Unified Calculation Research Articles

On the regulatory and economic incentives for renewable hybrid power plants in Brazil

The complementarity between renewable generation profiles has been widely explored in the literature. Notwithstanding, complex interactions between regulatory and economic frameworks add interesting challenges and opportunities for hybrid power plant investors, regulators, and planners. Focusing on the Brazilian power market, we study the alignment of incentives between the economically-optimized strategy of hybrid power plant investors and the efficient utilization of the transmission resources. To do that, we propose a decision model that co-optimizes the risk-adjusted strategy of a hybrid power plant owner comprising (i) the forward-market involvement, (ii) the contracted amount of network access, and (iii) the share of renewable sources composing the hybrid power plant. We also propose adjusting the current regulatory framework to consider a unified calculation for the Firm Energy Certificates of non-controllable renewable power plants, including hybrid units. Based on that, we ensure a non-discriminatory regulatory framework for renewables acknowledging the diversity of generation profiles that hybrid units may have due to their optimal hybridization shares and network-access contracting strategies. A case study using realistic data from the northeastern region of the Brazilian power system showcases strong economic incentives for hybridization with reduced transmission resource utilization.

Axial compression performances and bearing capacity prediction of self-compacting fly ash concrete filled circle steel tube columns

To solve the problem of a large amount of fly ash accumulation and study the axial compression and bearing capacity prediction of the self-compacting fly ash concrete filled circle steel tube (SCCFST) columns, eight specimens are designed to explore the impact of concrete strength grade, internal structural measures, and additional parameters. The stress, progression of deformation, and failure mode of each specimen are observed during the loading process. The load–displacement curves, load-strain curves, characteristic load and displacement, ductility, and stiffness degradation are analyzed. The findings revealed that shear deformation occurred predominantly in the middle and upper portions of the steel tubes. Enhancing the strength of the concrete or adopting internal structural measures could increase the bearing capacity and ductility of the specimens. The peak load and ductility could be increased by up to 17.6 and 53.6%, respectively. The proposed unified calculation equation for the axial compression bearing capacity of SCCFST columns demonstrates notable reliability and precision. Furthermore, these tests offer valuable references for the engineering application of various forms of SCCFST columns, which are of significant importance in practical engineering.

The surveys on quality indicators for the total testing process in clinical laboratories of Fujian Province in China from 2018 to 2023.

This study investigates the application of 15 Quality Indicators (QIs) in clinical laboratories in Fujian Province, China, from 2018 to 2023. It identifies the main causes of laboratory errors and explores issues in the application of QIs, providing a reference for establishing provincial state-of-the-art and operational quality specifications (QSs). All clinical laboratories in Fujian Province were organized to submit general information and original QIs data through the online External Quality Assessment (EQA) system of the National Clinical Laboratory Center (NCCL) for a survey of 15 QIs. Data from 2018 to 2023 were downloaded for statistical analysis, and the current QSs for the 15 QIs in Fujian Province were compared and analyzed with those published by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) Working Group on Laboratory Errors and Patient Safety (WG-LEPS). QIs data from 542 clinical laboratories were collected. The survey on data sources showed that the number of laboratories recording QIs data using Laboratory Information Systems (LIS) increased annually, but the growth was modest and the proportion was less than 50 %. Among the laboratories using LIS to record QIs data, 133 continuously participated in this survey for six years, reporting different QIs. Over the six years, all reported QIs showed significant improvement or at least remained stable. The best median Sigma (σ) metrics were for the percentage of critical values notification and timely critical values notification, reaching 6σ, followed by the percentage of incorrect laboratory reports, with σ metrics ranging from 4.9σ to 5.1σ. In contrast, the percentage of tests covered by internal quality control (IQC) (1.5σ-1.7σ) and inter-laboratory comparison (0.1σ) remained consistently low. Compared to the QSs published by IFCC WG-LEPS, the QSs for the 15 QIs in Fujian Province in 2023 were stricter or roughly equivalent, except for the percentage of incorrect laboratory reports (Fujian Province: 0-0.221, IFCC WG-LEPS: 0-0.03). 1. The application of QIs has significantly improved the quality of testing in clinical laboratories in Fujian Province, but the percentage of tests covered by IQC and inter-laboratory comparison remain low; 2. Effective application of QIs requires the establishment of comprehensive LIS, unified calculation standards, and other supporting measures.

