Biomimetic mineralization guided protein-based multifunctional bio-separators realizing dendrites free and high-performance lithium‑sulfur batteries.

The formation and ageing processes in lithium-ion (Li-ion) and sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries are critical to their long-term performance, safety, and electrochemical stability. Formation is the initial electrochemical cycling process that establishes the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the anode and the cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI). This interfacial layer is essential for preventing continuous electrolyte decomposition, minimising capacity fade, and enabling stable cycling. The quality and composition of the SEI significantly influence key battery attributes, including cycle life, rate capability, and thermal stability. A well-formed SEI must be ionically conductive yet electronically insulating, chemically stable, and mechanically robust. Formation typically involves slow charge-discharge cycling under controlled conditions, often at low current densities, with several wetting stages at different states of charge and optimised temperatures to promote uniform SEI growth and reduce gas evolution or lithium plating. The process is energy-intensive and time-consuming, making it a bottleneck in large-scale battery production. Advances in formation methodologies, such as pulse formation protocols, pre-lithiation strategies, electrolyte additives, and elevated-temperature cycling, aim to optimise SEI formation while reducing time and energy consumption. Additionally, in situ and operando diagnostics provide insights into SEI evolution, enabling real-time optimisation. Improving formation protocols enhances battery performance, safety, and manufacturability, making it a critical focus for next-generation Li-ion and Na-ion battery development. This presentation will explore state-of-the-art formation strategies, highlighting the interplay between electrolyte chemistry, voltage/current profiles, and ageing conditions. We will examine recent advances in fast formation techniques to reduce process time while maintaining battery reliability. Additionally, we will discuss how scaling formation protocols from small pouch cells to large-format batteries present unique challenges in electrolyte distribution, interfacial stability, and cycle life prediction. By integrating mechanistic insights with industrial best practices, this work aims to inform the development of next-generation formation protocols that enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve LIB durability.

The accelerating growth of electric vehicles, large-scale grid storage, and portable electronics has placed increasing demands on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that offer both high energy density and cost-effectiveness. To this end, cathode materials with high Ni content have garnered considerable attention due to their high capacity. However, these compositions have traditionally relied on cobalt (Co) to stabilize the layered structure and enhance electronic conductivity. Given the critical supply risks and price volatility associated with Co driven by geopolitical concentration and market speculation, there is a strong push toward Co-free high-Ni (CFHN) cathodes. Despite their potential, CFHN cathodes face intrinsic challenges related to structural and electrochemical instability.The elimination of Co often results in increased Li/Ni cation disorder, reduced electronic conductivity, and a tendency for anisotropic lattice distortion, particularly during the H2–H3 phase transition in the highly delithiated state. This distortion triggers localized strain and the propagation of microcracks within primary particles, which accelerates the degradation of the cathode structure. Microcracks not only compromise particle integrity but also expose fresh surfaces to the electrolyte, promoting parasitic reactions and undesired phase transitions to electrochemically inactive rock-salt or spinel phases. These issues ultimately contribute to rapid capacity fading and safety concerns under high-voltage operation.To enhance the structural robustness of CFHN cathodes, various strategies have been explored, including element doping, surface coatings, compositional gradients, and particle morphology engineering. Among these, doping with high-valence cations such as Zr⁴⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Nb⁵⁺, Ta⁵⁺, and Mo⁶⁺ stands out due to its ability to suppress cation mixing, stabilize the layered lattice, and reduce oxygen release under oxidative stress. Nevertheless, conventional solid-state or post-synthesis doping techniques often suffer from uneven dopant distribution. High-valence ions tend to segregate at grain boundaries due to size mismatch and charge imbalance with Ni³⁺, especially during high-temperature calcination. Such spatial confinement restricts the intended bulk stabilization effects and does not adequately address the origin of internal lattice strain.To overcome this limitation, dopant incorporation must be achieved directly into the transition metal (TM) lattice of the primary particles. One viable route is through co-precipitation synthesis, where dopants are introduced during hydroxide precursor formation. However, practical challenges arise due to differing precipitation kinetics and solubility between Ni²⁺ and dopant ions like Zr⁴⁺, often resulting in wide particle size distribution or surface segregation. Additionally, during subsequent calcination, lattice contraction driven by Ni oxidation and the larger ionic radius of dopants further promotes their outward migration.In this study, we report a CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide)-assisted co-precipitation strategy that enables uniform internal doping of Zr⁴⁺ within the primary particles of LiNi₀.₈₉Mn₀.₁Zr₀.₀₁O₂ (C-NM91-Zr). The use of CTAB plays a dual role: during co-precipitation, it modulates nucleation behavior and surface energy, leading to uniform particle growth and dopant incorporation despite pH differences; during calcination, CTAB creates a mildly reducing environment, limiting excessive Ni oxidation and reducing charge imbalance. These conditions help stabilize the Zr dopants within the TM lattice rather than at grain boundaries.Comprehensive structural and electrochemical analyses confirm the effectiveness of this approach. STEM-EDS mapping and HRTEM imaging reveal homogeneous Zr distribution within individual primary particles. In situ XRD measurements show reduced c-lattice shrinkage during cycling, indicating mitigated internal strain. Compared to undoped or conventionally doped counterparts, C-NM91-Zr exhibits significantly improved resistance to microcrack formation. Electrochemical testing demonstrates enhanced cycling performance, with 98.6% capacity retention after 100 cycles in half-cells and 94.2% retention after 500 cycles in pouch-type full cells.This work provides a broadly applicable method for controlling the internal dopant distribution in CFHN cathodes through surfactant-assisted co-precipitation. By integrating high-valence dopants uniformly into the bulk of primary particles, this strategy effectively suppresses lattice strain, enhances structural stability, and prolongs cycling life without relying on cobalt. The approach holds strong potential for advancing next-generation high-energy, Co-free layered cathode materials suitable for electric vehicles and grid-scale storage applications. Figure 1

