Unfamiliar Aspects Research Articles

Optimizing hydroxyurea therapy for sickle cell anemia.

Hydroxyurea has proven efficacy in numerous clinical trials as a disease-modifying treatment for patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) but is currently under-used in clinical practice. To improve the effectiveness of hydroxyurea therapy, efforts should be directed toward broadening the clinical treatment indications, optimizing the daily dosage, and emphasizing the benefits of early and extended treatment. Here, various issues related to hydroxyurea treatment are discussed, focusing on both published evidence and clinical experience. Specific guidance is provided regarding important but potentially unfamiliar aspects of hydroxyurea treatment for SCA, such as escalating to maximum tolerated dose, treating in the setting of cerebrovascular disease, switching from chronic transfusions to hydroxyurea, and using serial phlebotomy to alleviate iron overload. Future research directions to optimize hydroxyurea therapy are also discussed, including personalized dosing based on pharmacokinetic modeling, prediction of fetal hemoglobin responses based on pharmacogenomics, and the risks and benefits of hydroxyurea for non-SCA genotypes and during pregnancy/lactation. Another critical initiative is the introduction of hydroxyurea safely and effectively into global regions that have a high disease burden of SCA but limited resources, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and India. Final considerations emphasize the long-term goal of optimizing hydroxyurea therapy, which is to help treatment become accepted as standard of care for all patients with SCA.

Optimizing hydroxyurea therapy for sickle cell anemia

Hydroxyurea has proven efficacy in numerous clinical trials as a disease-modifying treatment for patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) but is currently under-used in clinical practice. To improve the effectiveness of hydroxyurea therapy, efforts should be directed toward broadening the clinical treatment indications, optimizing the daily dosage, and emphasizing the benefits of early and extended treatment. Here, various issues related to hydroxyurea treatment are discussed, focusing on both published evidence and clinical experience. Specific guidance is provided regarding important but potentially unfamiliar aspects of hydroxyurea treatment for SCA, such as escalating to maximum tolerated dose, treating in the setting of cerebrovascular disease, switching from chronic transfusions to hydroxyurea, and using serial phlebotomy to alleviate iron overload. Future research directions to optimize hydroxyurea therapy are also discussed, including personalized dosing based on pharmacokinetic modeling, prediction of fetal hemoglobin responses based on pharmacogenomics, and the risks and benefits of hydroxyurea for non-SCA genotypes and during pregnancy/lactation. Another critical initiative is the introduction of hydroxyurea safely and effectively into global regions that have a high disease burden of SCA but limited resources, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and India. Final considerations emphasize the long-term goal of optimizing hydroxyurea therapy, which is to help treatment become accepted as standard of care for all patients with SCA.

A Bag Full of Snakes: Negotiating the Challenges of Multimodal Composition

Abstract Because of the vast changes to the communication landscape over the last two decades, along with the influence of emerging technologies on students’ writing practices, empirical studies that describe students’ experiences in multimodal composing are required to determine how the goals and practices of composition teaching might be better supported and reimagined. In response to this exigency, this article presents findings from an empirical study of graduate and undergraduate writers’ multimodal composing processes. Findings from focus group interviews and written reflections show that students’ attempts to draw on their print-based rhetorical knowledge while composing multimodally worked well when they perceived print-based and multimodal composing tasks as similar, but they faced significant difficulties when they perceived the need to adapt their print-based composing knowledge to suit new or unfamiliar aspects of multimodal composing. Specifically, students found it difficult to conceptualize an audience and negotiate the multiple semiotic resources afforded by multimodal composing. In an effort to mitigate such challenges, we provide two conceptual frameworks that help students move more fluidly between print-based and multimodal composing. These pedagogical approaches enable writing specialists to better support students’ efforts to engage successfully in multimodal composition tasks.

