Uneven Areas Research Articles

単層薄膜のむらの視覚化手法

We propose a visualization method of uneven areas on single layer thin films formed on optical filters or semiconductor materials. High uniformity of the thickness of thin films is required to produce those devices, in spite of the difficulty of visual inspection. Our method visualizes uneven areas on the film by detecting intensity variances of light interference. To capture images, we utilize a fluorescent lamp with 3 lighting spectrum peaks and a high sensitive color line sensor camera. In the taken color image, uneven areas of thickness of thin films are observed as uneven color areas. Our method displays the uneven color areas based on the average vector of normal area pixels, which are selected by the original techniques to detect non-uniform color areas using color histogram. In our experiments to visualize uneven areas on a thin oxide layer on silicon wafers, we can discern the uneven area of which height has the difference of 2 nanometers from the normal area.

液晶ディスプレイのラビングむらの発生機構

Liquid crystal displays are commonly used recently, but productivity is not so satisfactorily high due to the occurrence of the uneven areas of brightness. Based on our empirical study, these uneven areas are believed to he caused by one of the most important processes, called rubbing process for liquid crystal display production. It was shown that fluctuation of frictional energy is the main reason for the occurrence of uneven display of brightness and elucidated the correlation between fluctuation of frictional energy and uneven display of brightness. In this research it was shown that fluctuation of frictional energy causes fluctuation of pretilt angle of liquid crystal molecule on the polyimide surface, and this fluctuation of pretilt angle on the surface causes fluctuation of brightness in liquid crystal display.

Boundary Extraction of Uneven Area on LCD Display Using Genetic Algorithm Based on Perceptive Grouping Factors

An area of uneven brightness is a typical defect which influences the screen quality of a LCD display. This paper describes a method to detect an uneven area on a LCD using a genetic algorithm based on perceptive grouping factors in Gestalt psychology. Because the contrast of an uneven area is very low, the boundary of the uneven area is often discontinuous and many noises occur to surroundings. To extract a visual continuous boundary of the uneven area in such an image, a group of points is recognized as a curve by evaluating proximity and continuity in relative positions of points. Candidates for points to compose a visual curve are extracted effectively using a genetic algorithm. The experimental results show that extracted boundaries of uneven areas on LCDs by the proposed method were similar to forms of boundaries perceived by the visual sense.

人間の視覚・聴覚情報 輝度むらの特徴量と視覚による検出時間の関係の分析

An area of uneven brightness is a typical defect which influences the screen quality of a LCD display. At present in LCD manufacturing lines, inspection of such uneven areas depends on sensitive visual judgements by skillful inspectors. To automate the inspection process, an inspection system is required which can determine the degree of defect of uneven areas using a visual recognition system with a discriminatory capability similar to human sight. An evaluation of the relation between the characteristics of uneven areas and their visual conspicuity degree is also needed. This paper describes experiments to evaluate the characteristics of uneven areas that influence human visual perceptibility. The experimental results show that contrast, location, diameter, aspect ratio, width and length influenced visual perceptibility.

Modified Fite Stain for Demonstration of Mycobacterium Species in Tissue Sections

A modified Fite carbon fuchsin stain for Mycobacterium species and other acid-fast bacteria is described. This procedure eliminates uneven stain differentiation and areas of excess stain deposition. Harris hematoxylin is used for the counterstain to allow better nuclear detail. This stain was found to be superior to conventional Fite staining for Mycobacterium species and other acid-fast bacteria that are difficult to visual and for total tissue demonstration. (The J Histotechnol 19:133, 1996)

顎下腺多形腺腫被膜の特徴

From 1984 to 1991, four patients (1 male and 3 females, average age: 42.5 years) with pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland were treated surgically in this department. In a previous report I described the distinctive features of the capsule in pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. In this report I describe those of the submandibular gland capsule and compare the capsular features of pleomorphic adenoma in the two glands. In some areas of the submandibular glands in all four patients there were tumor projections. The capsule over these areas was a little thin and contained small infiltrations of tumor cells but showed no defect, daughter tumor or unevenness. On the other hand, in other parts of the capsules which were adjacent to submandibular gland tumores, there were uneven areas, daughter tumors, defects and infiltration of the capsule by tumor cells. These findings were similar to those of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. They suggest that the capsule of pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland is formed by the same process as that of parotid gland pleomorphic adenoma. During surgery one must extirpate the tumor along with the entire submandibular gland and the adjacent connective tissue.

Experience with "lipolysis": the Illouz technique of blunt suction lipectomy in North America.

"Lipolysis" or blunt suction lipectomy for modest to moderate deformities of localized fatty deposits has been carried out on a series of North American patients. The American patients were felt to be larger than the French patients with whom the procedure was developed, and thus required larger removals. Many patients showed a substantial drop in hematocrit levels following this procedure. Drains may add 400 ml to the blood loss. An obvious third space shift occurred into the operated area and can be of noteworthy magnitude. This often required hospitalization and colloid replacement. It should be anticipated that blood may have to be given. On the basis of our experience in North American patients, we have lowered our expectation for ambulatory discharge to patients undergoing removals of 650 ml or less. This may prove to be too optimistic on occasion. The "lipolysis" technique did not cause any seroma formation in patients as reported for other suction-assisted lipectomy techniques. All patients sensed early anxiety and then disappointment at the lack of "instant" results, and worry over uneven areas during weeks 2 through 6 and required constant reassurance. Prolonged massage therapy bridged this period both physically and psychologically, lightening the burden of both surgeon and patient.

