ABSTRACT Persuasion‐oriented communication for green products often provokes skepticism about corporate motives, undermining consumers' emotional satisfaction. This study proposes that negative motivational inference triggered by eco‐friendly messages can lead to unfavorable attitudes, reducing emotional well‐being. To address this, the study examines how message sidedness and appeal type shape emotional well‐being. Moreover, by integrating the Persuasion Knowledge Model and Attribution Theory, we propose a sequential psychological pathway in which inferences about corporate motives lead to the formation of attitudes and emotional well‐being. The results show that when only environmental benefits are emphasized, two‐sided messages elicit more favorable attitudes, whereas one‐sided messages are more effective when environmental and functional appeals are combined. These effects, stronger under high involvement, are mediated by reduced self‐serving motive inference, enhancing emotional well‐being. This study clarifies how green message strategies shape consumer welfare and offers a balanced communication approach that promotes both consumer well‐being and corporate goals.

In Taiwan, engagement in professional help-seeking among persons living with schizophrenia remains limited despite increasing demands on mental healthcare systems. Clarifying the factors that shape professional help-seeking attitudes is essential for promoting recovery-oriented care. This study examined the correlates of professional help-seeking attitudes in persons with schizophrenia in Taiwan. A cross-sectional correlational study. A total of 144 persons receiving psychiatric rehabilitation care at three hospitals in Taiwan were recruited. Data were collected using structured self-report measures assessing sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, schizophrenia literacy, internalized stigma, and professional help-seeking attitudes. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted. Participants generally reported unfavorable attitudes toward professional help-seeking. More favorable attitudes were associated with higher educational attainment, shorter illness duration, greater schizophrenia literacy, and lower internalized stigma. Schizophrenia literacy and internalized stigma showed the most robust relationships with professional help-seeking attitudes. Within Taiwanese mental healthcare settings, schizophrenia literacy and internalized stigma appear to be central to attitudes toward professional help-seeking among persons living with schizophrenia. Routine assessment of schizophrenia literacy and internalized stigma, together with culturally sensitive and recovery-oriented nursing interventions, may enhance treatment engagement among persons living with schizophrenia. The findings may also inform mental health nursing practice in other cultural and healthcare contexts where limited schizophrenia literacy, stigma, and long-term inpatient care pose barriers to recovery-oriented care delivery.

Background/Objectives: Low fruit and vegetable consumption and unhealthy salt-related behaviours are important modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Nationally representative data on these dietary patterns in Kazakhstan remain limited. We aimed to assess fruit, vegetable, and salt-related behaviours among adults aged 18-69 years and examine the socio-demographic and geographic factors associated with inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption and unfavourable salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours. Methods: We conducted a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of 6720 adults across all 17 administrative units of Kazakhstan in 2021-2022 using multistage stratified cluster sampling and the WHO STEPS questionnaire. Fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours, were assessed by interview. Associations were examined using weighted logistic regression. Results: Mean fruit and vegetable consumption was 3.0 (SD 2.3) servings/day, and only 15.7% of respondents met the WHO recommendation of ≥5 servings/day. Women were more likely than men to meet the WHO recommendation (17.9% vs. 13.4%), and men had lower adjusted odds of adequate fruit and vegetable consumption (aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62-0.84). Adequate fruit and vegetable consumption was most common in southern regions and least common in northern and urban areas. Although 80.6% of participants were aware of the health risks of high salt consumption, only 41.7% considered salt reduction very important, while 64.6% reported adding salt during cooking and 39.6% at the table, and 29.2% frequently consumed salty processed foods. Less favourable salt-related patterns were more common among men, younger adults, less educated respondents, smokers, and residents of several administrative units. Conclusions: Adults in Kazakhstan show insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption and suboptimal salt-related behaviours. Targeted, geographically adapted, multisectoral measures are needed to support healthier dietary practices.

"A football team with no midfield": A qualitative analysis of anti-vegan stigma in Italy.

Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Among abattoir workers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Nigeria, occupational exposure to animal-related hazards, combined with limited knowledge, unfavourable attitudes, and unsafe practices, contributes to the spread of these infections. This study assessed knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices on zoonotic diseases among abattoir workers in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. A analytical cross-sectional design, comprising a sample of 422, was selected via purposive sampling, using questionnaires and an observational checklist. Descriptive (frequency, percentages, measures of central tendency values) and inferential statistics (chi-square and multivariate logistic regression) were employed for the data analysis. Pre-testing of the questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha α = 0.85) ensured reliability. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured. Data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS), and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Majority of the respondents were males (302, 85.6%), between the ages of 18 and 35 years (217, 61.5%). The majority, 219 (62.0%) of respondents had good knowledge of zoonotic diseases. Over three-quarters of the respondents had a good attitude towards zoonotic diseases. About 284 (80.5%) of the workers reported wearing protective gear, as a preventive measure, during work. There was a significant association between respondents’ age, highest level of education, and marital status, and their knowledge (p < 0.05). There was an association between respondents’ religion, marital status, and their preventive practices (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression revealed education as the strongest predictor of knowledge, with respondents holding secondary (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) = 8.142; Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.598–41.477; p = 0.012) and tertiary education (AOR = 5.261; CI = 1.077–25.688; p = 0.040) significantly more likely to be knowledgeable compared to those with only primary education. Most abattoir workers had good knowledge, positive attitudes, and commendable preventive practices. The results of the study further emphasized the need for strengthened health education, awareness campaigns, and workplace safety measures to enhance knowledge and sustain preventive practices among abattoir workers.

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of the Multimodal Optimized Treatment for Insomnia Framework (MOTIF) among people with insomnia symptoms among the general population. An online survey among people in the general population complaining of insomnia was conducted anonymously. Participants were categorised into two groups based on 6 hours of time in bed (TIB). Each group was further clustered into two groups based on favourable attitudes toward taking hypnotics. Their psychological states were assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-6 (DBAS-6), Adaptive Cognition and Behaviors about Sleep-6 (ACBS-6), and Depressive Symptoms Inventory-Suicidality Scale (DSI-SS). There were 600 responses collected, with 548 responses analysed from people whose bedtime was between 9:00 PM and 1:00 AM. In total, 86.1% were categorized as individuals who can sleep without medications, while 13.9% as individuals who cannot. The ISI score was significantly higher among individuals with TIB ≤6 hours. Based on the attitude toward taking hypnotics, the proportions of participants in each category were 46.9%, 39.2%, 7.8%, and 6.0%. The ISI and DSI-SS scores (18.7±5.3 and 2.9±2.6, respectively) were significantly higher among the group who cannot sleep without medications and who had a favourable attitude to taking hypnotics. The proportion of participants taking hypnotics was lowest among the group who cannot sleep without medications and had an unfavourable attitude to taking hypnotics. Individuals unable to sleep without hypnotics exhibit more severe insomnia symptoms and higher psychological distress.

Oral health is an essential component of overall health and quality of life; however, utilisation of professional dental care services remains low in many rural communities in Nigeria. Knowledge and attitudes toward dental care are key determinants of service utilisation, particularly in underserved populations. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and utilisation of professional dental care services among rural residents of Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 rural residents selected using multistage sampling. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize respondents’ knowledge, attitudes, and utilisation of dental care services, while Chi-square tests were used to examine associations between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge and attitudes. Statistical significance was set at p &amp;lt; 0.05. Result: Most respondents demonstrated good knowledge of oral/dental health (84.3%). Despite this, attitudes toward dental care utilisation were largely negative, with 63.7% of respondents exhibiting unfavourable attitudes. Utilisation of professional dental care services was generally low and largely symptom-driven. Sex and monthly income were significantly associated with knowledge of oral/dental health (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Attitude toward dental care utilisation was significantly associated with level of education, occupation, and monthly income (p &amp;lt; 0.001), while age, marital status, and sex showed no significant association. Conclusion: Although knowledge of oral health was relatively high among rural residents of Ikwerre Local Government Area, negative attitudes toward dental care and low utilisation of professional services persist. Socioeconomic factors play a significant role in shaping attitudes and knowledge, underscoring the need for targeted oral health education, attitude-focused interventions, and improved accessibility and affordability of dental services in rural communities.