My Native Land A4 by Ana Blandiana

tree”; neither has she, speaking openly about not having children. Like the bat who is “crippled [she is] determined / to survive,” and she is not afraid of it, as women living alone often are. She enjoys good-looking waiters but is shocked by the tattooed body of a waitress who is “a work of art,” rejecting the unfamiliar aspects of youth. Still, sexuality intrigues her, and she slips in an erotic poem, “Make Me Vera Wang,” about “Designer vaginas [which] are all the rage / . . . in Hollywood!” Living alone can be dangerous; one could slip and fall, feel helpless , unable to reach anyone for help. “Close Call” bruises are a reminder of what could have happened. “Detours” laments that she can’t buy a sports car as she has never learned to drive a stick shift; her fantasy will remain unfulfilled. She asks for “a table for one” at a Comfort Inn. Still, she doesn’t feel resentment toward men and doesn’t “want to destroy them,” like a snake. Using the third person, she distances herself from the poems, but she is still speaking about herself, as in “Still Life Is Red,” in which a woman who is listening to a cardinal asks, “Did she want those birds to be / the last thing she laid eyes on?”—in a way anticipating what’s to come after she dies, “a summer day scattered / with sunflowers. Blooming without her.” She ends the book with an elegy in which she mourns the dead who will never return to their familiar people and places. With these poems Grace Bauer solidifies her status as a spiritual, feminist, and mature poet. Biljana D. Obradović Xavier University of Louisiana Ana Blandiana. My Native Land A4. Paul Scott Derrick & Viorica Pâtea, tr. Hexham, Northumberland. Bloodaxe (Dufour, distr.). 2014. isbn 9781780371054 Readers coming belatedly to the work of Ana Blandiana may be puzzled at the disconnect between the introduction provided by her translators and the poems in this volume. It is true, as translators Paul Scott Derrick and Viorica Pâtea say, that Blandiana was one of the leading Romanian dissidents against the Communist regime, and thereafter was a strong voice for democratic principles (see WLT, Nov. 2014, 38–39). But the poems that deal at all with freedom do so in ways which are philosophical rather than political, putting the speaker and by extension all humanity in spaces that are enclosed, with no or illusory exits. The poems often use a religious vocabulary : angels, gods, churches, and more abstract terms like guilt, innocence, faith. Occasionally the speaker challenges God, or a god; more often that voice addresses the simultaneous innocence and guilt of humans fixed in a situation they can try to understand but cannot hope to alter in what, in one poem, Blandiana calls “the country of unease.” That applies not just to physical and metaphysical situations but to language, for in “Amber” the poet is “Like a dragonfly trapped in an amber cell— / This luminous crypt of words.” This and other poems support the generalizations in Blandiana’s manifesto in the afterword, where she says that striving for perfection is inevitable but inevitably doomed. Elsewhere in the afterword, Blandiana calls for “a poetry so simple, clean, and transparent that it doesn’t even seem to be there.” That helps to account for the style of these poems, where declarative sentences in a vocabulary that is not quite limited to abstract and general terms cohere into a series of assertions. Some of these, as in “Group Portrait,” seem to assert conclusions that the rest of the poem either does not support or hammers too hard, rather like the concluding couplet of a Shakespearean sonnet. But such is the risk which this kind of poetry, sparer than that of Thomas Hardy and others, seems not only willing but destined to take. Nicholas Mosley Metamorphosis Dalkey Archive Press This philosophical yet quietly intense novel by British author Nicholas Mosley explores the variety of elements that may influence the development of the individual in the context of family and society. The story itself travels from Ireland to East Africa in its quest for connections and reveals some basic truths...

User-Based Approach to Teaching and Learning Product Design

This paper reports on a senior-level multidisciplinary course titled Innovative Product Design at Florida Atlantic University aimed at teaching and learning one aspect of innovative thinking: Design of products or services from the user viewpoint, i.e., focusing on benefits and ease of use, rather than on product features.Specific objectives of the course are:•To study well-known principles in design interaction, i.e., basic rules that allow design from the user point of view.•To enhance innovative problem solving skills.•To explore creative and innovative processes in product design.•To practice methodologies for design of products and services.•To engage student teams in the design of assistive technologies.This course introduces students from engineering, computer science and business majors to methodologies in design of products and services. Lectures, discussions, and problem solving exercises are used to explore the creative/innovative process in product design. Student teams design assistive technology products based on their knowledge and enhanced innovative skills. For a project to be approved, each team had to interview at least five potential users.The paper focuses mainly on engaging activities, some of which are new. It describes hands-on interactive class exercises, teaming activities, homework assignments, presentations, and projects, most of which relate to the user's point of view. The paper shares some available formal and informal preliminary feedback/evaluation of class topics, material and activities.In order to engage students in more real-life experiences, design experts and specialists in assistive technologies visited the class to teach and mentor students. Among the visitors were the chief product designer of Motorola, and the director of Stand Among Friends, a non-profit organization that helps people with disabilities.The paper shares students’ feedback. They liked the fact that the course teaches design from a totally different perspective, i.e., the user – an unfamiliar aspect to most of them. For some, the concept of design with the user in mind was an “eye opening” experience. They enjoyed prototyping activities (and asked for more) and hands-on experiences that led to prototyping. Open environment and openness to new, simple and absurd ideas were highly appreciated. They have asked for smaller scale projects and for more class time to work on them.

