest that combining VR and BCI holds significant promise for advancing cognitive rehabilitation and addressing USN-specific challenges. To illustrate the transformative value of advanced USN interventions, we present a concrete example of a VR-BCI integrated rehabilitation framework in the making, designed to provide a comprehensive and personalized therapeutic approach, bridging technological potential with clinical rehabilitation needs.

Child abuse is a global problem with physical, psychological, sexual, and social implications that seriously affect the overall development of children. In Mexico, statistics show that children and adolescents have been victims of whether physical, emotional, or sexual violence. This article aims to describe the characteristics of child abuse and mistreatment through the patient's clinical conditions for timely identification and management, as well as improve coordination as the first contact, ultimately establishing a notification protocol. A literature review was conducted on platforms such as MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PUBMED for articles in English or Spanish published no more than 10 years ago that included samples of children and adolescents (<18 years old), with numerical data results or the estimation of the prevalence of different types of abuse, whether physical, sexual, psychological, child neglect or Munchausen syndrome, as well as the main orofacial injuries reported. A total of 35 articles were identified, of which data from 10 were included. It is noteworthy that in Mexico there is a higher prevalence of physical abuse compared to Munchausen syndrome, and a higher frequency of child sexual abuse in females. Regarding orofacial trauma, it occurs in 50% of cases of child abuse, most frequently manifesting as facial and cranial injuries and dental fractures.

Unilateral spatial neglect (UN) impairs patients' ability to detect and respond to stimuli on the contralesional side, severely limiting functional recovery after right-hemispheric stroke. Neck muscle vibration (NMV) has been shown to be a bottom-up, proprioceptive intervention to modulate spatial neglect. Although preliminary studies found promising effects, the isolated efficacy of NMV for neglect rehabilitation has not yet been tested in a randomized, blinded controlled trial. This study aimed to evaluate whether NMV alone improves neglect symptoms and activities of daily living (ADL). Twenty patients with right-hemispheric stroke and UN were randomly assigned to receive either active or placebo NMV (combined, but not simultaneously with computer-based training) over 2 weeks (5 sessions/week, 20 minutes/day). In the computer training, the placebo NMV group completed neglect-specific modules (standard neglect therapy [SNT], e.g., visual exploration training), while the active NMV group performed only general cognitive tasks unrelated to neglect. This allowed the isolated effect of NMV to be examined. Assessments included standard neglect diagnostics (e.g., Letter Cancellation), the Free Exploration Test (FET), and 2 ADL-based measures (NET, CBS), conducted before, immediately after, and (NMV group only) 1 month post-treatment. The active NMV group showed significant improvements in 3 of 4 standard neglect tests, exploration behavior (FET), and ADL performance, with effects remaining stable at 1-month follow-up. The SNT group with placebo NMV showed comparable gains in ADL outcomes but improved in 1 standard neglect test only. Between-group analyses revealed no statistically significant differences, suggesting similar efficacy of both interventions. NMV alone yields clinically meaningful and lasting improvements in neglect symptoms and ADL, comparable to SNT. Its passive nature makes it a promising tool, particularly for early rehabilitation.

This research examines the gap between legal norms and the reality of protecting the rights of Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) and their impact on families in the perspective of Islamic family law. Although Indonesia has comprehensive regulations such as Law No. 18/2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, its implementation is still far from expectations. Structural problems cause violations of migrant workers' rights that have an impact on family disintegration, neglect of maintenance obligations, and marital conflict. This research uses a juridical-normative method with statutory, conceptual, and shar'i approaches. Data were collected through a literature study of primary and secondary legal materials, then analyzed descriptively-qualitatively and comparatively. The results show that there is a significant gap between legal guarantees and actual protection of migrant workers, which results in the neglect of family rights as regulated in Islamic law. The perspective of Islamic family law offers solutions through the principles of justice (al-'is), benefit (maslahah), and protection (hifzh). The research recommends the integration of Islamic law values in migrant worker protection policies, strengthening the role of the family as a protection unit, and harmonizing positive law with sharia principles to realize family-based holistic protection.