Anode-free lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) represent a promising path toward next-generation energy storage, offering 40–60% higher energy density than conventional lithium-ion batteries by eliminating the graphite anode and excess lithium. Realizing their potential is essential to meeting the U.S. Department of Energy’s 2030 targets for electric vehicles. However, their practical deployment is currently limited by low Coulombic efficiency, unstable cycling, and lithium dendrite formation. Electrolyte engineering has emerged as a key strategy to mitigate these limitations. In this work, we systematically compare three commercially available electrolytes, a conventional LP57 electrolyte, a dual-salt electrolyte, and a localized high-concentration electrolyte, in anode-free pouch cells using a combination of operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), operando optical imaging, and complementary ex-situ techniques. The two advanced electrolytes significantly outperform LP57 in Coulombic efficiency, cycling stability, and overpotential. XRD mapping of aged cells reveals that capacity fade is largely driven by the accumulation of electrochemically isolated crystalline lithium (“dead” Li) on the copper anode. The advanced electrolytes promote the formation of dense, uniform Li deposits with reduced surface area, suppressing side reactions and dead Li formation. Operando characterization further shows that the advanced electrolytes encourage the initial formation of non-crystalline Li species, which provide abundant nucleation sites and facilitate uniform Li growth. These insights highlight the importance of early-stage plating dynamics in dictating long-term performance. High-energy, high-flux synchrotron X-rays enable non-destructive, spatially resolved tracking of Li morphology and phase evolution inside realistic pouch cells, overcoming the inherent challenges of weak Li scattering and cell complexity. Overall, this study demonstrates how multi-modal operando and ex-situ tools can reveal electrolyte-dependent Li plating and stripping mechanisms at the microstructural level. These insights provide design rules for next-generation electrolytes and offer a robust metrology framework to accelerate the development of high-performance, safe, and long-cycle-life anode-free LMBs.

Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood are often indicative of metabolic disorders, such as hyperuricemia, which is linked to the development of gout, a form of arthritis, and is a risk factor for cardiovascular events, including stroke and heart disease. Accurate detection and monitoring of uric acid levels are therefore vital in the management of these conditions, as they provide a critical indicator of disease progression and response to treatment. In blood, uric acid levels in men typically range from 20.8 µM to 42.9 µM, while in women they range from 15.5 µM to 35.7 µM, with levels above 42.9 µM in men and 35.7 µM in women indicating hyperuricemia. In sweat, uric acid concentrations are much lower, generally ranging from <1 µM to 100 µM, requiring highly sensitive biosensors for accurate detection. Sweat, as a biofluid, offers a noninvasive, convenient, and readily accessible alternative to blood sampling for uric acid measurement. Furthermore, it enables continuous monitoring, making it ideal for wearable biosensor applications, particularly in scenarios where frequent and non-disruptive health monitoring is required. Advances in nanomaterial-based biosensing technologies have significantly enhanced the capabilities of sensors in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time monitoring. Among these emerging technologies, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures have gained substantial attention for their excellent electrochemical properties and superior surface characteristics. ZnO nanorods (ZnO-NRs), with their high aspect ratio, large surface area, and enhanced charge transport properties, are particularly well-suited for biosensing applications. Their unique structural attributes, such as vertical alignment and high porosity, provide an ideal surface for efficient biomolecule immobilization, promoting strong interactions with target molecules and facilitating rapid electron transfer during detection processes. To enhance the performance of biosensors for uric acid detection, ZnO nanorods (ZnO-NRs) were synthesized using a sonochemical approach, ensuring uniform growth with excellent crystallinity and controlled size distribution. These ZnO-NRs were integrated onto a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, which was subsequently coated with gold (Au) to improve the sensor's electrical conductivity and stability. The flexible nature of the PET substrate facilitated the development of wearable biosensors that are lightweight, comfortable, and capable of conforming to the skin, making them ideal for continuous monitoring of uric acid levels in sweat. The electrochemical uric acid biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing uricase (UOx) onto the surface of the ZnO-NRs, creating a nanostructured interface that served as the working electrode. The fabricated PET/Au/ZnO-NRs/UOx flexible biosensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 4.358 µA/ng/mL, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 96.12%, indicating superior linearity and reproducibility. Detection tests were performed at uric acid concentrations of 0.1 µM, 1 µM, 10 µM, 100 µM, and 1 mM, effectively covering both normal and elevated levels, thus enabling accurate real-time monitoring of metabolic health and disease progression. The sensor demonstrated strong repeatability across varying uric acid concentrations and reproducibility across multiple identical sensor devices. Furthermore, the biosensor exhibited excellent stability, maintaining its analytical performance over extended periods of use. These characteristics make the ZnO-NRs-based biosensor an ideal candidate for noninvasive, continuous monitoring of uric acid in human sweat. The flexible, high-performance nature of these sensors holds immense potential for point-of-care applications, and this is a promising alternative to traditional blood-based diagnostic methods.

The article presents data on the characteristics of linear growth of Limousin bulls of different breeds. The research was conducted at TzOV ‘Lvivske’ in Lviv region. The sample included bulls of Hungarian, Polish and Ukrainian breeds of different ages. To assess linear growth, exterior and overall development of animals, groups of 6-, 12-, 15and 18-month-old bulls were formed, with 15 animals in each group. The linear growth of Limousin bulls depends on their country of origin and age. Hungarian bulls were larger in all age groups compared to their Polish and Ukrainian counterparts. The advantage of the former over the latter two groups was significant in almost all measurements. Animals of Ukrainian selection were the smallest. However, when comparing these animals with their Polish counterparts, their characteristic feature is more pronounced meat forms of the hindquarters, as evidenced by higher rear girth measurements in all age groups studied. It has been established that Limousin bulls of different selection grow intensively in height until the age of 15 months, after which this growth slows down significantly. At the same time, among the animals under control, Polish and Ukrainian bulls showed the lowest intensity of growth in height in the period from 15 months of age and older. However, the growth and development of the chest in bulls after 15 months of age did not slow down. In addition, in the age period of 15-18 months, the increase in depth, width and chest circumference behind the shoulder blades in bulls of Polish selection was more noticeable compared to their peers of Hungarian and Ukrainian selection. No significant age-related patterns were found in changes in the measurements of the oblique length of the torso, rump and semi-girth of Limousin bulls of different breeds. Uniform growth and development of the hindquarters of bulls was observed in the age period of 12-15 months with a slight decrease in intensity at the age of 15-18 months. The width of the hocks, hocks and buttocks, and the circumference of the fetlock increased rapidly in bulls of different selections up to 15 months of age, and at an older age, the growth of these body measurements slowed down. No specific patterns of change in the values of these measurements associated with the animals' belonging to one or another selection were observed.

Despite its ultrahigh theoretical capacity, silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries suffer from severe capacity decay caused by over 300% volume changes during cycling. While Si–Ge alloying and spherical nanostructuring have been demonstrated to improve ionic/electronic transport and mechanical resilience, scalable synthesis of homogeneous, sub-150 nm SiGe nanospheres from low-cost precursors remains challenging. Here, we report a hybrid plasma-spraying physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) process that directly converts metallurgical-grade Si and Ge powders into phase-pure Si0.8Ge0.2 nanospheres (<100 nm) at a continuous rate of 1 g min−1. The co-condensation mechanism during formation was elucidated through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which revealed a process initiated by inhomogeneous nucleation and followed by uniform cluster growth and spheroidization. Multiscale characterization confirmed the spherical morphology, compositional uniformity, and crystalline structure of the produced Si0.8Ge0.2 nanoparticles. The resulting anodes exhibited a stable capacity of ~1500 mAh g−1 at 0.1C over 100 cycles (>80% retention) and a Coulombic efficiency of ~98%. This approach bridges the gap between high-performance design and industrial manufacturability, offering a practical route to next-generation anodes for electric vehicles.