Attitudes about providing HIV care: voices from publicly funded clinics in California.

As the enactment of health care reform becomes a reality in the USA, it has been widely predicted that HIV+ patients will increasingly be cared for by primary care physicians (PCPs), many of whom lack the experience to deliver full-spectrum HIV care. To describe PCPs' preparedness for an influx of HIV+ patients. This qualitative study included interviews with 20 PCPs from community health centres in California. We inquired about clinicians' experiences with HIV, their strategies for dealing with unfamiliar aspects of medicine and their management of complicated patients. We also identified the clinicians' preferred types of information and consultation resources. PCPs are not yet comfortable as providers of comprehensive HIV care; however, they are dedicated to delivering excellent care to all of their patients, regardless of disease process. Although they prefer to refer HIV+ patients to centres of excellence, they are willing to adopt full responsibility when necessary and believe they can deliver high-quality HIV care if provided with adequate consultation and informational resources. The Affordable Care Act will insure an estimated 20000 more HIV+ patients in California. With a dwindling supply of HIV specialists, many of these patients will be principally cared for by PCPs. PCPs will go to great lengths to ensure that HIV+ patients receive superior care, but they need the support of HIV specialists to expand their skills. Priority should be given to ensuring that expert consultation is widely available to PCPs who find themselves caring for HIV+ patients.

The Road to Camp Bastion: Training to be a Military Surgeon

November 2008. It is 4am and i am sitting in a shallow grave keeping watch at the perimeter of a harbour area, ostensibly keeping an eye out for the 'enemy'. This is a new and wholly unfamiliar aspect to my life starting out as an army surgeon. The situation is the heathland exercise area behind the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst and the 'enemy' are the instructing staff, who assured us that they would be watching us with night vision scopes. 'Do NOT fall asleep,' they commanded. Well, i could not do so even if i wanted to, thanks to periodic unstoppable shivering.

Are You Experienced or Are You Talented?: When Does Innate Talent versus Experience Explain Entrepreneurial Performance?

We explore whether entrepreneurial performance is due to innate talent or the accumulation of entrepreneurial experience. Using a novel data set with multiple observations of founding attempts per individual, we generate a unique measure of entrepreneurial talent. In contrast to prior findings, the relative importance of experience versus talent changes with the context. When the current market or technology is familiar, experience dominates. However, when the venture context is unfamiliar, talent is more important. Individuals with experience and talent handle both familiar and unfamiliar aspects and may extract more from a given level of experience. The findings advance our understanding of how the drivers of venture performance shift with the broader technological and industry environment and places limits on when experience aids performance. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.

The Grand Plan to Fix Everything (review)