ABSTRACT Spatial neglect (SN) is a disabling consequence of stroke requiring intensive rehabilitation. A prior study demonstrated that contralesional eye- and reaching movements can facilitate SN recovery (Congruent Movement Training, CMT). To increase CMT’s accessibility, a tablet-based CMT game was designed. In addition, as therapy time is restricted, clinical implementation would be facilitated if CMT can be delivered in sessions not supervised by a clinician. In this study, end-user feedback was gathered on the tablet-based CMT and treatment delivery strategies. Fifteen clinicians and 10 SN patients played and evaluated the CMT game. The clinicians almost unanimously indicated a need to revise the in-game feedback on how patients played the game. Clinicians also deemed it feasible that some patients would use CMT training in unsupervised sessions. Eight right-hemispheric patients were able to use the CMT training and were positive about their experience. Two left-hemispheric patients were not able to use the training due to language comprehension difficulties. Six patients believed they could use CMT training independently. The results revealed two implementation barriers: the design of the feedback on game performance, and the accessibility for left-hemispheric patients. The results also clarified that unsupervised training is considered feasible by clinicians and patients.

Involvement of the right inferior parietal lobule network in ipsilateral spatial attention.

Aim: To study the impact of physical and occupational therapies on upper limb function and the degree of limitations in patients with right-hemisphere ischemic stroke complicated by neglect. Materials and Methods: The study involved 58 patients, including 29 females and 29 males. The patients had their first ischemic stroke in the right hemisphere of the brain and unilateral spatial neglect. The average age of the patients was 68.62±10.06 years. The patients were divided into the MG and the CG in 29 individuals. In order to assess the impact of upper limb impairment and the degree of limitations experienced by patients, we used the main section of the DASH questionnaire, which consisted of 30 questions. Results: The recovery of the upper limb in patients in the MG was better than in the CG. The recovery of the upper limb in patients according to the DASH questionnaire in the CG improved by 22%, and in the MG by 43%. Thus, after six months of using rehabilitation programs in the CG and the MG, the recovery of upper limb activities occurred almost 2 times faster in the MG than in the CG. Conclusions: Thus, the study confirmed the positive effect of a combined program of physical and occupational therapies conducted with MG patients on the sensorimotor recovery of the upper limb.

Introduction: Visual impairment is a frequent but under-recognized consequence of stroke and can substantially limit neurological rehabilitation, functional independence, participation, and quality of life. Deficits span central vision, visual fields, ocular motility, visual perception, and visual attention, and many are not detected by routine stroke scales or non-specialist bedside examination. Timely recognition and pathway-based referral to orthoptic/ophthalmic and neuro-rehabilitation services are therefore essential for safe mobility, communication, and goal-directed recovery planning. Objective: The main objective was to systematically synthesize contemporary evidence on the frequency, phenotypes, detection strategies, and clinical impact of visual impairment in adult stroke populations. Secondary objectives were to evaluate (1) the diagnostic performance and feasibility of structured vision screening tools in stroke services, (2) the association between post-stroke visual impairment and patient-reported outcomes including vision-related quality of life, (3) objective biomarkers and mechanistic correlates of stroke-related visual pathway injury (including trans-synaptic retinal degeneration), (4) the effectiveness signals of selected rehabilitation approaches for stroke-related visual field loss and visual inattention, and (5) implementation barriers and facilitators for integrating structured vision assessment into routine stroke pathways. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO ICTRP for studies published within the last 5 years involving humans with stroke and any post-stroke visual impairment outcome, without language restriction. We included observational studies, diagnostic accuracy/validation studies, qualitative research, and interventional studies addressing screening, impact, or rehabilitation, and synthesized findings narratively with structured comparison by deficit domain. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for randomized trials, ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies, and QUADAS-2 for diagnostic accuracy studies, and overall certainty of evidence was judged using GRADE. Results and Discussion: Twenty studies were included. Across acute and rehabilitation settings, structured assessment approaches consistently identified substantial rates of visual deficits, including asymptomatic impairments not captured by routine neurological scales, while tool-validation studies demonstrated that non-eye-care practitioners can achieve clinically useful screening performance when supported by standardized instruments and referral pathways. Patient-reported outcomes studies consistently showed meaningful reductions in vision-related quality of life in hemianopia and related disorders, and imaging studies demonstrated post-geniculate injury correlates such as retinal thinning consistent with trans-synaptic degeneration. Interventional evidence was limited but suggested that selected training paradigms (digital perceptual learning, scanning-based approaches, and multisensory stimulation in small samples) may improve functional or perimetric outcomes in subsets, with overall certainty constrained by sample size, heterogeneity, and variable outcome definitions. Conclusion: In contemporary evidence, post-stroke visual impairment is common, clinically important, and frequently missed without structured assessment; validated screening tools and systematic pathways improve detection and can enable earlier targeted rehabilitation and safety interventions. Routine integration of vision assessment into stroke care should be prioritized, alongside higher-quality trials and harmonized outcome frameworks to define which rehabilitation strategies provide reliable, patient-important benefit.