Unified stress–strain calculation model for UHPC-filled stainless-steel tubular columns with various cross-sectional shapes under axial compression

Different cross-sectional shapes of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC)-filled stainless-steel tubular (UHPCFSST) columns result in their stress-strain curves exhibiting softening or hardening stages, and currently, there is no unified calculation model available that can effectively simulate these variations. Based on experimental data, models for predicting peak stress, peak strain, ultimate stress, and ultimate strain of UHPCFSSTs with high accuracy has been provided. Comparative analysis reveals that the stress transfer capability and stability of UHPCFSSTs with the different cross-sectional shapes from highest to lowest are as follows: circular, square, and rectangular. Building upon Wei et al.'s general stress-strain calculation model, a high correlation pattern between parameter b and hoop confinement coefficient (ξs) has been obtained through correlation analysis, elucidating the post-peak behavior of stress-strain curves of UHPCFSSTs. By modeling parameter b, Wei et al.'s model has been extended to accommodate the stress-strain relationship under axial compression for UHPCFSSTs with different cross-sectional shapes. This establishes a unified stress-strain calculation model for UHPCFSSTs with different cross-sectional shapes under axial compression. Comparative analysis indicates that the proposed unified calculation model for axial compression stress-strain behavior of UHPCFSSTs can effectively quantify the influence of cross-sectional shape on stress-strain curves, demonstrating high predictive accuracy and generality.

Efficient 2D transform hardware architecture for the versatile video coding standard

As the latest generation of video coding standards, versatile video coding (VVC) introduces several new coding tools in transform coding to concentrate the energy of residual blocks. In this work, we propose a regular multiplier (RM) based hardware architecture for 2D transform that can process different transform sizes and types using a unified architecture. This architecture consists of a 1D row transform, a transpose memory, and a 1D column transform, allowing for processing 16 coefficients per cycle. For the 1D row/column transform, the unified calculation structure consists of 512 regular multipliers supporting various transform sizes and types. For the transpose memory, we design an SRAM-based diagonal storage approach, along with a FIFO for storing the block information. Compared with the state-of-the-art MCM-based design, the proposed RM-based design shows a 30.9% reduction in area while can operate at a higher frequency.

Revisiting the relationships between energy consumption, economic development and urban size: A global perspective using remote sensing data

Existing methods of measuring energy consumption require complex statistics and computing. A real-time and globally applicable approach for comparing energy consumption across different cities is still lacking. Additionally, the nonlinear relationships and varying thresholds of energy consumption in relation to economic activities and urbanization remain unconfirmed. This study aims to fill these gaps by utilizing Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) nighttime light data in 2015 and a top-down approach based on a multiple regression model to examine energy consumption in global cities employing a redefined urban boundary. It also explores the accurate relationship between energy consumption, population density (as a proxy of urbanization), and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) across different regions and urban sizes using generalized additive models and regression models. High-resolution gridded population and GDP datasets covering the entire planet are utilized for this purpose. The study also estimates the development potentiality. The study yields followings outcomes: Firstly, the top 30 cities with the highest per capita energy consumption account for over 0.66% of the total per capita energy consumption of all cities. Secondly, in East Asia (EA) and Southeast Asia (SEA), the per capita energy consumption decreases when per capita GDP reaches $40,000 and $75,000, respectively, while it remains stable in cities located in Western Europe (WE) and North America (NA) as per capita GDP increases. Thirdly, the per capita energy consumption declines with increasing urban population density until reaching 10,000 person/km2, 22,000 person/km2, and 4000 person/km2 in EA, SEA, and NA, respectively. Fourthly, in Central Asia (CA), megacities can save over 100 Mbtu/population when per capita GDP increases by $1000 compared to big cities. This pioneering study provides a comparable investigation of energy consumption at the global city level, exploring its relationship with urbanization and economy by employing a unified calculation standard. It will facilitate long-term energy-saving policies and urban planning strategies.