ABSTRACT Background and Aims Adolescents with disabilities are often perceived as sexually inactive and thus overlooked in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, particularly in low‐resource settings like Ethiopia. Despite having the same SRH needs as their non‐disabled peers, they face significant marginalization. This study aimed to assess SRH service utilization among adolescents with disabilities in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, and identify key factors influencing access. Methods A community‐based cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 371 adolescents with disabilities selected through systematic random sampling. Data were collected via a pre‐tested structured questionnaire using Epicollect5 and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Binary logistic regression, both bivariable and multivariable, was used to determine factors associated with SRH service use. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results The overall utilization of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services among youth with disabilities was 29.4% (95%CI: 25.3–33.5). Youths who had acquired their disability at an early age of childhood [AOR = 2.87, 95%CI: 1.46–5.62], having physical impairment [AOR = 4.14, 95%CI: 2.12–8.10], good knowledge [AOR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.40–6.15], being one's own source of income [AOR = 0.180, 95%CI: 0.05–0.31], unfavorable attitude [AOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.22–1.06], and lack of respectful services [AOR = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.05–0.31] were found to be significantly associated with SRH service use. Conclusion SRH service utilization among youth with disabilities remains low and far below national and global targets. Factors such as impairment type, age at disability onset, income source, knowledge, and attitude significantly influenced service use. The findings highlight the need to enhance SRH awareness, foster positive attitudes, promote economic empowerment, and ensure inclusive, respectful healthcare delivery for young people with disabilities. Targeted interventions are crucial to bridge the accessibility gap and uphold the SRH rights of this underserved group.

The world has become village due to development in IT-sector. Internet now a necessity in peoples daily life irrespective of gender, class and status. Student community specially spent time on browsing, social networking, gaming, online-shopping etc. etc. and they are easily diverted from the focus of their studies which may leads into adverse effect on the academic performances and other activities.So, its now necessary to make them understand especially the students to aware more on internet savvy.Cross-sectional research design used with 150 students by using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using Structured Knowledge Questionnaire and 3-Point Likert Scale and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.In 150 respondents, majority of 68 (45.4%) had moderate knowledge, 47 (31.3%) inadequate knowledge and 35 (23.3%) adequate knowledge. Overall mean score obtained 10.49-3.38 (Mean-SD) and mean score average 58.3% of knowledge regarding internet addiction.Among 150 respondents, majority of 123 (82.0%) had moderately favourable attitudes whereas 20 (13.3%) and 7 (4.7%) were favourable and unfavourable attitudes, indicates that more acceptability towards internet addiction. Overall mean score obtained 39.26-5.39 (Mean SD) and mean score average 65.4% of attitudes regarding internet addiction.

The stigma surrounding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) among healthcare professionals can lead to a lack of training, limit accessibility to treatment, and introduce variability in its application. The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes and knowledge regarding ECT within healthcare professionals. A total of 215 professionals from the Vallès Oriental region (Barcelona) completed the translated version of the Questionnaire on Attitudes and Knowledge of ECT (QuAKE). The relationship between attitude and knowledge scores was analyzed in relation to several demographic variables with bivariate descriptive statistics. The characteristics associated with a more unfavorable attitude and lower knowledge were being a female professional, aged under 30 years or over 50 years, belonging to the nursing assistant group, working in a setting not related to mental health, and never having witnessed an ECT session. A positive correlation was observed between attitude and knowledge about ECT. This study identified nursing assistants as the group with the most unfavorable attitudes and lowest knowledge about ECT, and the social workers group had a favorable attitude despite having limited knowledge. The correlation between knowledge and attitude suggests the possibility of improving the latter through appropriate training, although these aspects are not always affected in the same way in all professional groups.