Morphological Characterizations and Mineralized Repair of Natural Tooth Cracks Via Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogels

Selective in situ growth of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) within polymeric supports under mild, aqueous conditions remains a synthetic challenge due to interfacial instability, uncontrolled crystallization, and MOF leaching. Here, this study reports a binding-assisted strategy for the selective in-pore growth of MOF-808 within polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) hollow fibers at 30 °C. Alkaline hydrolysis of PAN introduces anchoring sites for zirconium clusters, while ethanol-assisted solvation promotes MOF crystallization under ambient conditions. The spatial distribution and surface charge of hydrolyzed PVP suppress MOF nucleation on the outer surface, enabling uniform in-pore growth with 34 wt.% loading and > 99% retention after ultrasonication. Post-synthetic functionalization with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) imparts a strong affinity for Pb2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ ions. The EDTA-modified composite exhibits a 2.5-fold increase in Pb2+ adsorption kinetics compared to physically blended counterparts. A modularized 105 cm fiber unit effectively treats 1 L of a mixed-metal solution (10 ppm each), underscoring the scalability and process compatibility of this approach. This work demonstrates a mild, scalable, and leaching-resistant route for fabricating MOF-polymer hybrid sorbents through spatially controlled in-pore crystallization, offering a robust platform for water treatment and metal recovery applications.

Hydrophilic modification of materials is crucial for optimizing the performance of flexible supercapacitors, which are promising energy-storage devices for flexible and wearable electronics. However, enhancing the wettability of coaxial electrospun membranes to facilitate the uniform growth of active materials and improve electrochemical performance remains a key challenge. Herein, we propose a hydrophilic modification strategy using ethanolamine (MEA) heat treatment, which significantly enhances the wettability of coaxial electrospun CNT/MOF-5/PAN/PVDF (C-MNF) membranes and promotes the uniform in situ growth of Co3O4 nanoneedles. Characterization results reveal that hydrophilic modification improves the penetration and diffusion of Co2+ ions within the substrate, optimizing the nucleation and growth environment for Co3O4 crystals. By integrating multiple mechanisms such as Zn2+/Co2+ ion exchange, Fe3+-induced oxidation, and spontaneous crystal transformation, the material's interface structure and electrochemical performance were synergistically enhanced. The resulting Co3O4@C-MNF composite electrode achieved a mass-specific capacitance of 310 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, with good rate performance (250 F g-1 at 10 A g-1) and low interfacial resistance (∼51 Ω). A symmetric supercapacitor device constructed with the modified material exhibited a maximum energy density of 4.94 Wh kg-1, high cycling stability (94.2% capacity retention after 8000 cycles), and stable output in various bending states. These results highlight the potential of the device for flexible, wearable energy storage applications and provide an approach and material system for the design of high-performance flexible supercapacitors.

ABSTRACT For every function that grows at least linearly and at most exponentially, if it is sufficiently well‐behaved, we can construct a tree of uniform volume growth , or more precisely, for constants that only depend on . Here denotes the ball of radius centered at a vertex . In particular, this yields examples of trees of uniform intermediate (i.e., super‐polynomial and sub‐exponential) growth. We use this construction to provide the first examples of unimodular random rooted trees of uniform intermediate growth, answering a question by Itai Benjamini. We find a peculiar change in structural properties for these trees at growth . Our results can be applied to obtain triangulations of for with various uniform growth behaviors, as well as Riemannian metrics on for the same wide range of growth behaviors.

Carbonized transition layer mediated controllable and uniform growth of diamond film on zirconia substrate

Rational design of FeCo-Se@NiMn-LDH/NF heterostructure electrode materials for enhanced supercapacitor performance.