Economic law grows and develops because it is based on the rapid economic activity that exists throughout the world. The purpose and purpose of the birth of this economic law is to regulate and provide restrictions on all forms of economic activities to run according to norms, so as to minimize the neglect of people's rights and interests. This research uses normative juridical method. The purpose of the enactment of economic law in Indonesia is to regulate legal regulations so that pro- people policy making, especially in the field of economic planning, can be easier. In Indonesia's upcoming economic law, which according to the Working Group on Economic Affairs is seen as an issue that is still not sufficiently touched by Indonesian Corporate Law. The field of economics must be handled conceptually, systemically and professionally, but the field of economic law must be in line and in line with policy and decision-making in the field of economics.

Spatial neglect (SN) is a common cognitive disorder after stroke, characterized by lateralized attention deficits. Correctly identifying SN and its subtypes is crucial for treatment and recovery. Following, we examined eye movement measurements as an addition to a conventional test for assessing SN. We recorded eye movements during the presentation of the Cookie Theft image for people with left-sided SN (n = 13), right-sided SN (n = 3), and controls (n = 6). Participants with SN were neurological patients. People with left-sided SN allocated more attention to the right side of the screen (i.e. proportion of right fixations, fixation time, and mean fixation location) relative to controls, especially during the early viewing phase (i.e. the first 25% of the viewing duration). Many of these differences were also evident at an individual level. For people with left-sided SN, allocating more attention to the right side of the screen (i.e. gaze position) was strongly correlated with neglect severity (i.e. Catherine Bergego Scale scores). Eye tracking metrics derived from neuropsychological assessments can be clinically relevant and suitable for individual-level analyses. By enabling a fine-grained assessment of attention allocation/gaze position, eye tracking could give added benefit to neuropsychological assessments of SN.

Mental imagery (MI) is a crucial cognitive process involved in planning, memory, and motor skill rehearsal. While MI training has shown promise in stroke rehabilitation, research on MI ability and its impairment in stroke patients, particularly concerning its relationship with cognitive and motor performance, remains limited. This exploratory study aimed to describe MI ability in stroke patients during early rehabilitation and investigate its relationship with cognitive functioning, and to explore if MI can predict motor and cognitive outcomes. Thirty sub-acute stroke patients (within three months of onset) were recruited. Participants underwent neuropsychological assessment using the Mental Imagery Test (MIT), Mental Performance in Stroke (MEPS), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Token Test (TT), and Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). Clinical variables and functional outcomes (Barthel Index at admission and discharge) were also collected. Statistical analyses included univariable associations and multiple linear regression models to assess the impact of MI on MEPS, FAB, and Barthel Index-derived measures (ΔBI, Rehabilitation Efficiency (REy), and Rehabilitation Effectiveness (REs)), controlling for relevant covariates. The study found a significant positive correlation between MIT scores and overall cognitive performance as measured by MEPS (β = 0.48, t(21) = 2.64,p = .015) and FAB (β = 0.57,t(21) = 3.79,p = .001). This suggests that better MI ability is associated with better general cognitive functioning and executive efficiency in stroke patients. Further analysis revealed that the association with MEPS was primarily driven by visuo-spatial tasks. The presence of unilateral spatial neglect was found to detrimentally affect MIT performance. However, no significant relationship was found between MIT scores and any of the Barthel Index-derived measures of functional independence. These findings indicate a strong link between general mental imagery ability and cognitive functions, particularly visuo-spatial and executive functions, in early-stage stroke rehabilitation. The lack of association with functional motor outcomes suggests that general MI tests might not be sensitive enough to predict physical recovery, possibly due to the distinction between general mental imagery and more specific motor imagery. The study highlights the importance of assessing MI ability, especially considering visuo-spatial and executive functions, before implementing imagery-based rehabilitation protocols. Further research is needed to develop individualised interventions that account for cognitive impairments in stroke patients.