THE EGGS OF STICK INSECTS,SIPYLOIDEA SIPYLUS(WESTWOOD) ANDORXINES MACKLOTTIDE HAAN (PHASMATODEA, HETERONEMIIDAE): A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY

Scanning electron microscopy, which has proven of great value for ootaxonomy in many insect orders has already been used to study Phasmatodea. We report here the description of the eggs of two Necrosciinae species, the amphigon, O. macklotti and the obligatory parthenogen, S. sipylus. In the latter, chorion sculpturing is characterized by a net of ridges covered by rows of conical processes and hairy spines which define irregular polygonal areas covered by short conical reliefs of varying heights. Such sculpturing is also found on the operculum. The chorionic pattern is common to the entire egg capsule in O. macklotti. An irregular net of 5 prominent ridges defines uneven areas covered by low mamelons. Evenly distributed spiny processes are found on ridges as well as in the intervening areas. Several features characterize the two species, but in both, the micropylar plate is lance-shaped, the micropylar cup is protected by a projecting blade, and the three-layered exochorion shows a spongy-columnar stratu...

Footprint analysis in gait documentation. An instructional sheet format.

We have developed a method of gait documentation using footprints. Written in the format of an instructional sheet, it serves as a useful training aid for new staff, students, and volunteers. The sheet has illustrations next to the instructions, and the wording is intentionally simplified. It enables performance of the test with little or no further instruction. Many of our staff members have used the original instruction sheet, which has been revised according to their feedback during the past year. Footprint analysis can be performed quickly; is economical; is quantitative and objective; allows visualization of uneven weight-bearing distribution or pressure areas, of toe drag, and of asymmetry of anatomical structures; and serves as a permanent record for later comparison and for motivating the patient to walk more effectively. Cost for equipment is two to three dollars per month for the paper and paint.…

The platinum/carbon replica: High resolution and the intrusion or artefacts

The sources of structure in evaporated and shadowed replicas are summarised. A simple device enabling the production of high resolution replicas is described. Two distinct types of artefact have been observed and characterised in shadowed replicas: one appears on level areas, taking a chevron form, and the other appears on inclined and uneven areas, taking a fibrous or striated form. It is suggested that the two artefact types have a common origin, and that they are due to a variation in surface mobility of the shadowing material in different directions on the substrate.

Unevenness in the Appearance of Spun Yarn

Object: This article experimentally reviews the assumptions on theory and the theoretical equations presented in the previous instalments. It seeks to confirm the theories previously deduced and grasp the characteristics of apparent unevenness. The samples used are 30s spun rayon yarns.Results: 1. The over-level ratio introduced in part 1 will do as a measure, or yardstick, by which to indicate the perception of apparent unevenness.2. Apparent unevenness is characterized not by a certain level or expression, but by the curve of the over-level ratio proper.3. The theoretical equations derived in part 1 are practical.4. The value of the length distribution in an ideal yarn and the value of the length distribution in service yarn have similar density functions.5. Level, the number of uneven areas, and the relation between these two factors and length have been experimentally obtained. The mean length of uneven areas has been deduced.6. An apparent uneven area is determined by the over-level ratio of the area proper. It is not influenced by the unevenness of environs or by the dimensions of the uneven area, i.e., not by any disturbances.7. The over-level ratio which distinguishes an uneven area from an even area exists in each level. The value of this discrimination threshold range has been obtained.8. The theoretical equation of the total length of uneven areas on a black board, given in part 2, fits practical cases.

Unevenness in the Appearance of Spun Yarns

Object The relation between the apparent unevenness of a spun yarn and the apparent unevenness on the black board is discussed theoretically. The apparent unevenness on the black board is expressed by the total length of its various widths. Results1. The probability of the presence of uneven areas exceeding m in number in a band made of infinitely long, parallel yarns to the number of M is given as: P(_??_m, M)=1-∑<m-1><i=0> (M i)(α/β)i/(1+α/β)M, where α is the input density and β the output density of an uneven area in a yarn.2. The total length T of apparent uneven areas shown on a black board which has widths to the number of N and which is L in length is obtained as follows: T=L(N-M+1)[P(_??_m, M)-∑<m-1><j=1>P(_??_m, M-j)-{P(_??_m', M+1)-∑<M><j=1>p(_??_m', M+1-j)}]where m is the discrimination threshold for an uneven area having widths to the number of M, and m' is the discrimination threshold for widths to the number of M+1.3. The total length T of apparent uneven areas in ideal yarns and the total length T of service yarns Nos. 1 and 3 are calculated by using the foregoing results.4. The length distribution of apparent uneven areas is the transition probability of a high order in Markov's chain.

URETHROGRAPHY IN THE MALE AND SUPRAPUBIC CYSTOGRAPHY.

The wide variety of methods and contrast materials recommended for urethrography in the male is an indication that none is entirely satisfactory. The urethra can be outlined using a thick creamy contrast agent or various oily substances; it can be coated with barium in different suspensions or examined while a watery solution is being run through it, either during micturition or in the reverse direction. All these methods have disadvantages and all are somewhat messy and unpleasant procedures for the patient and the doctor. In particular the use of thick solutions or of powder suspensions may produce false impressions of strictures and filling defects. All suffer from the major failing that it is difficult to produce exactly comparable pictures before and after treatment and that it is difficult to fill the urethra properly in every case. The subject has been well reviewed by Willwerth (1961). The method described below seems to have overcome all these problems: it is rapid, clean and painless. It needs no special equipment or materials. It fills all the ragged and uneven areas, outlines fistulae, and will demonstrate a stricture easily and accurately. It causes no complications even in the presence of infection. It seems probable that it is already in use in many hospitals but no description of it can be traced.