Human milk bank mission is to promote and support breastfeeding by providing safe, high quality donor milk to fill a gap for those who need mother’s milk but cannot receive it. This service provides mothers to give their new born the nutrition they need for healthy growth. Objectives: Assess the level of knowledge and attitude on human milk banking among women before and after video assisted teaching, assess the effect of video assisted teaching on level of knowledge and attitude on human milk banking among women, correlate between the knowledge and attitude on human milk banking among women. associate between pretest level of knowledge on human milk banking with selected sociodemographic and clinical data variables among women and associate between pretest level of attitude on human milk banking with selected sociodemographic and clinical data variables among women. Methodology: Pre-experimental one group pretest- posttest design was adopted for the study. 40 women were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire and structured attitude rating scale. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics SPSS 25. Results: In the pre-test, 15(37.50%) of samples had inadequate knowledge and 12(30%) had unfavorable attitude, while in the post-test 25(62.50%) had adequate knowledge and 29(72.50%) of them had favorable attitude on human milk banking. The calculated paired t-test value on overall pre and post-test knowledge score was 19.08 and the calculated paired t-test value on overall pre and post-test attitude score was 10.63 which was higher than the table value (t39=2.023, p&lt;0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation (r=0.638, p&lt;0.001) between level of knowledge and attitude on human milk banking among women. This indicates that when knowledge increases their attitude also increases about human milk banking. There was a highly significant (p&lt;0.001) association between selected sociodemographic and clinical data variables of education status (p=0.000) with pre-test level of knowledge and attitude on human milk banking among women. There was a significant association between selected sociodemographic and clinical data variables of occupation (p=0.030) with pre-test level of attitude on human milk banking among women. Conclusion: It is evident that video assisted teaching on human milk banking was effective method to improve knowledge and attitude among women.

Excessive consumption of salt had contributed to uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertension patients in Malaysia. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of dietary salt intake among hypertension patients, as well as identify factors that contribute to poor dietary salt intake habits. A cross-sectional study was carried out among hypertensive patients at Klinik Kesihatan Kampung Simee, Ipoh between January and March 2023. A systematic random sampling method was used to select participants. A self-administered questionnaire adapted from previous study was used. The questionnaire was then scored, and participants were categorized into group of poor and good knowledge, attitude, and practice of dietary salt intake. A total of 396 patients participated in the study, with a response rate of 92.5%. The median age of the study population was 63 years, and 54% of them were female. 49.5% of the participants were Chinese, followed by 32.3% Malay, 15.4% Indian, and 2.8% others. 65.2% had good knowledge on salt, 59.3% had good attitude towards salt reduction, but 31.3% had poor practice of dietary salt intake. According to the results of multiple logistic regression, Chinese ethnicity (AOR 3.055, 95%CI 1.419–6.577, p = 0.004), participants with ischemic heart disease (AOR 2.714, 95% CI 1.115–6.607, p = 0.028), poor knowledge of salt (AOR 1.802, 95%CI 1.114–2.916, p = 0.016), and poor attitude towards reducing salt (AOR 3.960, 95%CI 2.462–6.372, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with poor practice of dietary salt intake among participants. One in three hypertensive patients in this study failed to practise adequate salt restriction. Poor practice of dietary salt intake was significantly higher among Chinese participants, those with ischemic heart disease, individuals with inadequate knowledge or unfavourable attitude towards salt reduction. These findings underscore the importance of a targeted dietary counselling among different ethnicities with different culture and diverse traditional cuisines. The ministry of health should also intensified national salt reduction strategies with a stronger focus on closing knowledge gaps and reshaping attitudes. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of salt reduction programmes among patients with non-communicable diseases.

Background: Antenatal care (ANC) plays a critical role in improving maternal and neonatal health by enabling early detection and management of pregnancy-related complications. However, ANC utilization remains inadequate in many developing countries due to insufficient knowledge, unfavorable attitudes, and poor health-seeking practices. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude, and practices related to antenatal care and to identify factors influencing ANC utilization among pregnant women attending a tertiary-level hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2025 at the Antenatal Outpatient Department of Monowar Sikder Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka. Using consecutive sampling, 350 pregnant women were enrolled. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests (p &lt; 0.05). Results: Most participants were aged 21–30 years (77.1%), and 66.3% were literate. Knowledge of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy was high (93.1%), while awareness of gestational diabetes (11.4%) and recommended investigations (21.7%) was low. ANC utilization was suboptimal, with 40.0% reporting no ANC visits and only 2.3% completing four or more visits. Although 79.7% reported good accessibility, satisfaction with ANC services was moderate (48.3%), and 82.0% required spousal permission to attend clinics. Conclusion: Significant gaps in ANC knowledge and utilization persist despite generally positive attitudes. Targeted health education, improved service delivery, and greater family involvement are essential to enhance ANC uptake and maternal–neonatal outcomes.