Fault Current Unified Calculation Method for Whole Process Fault Ride-Through of DFIG-Based Wind Farms

The present inaccurate fault current calculation, due to the incomplete consideration of whole process operation stages of fault ride-through (FRT) of DFIG-based wind farms (WFs), has a distinct impact on the safe operation of local power grid. To tackle this challenge, a fault current unified calculation (FCUC) method is proposed to achieve high-accuracy and high-speed mathematical analytical calculations of DFIGs output fault current during FRT. The proposed FCUC method mainly includes: 1) Whole process unified state space model, which contains transition stage, crowbar protection stage, demagnetization stage, reactive current compensation stage, and dc-chopper protection stage, is established to thoroughly consider FRTs different internal protection circuits and control strategies; 2) Stator output fault current is conducted by the unified state space model based on the stator residual voltage and the stator flux linkage; 3) Grid side converter (GSC) output fault current, which considers both injection mode and absorption mode, is developed based on the grid residual voltage and the unified state space model; 4) Fault current contribution mechanism, which is aggregated from both stator and grid side converter, is revealed based on Laplace transform from time-frequency-time domain, and is first expressed as an unified fault current expression. Extensive simulation/experimental/calculation results under different voltage sags have validated the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed FCUC method.

Gear wear prediction based on the theorem of degradation entropy generation

Tooth surface material loss caused by gear wear alters the surface morphology of gears, which impacts their vibration, noise, and remaining lifespan. Although gear wear modeling and prediction have been extensively studied, this paper proposes a novel approach based on the theorem of degradation entropy generation (DEG). A point-by-point calculation method is introduced to determine the degradation coefficient for each measurement point on the tooth profile, accounting for varying working conditions along the tooth profile during the actual meshing process of the gear pair. First, the FZG gear’s bearing capacity is tested. Next, a surface roughness profilometer is employed to in-situ measure the tooth profile after each load stage. The profile deviation curve and the amount of profile wear following each load stage are obtained by processing the measured profile morphology data. Then, the pitting safety factor for each point on the tooth surface is calculated according to the ISO 6336–22:2018 standard and used to correct the degradation coefficient for that point. Finally, the entropy generation of the system during each load stage of the FZG gear is calculated. The degradation coefficient suggested in the DEG theorem is employed to link gear wear with system entropy generation, realizing gear wear modeling and prediction. The results demonstrate that the gear wear calculation method based on the DEG theorem can accurately predict the evolution of tooth profile surface morphology during the experimental process. This research provides a unified calculation method for surface morphology evolution caused by gear wear during service.

A unified presentation of phase stability analysis including all major specifications

The major specifications for phase equilibrium are: pressure and temperature (PT), volume, temperature and moles (VTN), pressure, enthalpy and moles (PHN), pressure, entropy and moles (PSN), internal energy, volume and moles (UVN) and entropy, volume and moles (SVN). For some of these specifications, stability testing is not well documented in the literature. It appears that derivations of stability criteria for PHN, PSN and SVN stability are presented here for the first time, as well as the possibility to solve the stability problem in their hyperspaces. Two general stability criteria are derived, which include all state functions and specifications. The general tangent plane distance (TPD) function degenerates to the TPD function corresponding to any desired specifications. The formalism is not model dependent. It is shown that stability testing for any specifications naturally reduces to either PT stability (when pressure is a specification, as in PHN and PSN stability) or VTN stability (when volume is a specification, as in UVN and SVN stability), by solving the appropriate nonlinear equation in temperature. In other words, there is no need (moreover, it is shown that there it is not even recommended) to minimize a specific TPD function in its hyperspace (defined by natural variables of the state function). This paper presents the first unified treatment of phase stability testing including all major specifications; beyond its theoretical importance, an important practical consequence is a unified calculation framework for phase stability testing, allowing a versatile numerical treatment and using existing highly robust and efficient procedures for PT, volume-based PT or VTN stability, whatever the specifications.