Uniform TNT growth on complex geometries, such as screw-threaded surfaces, is challenging due to non-uniform electric fields in anodization. This study examines TNT growth on screw threads and dental implants, intending to determine the impact of geometry on the electric field distribution using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Simulation results showed that the electric field intensity was highly variable, with increased values on teeth and decreased values on the root and flank, causing nonuniform growth of TNTs. Experimental anodization coupled with Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) affirmed the findings with shorter TNTs on the root and more stable growth on the teeth and flanks. TNT diameter correlated with applied DC voltage, while TNT length, with variations of 6 μm, was highly sensitive to the cathode design. To solve the problem, a new multicathode anodization cell was developed to produce a uniform field distribution. By adjustment of the cathode-to-anode (CA) area ratio, it was discovered that a CA of 1 yielded the optimal results, and this resulted in uniform TNT growth in all regions. Lower CAs (e.g., 0.5:1) resulted in low field strength and incomplete TNT growth, and high CAs (2:1) led to over-dissolution and structural damage. Optimization on actual dental implants using the CA 1 setup and two-stage anodization process yielded a more controlled TNT length and diameter. The final TNT morphology on the dental implant had TNT length variations of 0.4 μm with a 100 nm diameter. These results reveal the importance of the electric field uniformity in anodizing implants with complex geometries. The proposed multicathode design presents an efficient and scalable solution for uniform TNT layer deposition on dental implants and similar freeform curved surfaces.

Bottom-up catalytic growth has proven to be an exceptionally powerful method for producing ultrathin silicon nanowires (SiNWs) through a low-temperature, high-yield process. However, in order to serve as quasi-one-dimensional (1D) channels for building high-performance field effect transistors (FETs) within monolithic three-dimensional (3D) integration architectures, the diameter uniformity and spatial arrangement of these catalytical SiNWs have to be precisely controlled. In this work, we report on an embedded-precursor-feeding (EPF) strategy to accomplish an extremely uniform growth integration of horizontally stacked SiNWs arrays, with a diameter of Dnw = 20 ± 2 nm and a high growth yield >90%. Specifically, these SiNWs were produced via the indium droplet-catalyzed in-plane solid-liquid-solid (IPSLS) mechanism, where the amorphous silicon (a-Si) precursor layer has been embedded within the vertical SiNx/SiO2 sidewall grooves through a simple anisotropic etching. It has been found that the removal of the exposed a-Si precursor on the protrusive sidewalls and the exposed areas can completely suppress the undesired growth derailing or track-striding among neighbor SiNWs, as well as the random growth on the top and bottom platforms. Based on these rather uniform SiNW channels, prototype fin-gate FETs were successfully fabricated, achieving a high on/off current ratio of ∼108 and a subthreshold swing of ∼160 mV/dec. This convenient but rather effective EPF strategy represents a key capability to establish the catalytical IPSLS growth as a reliable growth-in-place integration approach to batch-manufacture advantageous SiNW channels for building high-performance FETs in monolithic 3D integration architecture.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a widespread pest in Bangladesh. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) offers a solution for effectively suppressing this fruit fly species. However, SIT involves mass rearing of fruit fly species in a laboratory where a standardized artificial rearing diet is crucial for ensuring uniform growth, development, and reproduction. In this study, we assessed efficacy of a new formulated gel-based meridic larval diet as well as protein and carbohydrate rich adult diets for the rearing of B. dorsalis in laboratory conditions. Proximate analysis was conducted for our formulated rearing diets to determine the content of moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash. For our formulated diets, several key biological parameters, including egg hatching rate, pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence, adult growth, sex ratio, and flight capacity, were assessed. Statistical analysis using Tukey box plots revealed a significant improvement for the laboratory reared body parameters of adults while maintained in meridic diets, as compared to their wild counterparts. Adults fruit flies reared on our formulated meridic adult diets exhibited sufficient longevity, especially when compared to those provided with only water. In addition, our study presents survival analysis using non-parametric Kaplan–Meier estimator and Weibull parametric model. Our findings indicate that the formulated diets presented in this study can be effectively incorporated into B. dorsalis laboratory mass-rearing, meeting the required standard quality parameters outlined in the FAO/IAEA/USDA mass-rearing guideline of tephritid fruit flies.