Young women living with disabilities in Botswana face significant challenges in accessing reproductive health services, including modern contraceptive methods, yet their unique needs and barriers to uptake remain underexplored. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and factors associated with the uptake of modern contraceptive methods among young women living with disabilities in Botswana. This study was conducted in eight districts in Botswana, within organisations that offer services to people living with disabilities. This cross-sectional study was conducted among young women (10-30 years) living with disabilities, recruited through non-probability purposive sampling from disability service organisations. Using an interviewer administered tool, data collected was analysed using STATA 15. Among the 349 participants, the pattern of disabilities were deaf or hard of hearing (36.68%), physical disability (30.09%) and albinism (1.43%). The majority (71.6%) were aware of contraceptive methods, and 69.6% received information from health personnel. Of those, 60.4% knew oral pills, and 81.6% linked modern contraceptives to preventing sexually transmitted infections. About 38.3% reported using modern contraceptives, mainly male condoms. Stigmatisation fears emerged as a significant barrier (36.0%). Knowledge, gaps and unfavourable attitudes towards contraception were evident suggesting a need for interventions to meet needs of young people living with disabilities.Contribution: The study provides critical insights into the knowledge, attitudes and barriers affecting the use of modern contraceptives among young women living with disabilies in Botswana, offering evidence to inform more inclusive healthcare policies and programmes.

Livestock rearing serves as an important supplementary livelihood for small and marginal farmers in India; however, scientific dairy waste management remains inadequately addressed, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to develop and standardize an attitude scale to assess dairy farmers’ attitudes toward dairy waste management practices and to analyze their attitude levels. The study was conducted during 2025–26 in Rewa and Sidhi districts of Madhya Pradesh using an exploratory, ex post facto research design. A total of 240 dairy farmers (80 urban and 160 peri-urban) were selected through stratified random sampling. An attitude scale was developed following the summated rating method. Initially, 102 statements were generated and reduced to 78 after editing. Based on expert judgment (n=67), 41 statements were retained through relevancy testing. Item analysis using the ‘t’ test further refined the scale to 28 statements (17 positive and 11 negative). The split-half reliability coefficient was 0.75, which, after Spearman–Brown correction, yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.86, indicating high reliability. Content and face validity were ensured through expert evaluation. The findings revealed that 62.5% of respondents had a moderately favourable attitude, 37.08% had a favourable attitude, and only 0.42% had an unfavourable attitude toward dairy waste management. Urban farmers exhibited significantly more favourable attitudes (81.25%) compared to peri-urban farmers (15%). Although awareness regarding environmental protection, soil fertility, and sustainable agriculture was evident, favourable attitudes did not always translate into improved practices due to prevailing constraints. The developed scale proved to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing farmers’ attitudes toward dairy waste management and can aid policymakers and extension agencies in designing targeted interventions.

A study on the influencing factors of Chinese vocational high school students' attitudes towards seeking psychological help - an empirical analysis based on mixed research methods.

Stimulant-affected drivers are overrepresented in global road trauma statistics, however, studies to date have not accurately defined how drug consumption contributes to increased risk of road trauma. This study examined whether attitudes toward drug driving predicts dangerous driving behaviour among people who currently use methamphetamine, and whether this differs to individuals with no history of any drug use. Three attitude factors (favourable attitudes toward risks, unfavourable attitudes toward sanctions, and favourable peer attitudes) were explored using an adapted version of attitudes towards drug driving scale and dangerous driving was measured using the Dula Dangerous Driving Index. A multigroup structural equation model indicated that individuals who use methamphetamine report more favourable attitudes toward drug driving compared to those who have never used drugs. Among people who use methamphetamine, a favourable attitude towards drug driving risks predicted higher dangerous driving behaviour scores, while more unfavourable attitudes toward sanctions for drug driving predicted lower scores. Among those with no history of substance use, favourable peer attitudes toward drug driving predicted dangerous driving behaviour. Attitudes towards drug-driving, and their relationship to dangerous driving behaviour differs between those who use methamphetamine and those who do not have a history of substance usage. Targeted campaigns aimed specifically at reducing methamphetamine-related road trauma should challenge general underlying beliefs and attitudes about drug driving, rather than simply the impact of potential sanctions or influence of peers.