A unified calculation method for temperatures of recycled aggregate concrete members exposed to fire: tests and numerical study

The utilisation of recycled aggregate in reinforced concrete structures can effectively reduce demolition waste and overcome the deficiency of natural aggregate. Because the thermal conductivity of recycled aggregate concrete differs from natural concrete, its temperature developments should be studied particularly to accurately predict the fire resistance of those members exposed to fire. However, few studies have been performed on the heat transfers of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) members, especially for fine recycled aggregate concrete members. Therefore, an experimental and numerical study was conducted on the heat transfer in coarse and fine RAC members. Eighteen recycled aggregate concrete specimens were tested, among which the influences of aggregate replacement ratios (0, 50%, and 100%), aggregate types (coarse recycled aggregate, fine recycled aggregate) and dimensions of heat transfer (one-dimensional (1-D), two-dimensional (2-D)) were carefully investigated. Finite element models of concrete members were then developed using the program COMSOL Multiphysics and verified against the test results. Parametric studies were conducted to identify their influences on temperature distributions and developments. Finally, a unified simplified method was proposed for the cross-section temperatures of those coarse and fine RAC concrete members featuring 1-D and 2-D heat transferring (e.g. slabs, walls, beams and columns).

A critical state three-dimensional multi-shear model for soil-structure interfaces under monotonic and cyclic loading

In this paper, a three-dimensional(3D) multi-shear model of soil-structure interface is established by using the plasticity theory of boundary surface. State parameters are introduced to predict the interface response under different soil densities and normal stress. A constitutive equation is established following the assumption that the interface response is decomposed into macro-response and a series of directional-dependent micro-shear responses. The calculation method of plastic microshear strain is modified, a new calculation method of microscopic plastic shear modulus is introduced, and the calculation parameters are reduced. The proposed model can reasonably describe the variation of stress–strain relationship under 3D shearing conditions and predict the three-dimensional non-linear mechanical behaviour of the contact surface. The proposed model has a unified calculation formula for loose and dense interfaces under different loading conditions. The proposed model can be accurately described the dilatancy characteristics under low normal stress and shear shrinkage under high normal stress. The proposed model can simulate the cyclic response characteristics of the interface, e.g., the normal displacement increases with increasing cycle number, however, the growth rate decreases with increasing cycle number. The validity of the proposed three-dimensional multi-mechanism shear model of soil-structure interface under different boundary and loading conditions is verified by comparing the calculation results with the experimental results.

Analysis of the DC/DC Zeta topology converter ripples by applying its limiting continuous mathematical model

Objectives. A DC/DC Zeta topology converter represents a unipolar electronic device for converting an input positive voltage into a stabilized output voltage of the same polarity, which can be set at voltages both below and above the input voltage. The aim of this work is to analyze Zeta converter circuitry, which requires the following tasks to be solved: using Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws, obtain systems of equations describing converter operation in the phase of energy accumulation and in the phase of energy transfer; using a method proposed by A.I. Korshunov, combine the resulting systems of equations into a marginal continuous mathematical model; using expressions describing constant components of currents and voltages in Zeta converter, analyze their ripples and obtain equations for their calculation; compare the current and voltage values obtained from the continuous limiting mathematical model with the Zeta simulation results.Methods. The tasks are solved using Kirchhoff’s rules and the method for obtaining the limiting continuous mathematical model proposed by A.I. Korshunov. The results are analyzed using a circuit modelling in NI Multisim.Results. It is shown that the phase coordinates of the mathematical model tend to real values of converter currents and voltages at a switching frequency of the power switch of more than 200 kHz. A strong correspondence was established between the calculated ripple values and their values obtained in the simulation (when changing the duty factor).Conclusions. Mathematical models comprise the basis of unified calculation methods for any radio electronic circuit. The developed limiting continuous mathematical model allows a range of changes in current flowing through the choke windings and voltages on capacitor plates to be evaluated, including their maximum and minimum values for various converter parameters, such as power switch switching frequency, duty factor, element ratings, etc. Obtaining this information in turn enables the rational selection of the electronic component base of the converter.

Exploration on unified calculation of axial compressive load-carrying capacity of square and rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular columns

Due to the nonuniform constraints of the steel tubes on concrete, the calculations of the axial compressive load-carrying capacity of square concrete-filled steel tubular (SCFST) columns and rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (RCFST) columns are complex problems. In this work, the calculation of axial compression load-carrying capacity of RCFST columns was finely divided into five parts creatively by applying superposition principle. It analyzed the constraint mechanism of rectangular steel tubes on the concrete, the stress state of the concrete in the strong and weak constraint zones, and steel tubes on the height and breadth sides. A unified model of axial compression load-carrying capacity of SCFSTs and RCFSTs was established. Based on the established database including 449 published RCFST and SCFST columns, the rationality, accuracy and wide applicability of the proposed model was verified. The parameter sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting the load-carrying capacity of RCFSTs was carried out, the influences of parameters on the improvement of concrete load-carrying capacity and the reduction of the axial load-carrying capacity of the steel tube were studied in detail.

