Unigram Language Model Research Articles

Variations on language modeling for information retrieval

Search engine technology builds on theoretical and empirical research results in the area of information retrieval (IR). This dissertation makes a contribution to the field of language modeling (LM) for IR, which views both queries and documents as instances of a unigram language model and defines the matching function between a query and each document as the probability that the query terms are generated by the document language model. The work described is concerned with three research issues.

Comparison of discriminative training criteria and optimization methods for speech recognition

The aim of this work is to build up a common framework for a class of discriminative training criteria and optimization methods for continuous speech recognition. A unified discriminative criterion based on likelihood ratios of correct and competing models with optional smoothing is presented. The unified criterion leads to particular criteria through the choice of competing word sequences and the choice of smoothing. Analytic and experimental comparisons are presented for both the maximum mutual information (MMI) and the minimum classification error (MCE) criterion together with the optimization methods gradient descent (GD) and extended Baum (EB) algorithm. A tree search-based restricted recognition method using word graphs is presented, so as to reduce the computational complexity of large vocabulary discriminative training. Moreover, for MCE training, a method using word graphs for efficient calculation of discriminative statistics is introduced. Experiments were performed for continuous speech recognition using the ARPA wall street journal (WSJ) corpus with a vocabulary of 5k words and for the recognition of continuously spoken digit strings using both the TI digit string corpus for American English digits, and the SieTill corpus for telephone line recorded German digits. For the MMI criterion, neither analytical nor experimental results do indicate significant differences between EB and GD optimization. For acoustic models of low complexity, MCE training gave significantly better results than MMI training. The recognition results for large vocabulary MMI training on the WSJ corpus show a significant dependence on the context length of the language model used for training. Best results were obtained using a unigram language model for MMI training. No significant correlation has been observed between the language models chosen for training and recognition.