Background Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is defined as feeding an infant solely with breast milk for the first six months, without additional food or drink except for medical prescriptions. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of healthcare professionals regarding EBF in the Lubilanji health zone, Kasaï Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2025 among 155 healthcare professionals selected through a three-stage probabilistic sampling method. The dependent variable was the triad of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to EBF. Results Respondents were mainly aged 33–42, married (90%), and highly educated (55%). Nurses comprised 60%, and more than half resided outside the health zone (54%). Nearly all (99%) had prior information on EBF, primarily from healthcare staff (83%). Knowledge levels varied: 50% had average knowledge, 27% excellent, and 6% poor. Physicians demonstrated stronger knowledge but less favorable attitudes, while midwives showed greater adherence and nurses reported weaker practices, often constrained by workload and limited institutional support. Although 71% strongly supported EBF, one-quarter expressed unfavorable attitudes. Practices were polarized, with 43% rated very good and 32% poor, revealing a gap between awareness and consistent implementation. Conclusions Barriers to optimal EBF extend beyond information, involving counseling skills, resource limitations, and system-level constraints such as lack of educational tools and workplace support. Strengthening continuing education, providing practical counseling resources, and adapting health facility environments are essential to translate knowledge into sustained practice.

The extensive use of antibiotics in small-scale dairy operations raises concerns regarding food safety and the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially concerning tetracyclines and sulphonamides. There is a scarcity of evidence connecting the practices of farmers to the levels of antibiotic residues found in Tanzania. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of dairy farmers concerning antibiotic usage and to measure the levels of tetracycline and sulphonamide residues in raw milk from the Kisarawe District in eastern Tanzania. A cross-sectional study conducted from January to March 2024 involved 95 small-scale dairy farmers who completed a structured KAP questionnaire. The raw milk samples were tested for tetracyclines and sulphonamides using competitive ELISA techniques. The concentrations of residues were expressed as medians (IQR), and non-parametric tests were employed to explore associations with KAP areas. A significant majority, 81%, of the farmers exhibited inadequate knowledge, while 35% held unfavorable attitudes, and 58% displayed poor practices. Notably, 63% failed to observe withdrawal periods, and 76% obtained antibiotics from unauthorized sources. Sulphonamide residues were found in 94% of the samples tested, in contrast to 8% for tetracyclines; however, instances of residues exceeding maximum limits were rare (1.2% for sulphonamides and 2.4% for tetracyclines). The median concentrations of sulphonamides were consistently higher than those of tetracyclines across different wards (p < 0.01). A significant association was observed between farming practices and elevated residue levels, although knowledge and attitudes did not show similar associations (tetracyclines p = 0.043; sulphonamides p = 0.023). Antibiotic residues were frequently detected, yet most were within safe regulatory limits. The main contributors to residue levels were substandard practices, particularly failure to adhere to withdrawal times and improper sourcing of medications. Enhancing veterinary education, implementing behavioral change initiatives, and conducting regular residue monitoring are essential steps to ensure milk safety and address AMR challenges.

The Covid-19 pandemic affects all over the world and it disrupted the human life. The educational sector is one of the most affected sectors due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Educational institutes are shut down due to the lockdown and the classes are shifted to online mode. But there are some irregularities noticed in students attending online classes. Thus, the reason behind the study is to discover the deficiency needs of the students and their preference towards the acceptance of online classes during the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings reveal that the students have an unfavourable attitude the towards the online classes. This particular research was perpetrated on 100 postgraduate students in Kerala and Tamil Nadu to analyse their preference for online classes. Primary data collected through a questionnaire. Research question and hypothesis were tested with statistical tools.