Comparison and design of stiffened rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular members

A stiffened rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) member offers improved composite action over the unstiffened counterpart in terms of delaying local buckling of the rectangular steel tube and enhancing confinement to the infilled concrete, and thus various stiffening forms were proposed. Choosing an appropriate stiffener in practical design needs comprehensive understanding and comparison on the efficiency of various stiffeners. However, most studies focused on a single type of stiffener only, no guidance was provided on how to account for the benefits of stiffened rectangular CFST members in mainstream design specifications, and no unified calculation method for load capacity was formed. In this work, finite element models for stiffened rectangular CFST members were established and verified by test results. Then parametric analyses were conducted to compare the axial compressive and flexural behavior of rectangular CFST members with various types of stiffeners. The appropriate arrangement and detailing of stiffeners were proposed, and the diagonal ribs showed the best performance under the same material strength and steel consumption. Finally, mechanics-based models and unified calculation methods were proposed to calculate the axial compression and interaction strength, and were found to well predict the strength of stiffened and unstiffened CFST members. These results will further facilitate the use of stiffened rectangular CFST members in practical engineering projects.

Design Principles and Calculation Criteria for Skewed Notches in PM Motors

The stator structure is one of the main factors affecting the electromagnetic performance of permanent magnet (PM) motors. In this paper, an in-depth study and analysis of how to reduce the cogging torque is carried out from the perspective of the stator structure. According to the theory of cogging torque synthesis, this paper presents a unified calculation formula for different PM motor skewed notch designs. This theory is verified with a 20-pole, 60-slot motor and a 20-pole, 24-slot motor, respectively. The formula worked out proved to be highly applicable. The formula is intended to address how to quickly obtain key data (skew angle, notch depth) in a skewed notch study.

An Overview of the Application of Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites in Spray Repair of Drainage Pipes

The structural performance of buried drainage pipes is gradually deteriorating under the influence of external loads and chemical and microbial corrosion. It is crucial to reinforce them and improve their bearing capacity for safe use. One of the important technologies used to extend the service life of deteriorated pipes is the use of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC) for spray repair. Combined with the current situation of drainage pipes, this article introduces the basic properties of FRCC, briefly describes the requirements for material performance for drainage pipe spraying rehabilitation, reviews the structural bearing capacity of drainage pipes repaired by spraying with FRCC, and discusses the relevant research and engineering applications of the spraying method. Studies show that FRCC has high strength and corrosion resistance, and excellent sprayability. The structural performance of the host pipe is significantly improved after repair, but measures should be taken to enhance the interfacial bonding performance during the repair. In the design of the liner wall thickness, there is no unified calculation theory, and the existing methods have not considered the influence of secondary load on the structure. It is recommended to combine the type of pipe defects and the degree of deterioration in further study.

Permanent Deformation and Its Unified Model of Coal Gangue Subgrade Filler under Traffic Cyclic Loading

Using coal gangue as subgrade filler can not only solve the environmental problems of coal mine waste accumulation but also decrease the subgrade cost, which has important theoretical and practical significance. A series of cyclic triaxial tests was carried out using the large-scale dynamic and static triaxial apparatus (LSDSTA) to investigate the permanent deformation (ε) of coal gangue subgrade filler (CGSF) under cyclic loading. Experimental grading was designed by using the fractal model grading equation (FMGE), and then well-grading limits of CGSF were captured. The relationship curve between ε and the numbers of cyclic loading (N) can be divided into three stages, i.e., the rapid growth phase, the deceleration growth phase, and the approaching stability phase. N = 1000 can be used as the criterion for reaching the stable stage of CGSF. The effect of confining pressure (σ3′) on ε is related to the level of σ3′. The effect of σ3′ on ε is significant when σ3′ is smaller, whereas the influence of σ3′ on ε is smaller when σ3′ is larger. Furthermore, the influence of grading (Df) on ε of coal gangue samples is significant. With the increase of Df, ε first increases and then decreases, reflecting that there is an obvious optimal grading for coal gangue samples under cyclic loading. Moreover, the effect of compaction degree (Dc) on ε of CGSF depends on the level of Dc. ε is hardly affected when Dc is smaller, whereas increasing Dc has a significant effect on restraining ε when Dc is bigger. In addition, according to the analysis of the permanent deformation curve for CGSF, the unified calculation model of permanent deformation for CGSF under cyclic loading is established. Compared with the existing permanent deformation models, the proposed model in this paper can better describe the permanent deformation of CGSF under cyclic loading. Finally, the model parameters are analyzed, and the model is verified.