The purpose of the article is to outline the threat vectors that AI generates for national security and political systems, as well as to justify the need to develop new mechanisms of legal regulation and accountability in the context of technological dominance. To achieve the goal, several tasks were solved, including an analysis of the impact of the phenomenon of the double “black box” on the mechanisms of constitutional deterrence; a review of new forms of disinformation; an outline of the risks associated with the use of AI for military purposes and internal control; a justification of the need to prevent the transition to technocratic governance. In preparing the article, general scientific and special methods were used. A systems method was used to study AI as an integrated element of the security architecture. Also, based on the available empirical material, attention was focused on possible scenarios of AI abuse by state and non-state actors of national security and politics. A case study was used to examine the impact of AI tools on the course of elections and the experience of digital transformation. The study finds that AI is significantly increasing the speed and scale of cyberattacks on critical infrastructure. This can lead to physical disruption and destabilization. AI has also become a weapon in information and cognitive warfare, enabling the creation of photo-realistic deepfakes and hyper-personalized narratives, which has a critical impact on public trust. It is emphasized that a significant risk is the transition from democratic accountability to technocratic governance, where decisions are made by opaque algorithms. This may ultimately contribute to the depreciation and neglect of fundamental democratic rights of citizens and societies. It also emphasizes the inherent vulnerabilities of AI systems (data poisoning, adversarial attacks, bias), which are used to compromise political opponents and form distrust of existing political systems and institutions. The practical significance of the article lies in substantiating the need for urgent implementation of regulatory measures aimed at ensuring transparency and human control over critical AI decisions. The experience of Estonia and the WINWIN memorandum emphasize the importance of international cooperation to strengthen cyber resilience. Prospects for further research should be aimed at developing universal protocols for auditing algorithms and creating effective mechanisms for international regulation that will ensure a clear balance between the innovative potential of AI and the need to prevent existential risks to human rights and national security. When introducing AI into various spheres of life, it is necessary to take into account the dynamism and rapidity of technological development, as well as the possibility of its unfair use.

ABSTRACT The superiority of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) over maximal medical therapy for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis in terms of secondary prevention has yet to be proved. However, several studies have reported that PTA can improve cortical symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions in selected patients with intracranial artery stenosis. Recently, we experienced a 75‐year‐old woman with acute ischemic stroke due to right middle cerebral artery stenosis, presenting with hemispatial neglect of the left side as well as left hemiparesis, which was treated with PTA in the subacute stage. She showed improvement of the hemispatial neglect after PTA, which accelerated the rehabilitation, resulting in a good prognosis. It is known that the presence of neglect syndrome hampers rehabilitation and is associated with a poor outcome. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the performance of PTA to improve hemispatial neglect for successful rehabilitation.

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted livelihoods globally. In response, the Ghanaian government implemented socio-economic measures to alleviate the pandemic's effects. This study assessed the effectiveness of these interventions in mitigating vulnerabilities among Agbogbloshie slum dwellers. Using a qualitative case study design and purposive sampling, the study found that inadequate spatial planning and neglect of informal settlements hindered emergency relief efforts in Agbogbloshie. Public goods distribution, such as water and electricity, favored legally recognized neighborhoods, leaving slum dwellers vulnerable. Furthermore, government economic packages and social interventions overlooked slum dwellers’ needs. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to reduce the vulnerability of slum dwellers. The state must address these disparities to promote equitable development and reduce poverty. By doing so, Ghana can work towards a more balanced and inclusive growth trajectory.