Reviewed by: The Grand Plan to Fix Everything Kate Quealy-Gainer Krishnaswami, Uma. The Grand Plan to Fix Everything; illus. by Abigail Halpin. Atheneum, 2011. 266p. Trade ed. ISBN 978-1-4169-9589-0 $16.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-1-4169-9591-3 $9.99 Ad Gr. 4–6 Despite her obsession with all things Bollywood, eleven-year-old Dini is utterly horrified when her parents announce that their family is moving to India. Leaving her best friend Maddie behind, Dini is dragged along by her parents, who don’t even have the decency to set up their new home in Mumbai, “the center of the filmi universe,” but rather move to Swapnagiri, a small (fictional) town in southern India. To distract herself from her current woes, Dini sets out on a mission to find her favorite movie star, Dolly Singh, who, after a series of tragic heartbreaks, is rumored to be taking a much-needed hiatus in a small, southern village. As literary fate would have it, Dolly is staying in Swapnagiri, and it only takes a missing cell phone, a malfunctioning car, a kindly postman, and a random celebration to bring Dini and Dolly together. In true Bollywood fashion, this breezy romp is a bit over the top, from Dini’s fanatical devotion, to her parents’ cluelessness, to Dolly’s diva-like attitude. The setting plays an integral role, and Krishnaswami easily incorporates both the everyday and the more unfamiliar aspects of India into the story, making the country as much of a character as Dini herself. The third-person narration, however, can border on instructional, often doing the thinking for the reader and leaving too few opportunities to explore the emotional depths of its characters. As a result, Dini herself seems two-dimensional, as do most of the supporting cast. Nonetheless, readers with their own cinematic passions will most likely find Dini’s encounter with her film star hero total wish fulfillment, making this an entertaining read for fellow Bollyphiles. Copyright © 2011 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Transformation of Courtly Love in Astrophil and Stella

The poet-lover in Astrophil and Stella is generally considered to be conflicting between reason and passion pining for an unattainable beloved lady. The plot and the themes of the sequence are highly conventional, derived from Petrarch and his many Italian, French and Spanish imitators. However, the poet-lover also claims that he protests this Petrarchan convention in his search of fresh and original ways of writing. Thus the sequence has been studied as a counter-discourse of English Petrarchism and has been given more focus on its writing skills. On the other hand, this paper aims to examine the poet-lover not as an anti-Petrarchan lover but as an anti-courtly lover in a way to reveal some unfamiliar and unexpected aspects of a star-crossed lover. This paper examines that the poet-lover is rebellious in accepting the decrees of love, proud in his estimation and presentation of his own values, cruel and dishonorable in vengeance on his ungrateful lady, and presumptuous and impudent in admitting his desire. These uglier and more disappointing characteristics are quite opposite of those the readers generally expect from a lover in the standard of courtly love. While the poet-lover dramatically transforms the standard of courtly love in order to write most persuasively and most attractively, Sidney reveals that the villain images of the poet-lover as an anti-courtly lover is nothing but guises and masks he conveniently adopts and discards in order to carry out experiments in the dramatization of self. The study intended to examine some unfamiliar aspects of the protagonist leads to the conclusion that Sidney manages to infuse his sonnets with an extraordinary vigor and freshness by appropriating the convention and the concepts of courtly love.

Their Heads in Heaven: Unfamiliar Aspects of Hasidism – By Louis Jacobs

Religious Studies ReviewVolume 34, Issue 4 p. 307-307 Their Heads in Heaven: Unfamiliar Aspects of Hasidism – By Louis Jacobs Morris M. Faierstein, Morris M. Faierstein Rockville, MDSearch for more papers by this author Morris M. Faierstein, Morris M. Faierstein Rockville, MDSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 November 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2008.00326_5.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume34, Issue4December 2008Pages 307-307 RelatedInformation

Adapting functional programs to higher order logic

Higher-order logic proof systems combine functional programming with logic, providing functional programmers with a comfortable setting for the formalization of programs, specifications, and proofs. However, a possibly unfamiliar aspect of working in such an environment is that formally establishing program termination is necessary. In many cases, termination can be automatically proved, but there are useful programs that diverge and others that always terminate but have difficult termination proofs. We discuss techniques that support the expression of such programs as logical functions.

The normal, the natural, and the harmonic

Use is made of rigorous definitions for the terms normal, natural, and harmonic to reveal a number of unfamiliar aspects about them. The Gaussian distribution is not sufficient to determine who is normal, and fluctuations above or below a natural-growth curve may or may not be natural. A recipe for harmonically sustained natural growth requires that the overlap during the substitution process must be limited. As a consequence the overall growth process must experience good as well as bad “seasons”.

Are You Experienced or Are You Talented?: When Does Innate Talent vs. Experience Explain Entrepreneurial Performance?

We explore whether entrepreneurial performance is due to innate talent or the accumulation of entrepreneurial experience. Using a novel dataset with multiple observations of founding attempts per individual, we generate a unique measure of entrepreneurial talent. In contrast to prior findings, the relative importance of experience vs. talent changes with the context. When the current market or technology is familiar, then experience dominates. However, when the venture context is unfamiliar, talent is more important. Individuals with experience and talent handle both familiar and unfamiliar aspects and may extract more from a given level of experience. The findings advance our understanding of how the drivers of venture performance shift with the broader technological and industry environment and places limits on when experience aids performance.