Optimization of Low-Carbon and Highly Efficient Turning Production Equipment Selection Based on Beetle Antennae Search Algorithm (BAS)

Reducing carbon emission and raising efficient production are the important goals of modern enterprise production process. The same product can be produced by a variety of equipment, and the carbon emissions and processing time of different equipment vary greatly. Choosing suitable production equipment is an important method for manufacturing enterprises to achieve the efficient emission reduction of production process. However, the traditional production equipment selection mode only gives qualitative results, and it is difficult to provide effective advice for enterprises to choose suitable equipment under the needs of carbon neutrality. To solve this problem, this paper systematically analyzes carbon emission and the time of the turning production process, and a unified calculation model for carbon emission and efficient production of multi-type processing equipment is established. The important point of the article is to research the diversity among between carbon emissions and efficiency levels of the same product produced by different devices. The carbon emissions and efficiency levels of different kinds of equipment can be calculated by the BAS algorithm. By turning a shaft part as an example, the results show that this method can calculate the optimal value of carbon emissions and efficiency of the same product produced by different equipment and can provide suggestions for enterprises to select appropriate equipment for low-carbon and efficient production. This paper provides a reference for further research on the quantitative calculation model for the selection of high-efficiency and low-carbon production equipment.

Multi‐state unified calculation model of rail potential and stray current in DC railway systems

AbstractIn order to calculate the dynamic distribution of rail potential and stray current accurately, a multi‐state unified calculation model of rail potential and stray current is proposed, and the characteristics of different protection devices and reflux system in multi‐state DC railway systems are analysed. In the proposed model, the multi‐state characteristics of the traction substation, train, protection devices and reflux system are uniformly simulated by unified node models. The mixed simulation parameters of the catenary and reflux system are unified to lumped parameter networks, and the multi‐node voltage equations are established based on the simulation model. Then, the power flow of DC railway systems is calculated using an iterative solution, and the dynamic distribution of rail potential and stray current are solved by differential equations. The multi‐state unified calculation model is built and the distribution of rail potential and stray current in different conditions are simulated based on the parameters of Wuxi Subway Line 2. In order to verify the multi‐state unified calculation model proposed, field tests and simulations are carried out. Results show that the multi‐state unified calculation model can unify the complex states of DC railway systems and calculate the distribution of rail potential and stray current accurately.

Possibility of unification of requirements for radiation resistance for spacecraft with different operating conditions

During the period of active lifetime in different types of orbits, spacecraft are exposed to various factors of outer space. Die main factor influencing the performance of electronic equipment is the ionizing radiation of outer space. The main effect associated with the impact of the ionizing radiation of outer space on the spacecraft (dose effects), in its physics, is determined by the radiation dose absorbed in the components of the electronic component base and construction materials during the entire lifetime. This effect explains the failures in the operation of radio-electronic equipment due to the degradation of the parameters used in the products of the electronic component base and materials. Calculation of levels of exposure to absorbed doses depending on various parameters of the orbit is a necessary and important task for ensuring the functioning of the spacecraft during a given lifetime, since calculations of radiation resistance are based on the levels of exposure in orbit. The key, from the point of view of minimizing mass protection and the scope of testing of critical electronic component base products, is to carry out calculations taking into account the design features of the spacecraft and on-board equipment. In addition to taking into account the design of the spacecraft and the spacecraft, an important aspect when calculating the radiation resistance is taking into account the relative position of the spacecraft in the spacecraft. This article considers the possibility of unifying the requirements for radiation resistance for spacecraft with different operating orbits and lifetime, as well as the possibility of carrying out a unified calculation without taking into account the design features of the spacecraft, spacecraft and relative position within the spacecraft.