ABSTRACT Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology is a powerful option for forest inventory, particularly for estimating tree Diameter at Breast Height (DBH). However, the variability in DBH‐estimation accuracy across different size classes and ecological conditions remains underexplored. We therefore assessed a handheld SLAM LiDAR workflow in three ecologically distinct Korean forests – Quercus mongolica on Namsan, Pinus densiflora on Jeombongsan, and a mixed Quercus stand on the same mountain – selected to span gradients in elevation, canopy density, and species composition. Point clouds acquired with an Ouster OS1-32 sensor (650 k pts s−1, 30 mm accuracy, 120 m range) were geo-referenced with ground-control points, denoised, and processed with a Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) cylinder-fitting algorithm to derive DBH. LiDAR-derived DBH corresponded closely to field measurements (R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 1.84 cm, MAE = 1.45 cm, maximum error = 4.35 cm). Measurement reliability increased sharply above a threshold of 23.5 cm, whereas trees with DBH under 10 cm exhibited the largest deviations (MAPE = 30.76%; rRMSE = 33.71%). Accuracy peaked for larger trees, with R2 reaching 0.96 in the 40 cm class. Shade-tolerant species such as Acer pseudosieboldianum and Styrax japonicus, which often have curved stems, showed greater variability, whereas canopy-dominant Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora displayed uniform growth and lower error. These discrepancies in small-diameter trees are likely due to the limited number of LiDAR points captured and the stronger influence of competitive growth, as non-upright stems can introduce errors in both LiDAR and manual measurements.

ABSTRACTThe global demand for sustainable and cleaner energy sources has driven more research on advanced desulfurization technologies from fossil fuels, in which oxidative deep desulfurization has become a hotspot. In this paper, the nucleation‐controlled method was used to realize the uniform growth of porous amino metal–organic framework (MOF) on green‐friendly cotton fibers (CF), and the pore structure and amino functional groups on MOF were beneficial to firmly anchor of P‐Mo‐W polyoxometalate (POM) active species. Thus, a kind of new supported P‐Mo‐W POM composite catalyst (POM@MIL‐101@CF) has been obtained and exhibited excellent oxidative desulfurization performance for fuels. Under the optimal reaction conditions: T = 60°C, O/S = 7, two pieces of catalyst, the ODS efficiency of 0.5‐POM@MIL‐101@CF for DBT could reach 99.57%, with slight changes after more than 5 reuse times. Meanwhile, EPR experiments proved that ·O2− and ·OH radicals were both the main reactive substances, which promoted the remarkable catalytic desulfurization performance of POM@MIL‐101@CF. Therefore, this kind of supported POM catalyst is simple to prepare and green‐friendly in raw materials, as well as the strong binding between POM and CF with the bridging effects of MIL‐101 makes it better adapt to the needs of actual industrial production and has a broad application prospect in practical desulfurization applications.

van der Waals (vdW) two-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides have garnered increasing attention from academia and industry due to their unique physical properties and device-relevant functionalities. However, a key challenge remains for 2D semiconductors to be integrated into practical electronic and optoelectronic systems: achieving wafer-scale synthesis of high-quality 2D films under conditions compatible with back-end-of-line (BEOL) processing. In this review, we highlight recent advances in metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) as a promising technique for the uniform and scalable growth of 2D chalcogenides. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the synthesis strategies, emphasising critical aspects such as precursor chemistry and the thermodynamic/kinetic factors that govern crystal growth. We then discuss achieving epitaxial alignment and monolayer uniformity over large areas, which are essential for the growth of single-crystalline 2D wafers. Attention is also given to the interplay between the substrate and the growing film and their effects and methods for forming vertical and lateral heterostructures during MOCVD. We further review recent efforts to grow non-group-VI 2D vdW chalcogenides to offer a broader perspective on how their synthesis pathways and structural diversity can be engineered.

In this study, we investigate the quality of junction formation and its impact on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) multilayered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films directly grown on three-dimensional (3D) p-type silicon (p-Si) (110) substrates. Large-area (15 mm × 15 mm), few-layer (8-10 layers) MoS2films were synthesized using a facile vapor-phase transport method, achieving seamless integration with the underlying Si substrate. Comprehensive structural and morphological characterizations confirm the uniform growth of multilayer 2D-MoS2and the formation of a well-defined 2D/3D MoS2/Si heterojunction interface. The vertical MoS2/Si heterostructure exhibits a maximum photocurrent of ∼2.131 × 10-6A and a responsivity of ∼13.31 A W-1under white light illumination of 20µW cm-2at a bias voltage of -3 V. These results highlight the critical role of engineered heterointerfaces in enhancing device performance, including improved adhesion and charge transport across the active layers. This work demonstrates the feasibility of integrating a variety of 2D materials, including 2D-MoS2, with silicon platforms for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible optoelectronic applications. The findings present promising opportunities for developing next-generation photosensors, photodetectors, p-n heterojunction diodes, and vertical junction transistors based on 2D/3D hybrid architectures.