Le Fascinateur et la Bonne Presse : des médias catholiques pour publics francophones

Le Fascinateur and « La Bonne Presse » : Catholic Media for Francophone Publics. Through a study of « La Bonne Presse » and its magazine Le Fascinateur (1903-1938), this paper sheds light on an unfamiliar aspect of France and Quebec's intertwining cinematic traditions. Important questions are raised regarding Catholic cinema and the relationship between the Catholic Church and film. « La Bonne Presse » participated actively in production (prints, magic lantern slides, films), marketing and even in the manufacturing of equipment. All these activities faced competition from secular groups in France who were equally involved in the film industry. The beliefs held by « La Bonne Presse », as well as its productions, also existed in Quebec, where the Catholic Church was concerned with overpowering the Free Masons. As a result, « Le Bon Cinéma National » was founded in 1907. This company focused on the diffusion of moral or religious films, frequently distributing exactly the same programs as « La Bonne Presse ». Certain individuals demanded even stricter censorship. This paper demonstrates that within their cinematic histories, France and Quebec do indeed share a common destiny and parallel ambitions.

Le rêve touche au mort. Du rêver au créer — la montée des visages

In this study, from a model of the dream and its function of presenting a visual enactment of the traces recalled in memory of times gone by, we shall attempt to analyze the very nature of the images that appear therein. We advance the hypothesis that these visual reminders signify the living return of a death, and of the sometimes malformed presence that triggers emotions such as distress, a disturbing sense of strangeness, a feeling of other-wordliness... The subject is “contaminated” by an image of the dead that he does not yet recognize, but which the figurative aspects of the dream and also the creation of images in artistic work render possible. It appears to the present author that both states, i.e. creation, and the dream (which is not creation, but imposation, the passing of images onto the screen provided by the dream) concern the evanescent aspect of death, and attempt to optically capture what is the most unfamiliar aspect of these images. It is by touching that eyes sees the dead, and it is from this contact that the creative work can be born. In this sense, the creation of a work becomes a sacrifical rite of commemoration of the dead by the “exhuming”, to quote the words of an artist in connection with his work. The image redresses (i.e. makes vertical) those traces buried in the most ancient of strata. The moment an image is recognized is in this sense a form of “discovery”, which then leads to recall of the past, and then to the creative act. It is from these psychic/plastic elements that we reconstitute an appearance for that which is absent. It is in so doing that the faces of the right then “come to light”.

Phase plane analysis of first-order system with transport lag

This correspondence presents some unfamiliar aspects of the phase plane method when applied to controlled systems containing transport lag. A simple example is used to illustrate the design of trajectories which can be obtained either from a numerical simulator or via a true setup. It is then shown that the usual phase plane trajectory of plant with pure delay provokes a spiral motion around the stable singular point.

Some considerations on the state of Vesuvius in the Middle Ages and the precursors of the 1631 eruption

The volcanologic literature concerning Vesuvius and its activity, since the great eruption of 1631, is particularly abundant and helpful in order to investigate topics of remarkable interest on the eruptive history of the Neapolitan volcano. One of these topics relates to the precursory phenomena of the eruption of 1631. This problem it is of great importance for a better knowledge of the eruptive trends of the volcano since the 1631 eruption is the reference for any Civil Defence plan regarding the Vesuvius volcano. In addition, knowledge of the medieval activity of Vesuvius is important because it furnishes useful data for research into some unfamiliar aspects of the volcano's history, e.g., the existence of a 1500 eruption and consequently the duration of the inactivity period before 1631. It is generally assumed that the precursors of this eruption occurred less than one month before its beginning. In particular, the earthquakes would have come about 10 days before the eruption. Moreover a soil uplift is reported about 20 days beforehand. On the basis of a careful analysis of some important sources, books and manuscripts, we will see that the outline of the phenomena was much more complex.

The Wiley encyclopedia of packaging technology

The Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology addresses a technical audience of engineers, technologists, and scientists who need an introduction to unfamiliar aspects of the packaging process. The encyclopedia will be a valuable reference for packaging engineers, but also for polymer chemists developing packaging materials and food technologists developing new products. This single-volume work contains alphabetically-arranged articles written by experts in academia or in industry. Each major article contains cross-references to related subjects within the encyclopedia, as well as a bibliography of supplemental references sources, reviewed by other experts in the field to insure completeness and objectivity.

The Ethnography of Manners: Hawthorne, James, Wharton (review)

246Reviews reads the concluding destructiveness of The Connecticut Yankee as Twain's own vicarious attempt to blast his way clear even from the constraints of his own fiction. Michelson suggests that in failing to do so, however, Twain yokes his desire for absolute freedom with an existential quest for interior knowledge. Thus, like modernist narratives to follow, Twain's late dream tales exhibit "larger, indefinite contemplations, conditions lonely" and, to a certain degree, "free" (p. 223). Michelson, Stahl, and Camfield all offer fresh vantage points from which to renew our acquaintance with the intricate mind and work of Mark Twain. Weaving the strange and surprising into the larger fabric of the familiar, they significantly contribute to our understanding of one of America's important and endearing writers. University ofNorthern ColoradoJason G. Horn Bentley, Nancy. The Ethnography of Manners: Hawthorne, James, Wharton. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995. 242 pp. Cloth: $49.95. Nancy Bentley's study offers an illuminating exploration of two professional discourses—the ethnography and the novel—that are informed by expert observation of what the anthropologist Branislaw Malinowski called "the living 'documents' of culture" (p. 14). Bentley distinguishes her aim from that of a source study, explaining that she will be examining "relations not of logic or positive historical contact but mutually transforming affinities between proximate narrative bodies . . . linked through an indeterminate exchange of images, narrative energies, and structures of feeling" (p. 19). Her readings of particular texts by Hawthorne, James, and Wharton demonstrate how "ethnographic tropes and practices allowed a fiction of the drawing room to play host to alien features of modernity" (p. 21). These analyses emphasize both the political nature of manners as well as the socially engaged nature of fiction by the subjects of her study. In questioning the "inherent social conservatism" that has been attributed to fiction by these authors (p. 7), Bentley juxtaposes their texts with excerpts from the writings of anthropologists and social theorists such as Matthew Arnold, James Frazer, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, William James, Branislaw Malinowski, Marcel Mauss, John McLennan, Lewis Henry Morgan , Georg Simmel, William Graham Sumner, Edward B. Tylor, Thorstein Veblen, James Weir, and E. A. Westermarck. The wide range of texts upon which Bentley draws as she analyzes fictional engagements with unfamiliar aspects of a changing world helps make her arguments particularly convincing . The author effectively presents The Marble Faun as a text informed by contemporary discourses about race, The Spoils of Poynton as a revision of Studies in American Fiction247 the domestic novel that deals with the emergence of commodity consumption —a turn-of-the-century "mania for possessions" (p. 115), and The Custom of the Country as a text that addresses anxieties aroused by the emergent , threatening figure of the American divorcée. Bentley does not take a strictly chronological approach, nor does she devote equal attention to each of the three subjects of her study. Four of the five chapters in the book concern primarily James and/or Wharton. The Sacred Fount is "paradigmatic" since it articulates "the uncertain, shifting relations between language and the cultural objects that language names and calls into existence" (p. 20). The Age of Innocence is similarly important since it "provides for a heightened 'culture consciousness'" by illuminating "a clash between two versions of culture . . . between manners as inherent values of propriety and manners as local forms of human society" (p. 107). The attention Bentley pays to the tribal discourse in The Age ofInnocence, going so far as to show parallels between the dinner at which Ellen Olenska is expelled and Malinowski's accounts of Trobriander ritual spells, is not particularly new. More significant are her claims about the transforming impact that ethnographic discourse had on the realist novel as a genre: "Once manners are recast as performative ritual rather than a measurable propriety, the novel has transformed an analysis of moral meaning into an anatomy of social power" (p. 112). "The complex discourse of sacrifice" in the novels of James and Wharton (p. 85), often noted by other critics, is explained by Bentley as "part of an institutionalized, a disciplined, crisis of cultural authority . The 'discovery' of occult power in manners, that is, was most overtly the...