Unethical Attitudes Research Articles

Basic values predict unethical behavior in sport: the case of athletes’ doping likelihood

ABSTRACT Although basic values have been linked with unethical attitudes and behavior in non-sport contexts, their association with doping in sport has yet to be established. We examined the relationships between basic values and doping likelihood. College athletes (N = 233, 61% females) rated the importance of basic values using the Portrait Values Questionnaire Revised and indicated their likelihood of doping in a hypothetical scenario. In terms of basic value dimensions, self-enhancement values were positively related to doping likelihood, openness to change values were unrelated to doping likelihood, and self-transcendence and conservation values were negatively related to doping likelihood. In terms of the values categories, the values-doping relationship was best characterized by an unethicality pattern of coefficients. In conclusion, the current evidence extends the values-unethicality relationship to the context of sport and confirms that doping resembles other forms of unethical behavior.

Human dignity research in clinical practice - a systematic literature review.

BackgroundThis literature study describes caring science research on human dignity in different clinical practice. We already know a good deal about human dignity in nursing care but how do patients, nurses, healthcare professionals and next of kin experience human dignity in clinical practice? AimTo summarise studies on human dignity to gain a deeper understanding of how it can be achieved in caring science research and to gain a broader understanding of the differences and similarities across caring contexts. The aim was also to gain a broader understanding of the differences and similarities of human dignity across different clinical practice.MethodThe literature review re‐analysed 28 empirical studies on human dignity are experienced from acute, psychiatric, elderly and rehabilitation care. The data analysis strategy was conducted in a systematic and critical way and consisted of a five‐step method.ResultMaintaining dignity was described when caregivers had the time and the will to see and listen to patient and had the courage to see what they did not want to see, allowing their inner powers to act with the purpose of doing good. In elderly care, it was important that elderly persons are involved as members of society and experience respect, confidence, security and charity. Indignity was described when caregivers did not allow patients to have their will and when they had unethical attitudes, ignoring patients and creating powerlessness. The feeling of being abandoned and not being taken seriously are also described in elderly care.ConclusionFindings show how caregivers fulfil their ethical responsibility by seeing, listening and being a part of the time and place. The will to do good includes the courage to preserve dignity and human value rests on being created as a human being. More research is needed about ethical and moral responsibility in clinical practice.

The process of knowledge dissemination

Considering the cognitive nature of knowledge and its dynamic dialogic features, this contribution explores three lines of inquiry: the analysis of models built to visually represent the process of knowledge dissemination, the relationship between knowledge dissemination and discourse, and lastly the interrelation between knowledge dissemination and ethical issues. The models analyzed have been built within disciplines other than linguistics, but evidence is provided that they can be also applied to language analysis and its communicative purposes. Indeed, most of the models include ‘language’ as the interface between knowledge dissemination and disciplinary contents. On the other hand, linguists are interested in language analysis as a tool to transmit knowledge through appropriate strategies. The need for this cooperative principle and interaction in knowledge exchange, together with the enlargement of communities of practice and discourse, is shown in this contribution. Ethics plays a big role in knowledge dissemination, especially as communication technologies have significantly amplified the risk of developing false information and unethical attitudes. This aspect is discussed with reference to the fields of medicine, law and economics. The concluding reflections lead to underlining contacts and connections between linguistics and other domains, particularly from a methodological point of view. Although a unification of knowledge is unthinkable, interdisciplinarity is necessary to get a broader understanding of some aspects of knowledge and overcome disciplinary fragmentation.

Anthropocentric-Utilitarian Tradition and the Quest for Environmental Justice in the Niger Delta of Nigeria

There is a growing concern, lately, in the Niger Delta region, nay, Nigeria at large, over the despoliation of our environment by multinational oil companies and citizens in quest for economic gains. The problem is that humans have come to see themselves as “landlords” and masters of God’s creation rather than stewards, having untrammeled authority to plunder natural resources with reckless abandon. The resultant effect is that this unethical attitude towards the environment poses grave danger to both living and non-living things in the ecosystem and forecloses the possibilities of its sustainability. Specifically, this paper critically examines the implications of the anthropocentric- utilitarian tradition in environmental ethics for the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The anthropocentric approach emphasizes the use of non-human natural resources solely in terms of their instrumental value to human kind. Its utilitarian dimension holds that so long as an environmental attitude or policy produces the greatest happiness, pleasure or benefit possible for the greatest number of people, it is moral. This paper posits that such tradition is quite problematic to the realization of environmental justice and wholeness in the Niger Delta. Our objective here is to show that the monumental environmental problems in the Niger Delta resulting from oil exploration are precipitated by the some unjust socio-economic and unethical principles. This paper recommends the application of the principles of environmental stewardship and environmental justice as a way out of the problem. These principles stand for moral consider ability towards the environment as well as a fair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits.

In charge of safeguarding the public interest: the role of goal clarity in shaping public service motivation and the acceptance of unethical behaviours:

Ethics are important for personal, organizational and societal development. Although the literature has isolated some remedies and causes of unethical attitudes and behaviours, there is a still a n...

In charge of safeguarding the public interest: the role of goal clarity in shaping public service motivation and the acceptance of unethical behaviours

Ethics are important for personal, organizational and societal development. Although the literature has isolated some remedies and causes of unethical attitudes and behaviours, there is a still a need for further research. When focusing on the public context, it has been suggested that the motivation to serve the public interest has a negative relationship with different unethical outcomes. Thus, one interesting avenue of research is to explain how public service motivation can be enhanced by the outcome of certain managerial practices, which may also lead to ethical benefits indirectly. Using data collected from social workers in Catalonia (Spain), this article confirms that goal clarity directly increases the levels of public service motivation and indirectly reduces the acceptance of unethical behaviours by eliciting public service motivation. Research and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Points for practitioners This study highlights the importance of public service-oriented institutional contexts in indirectly shaping unethical outcomes. The findings recommend to public managers and practitioners to provide goal clarity (through certain human-resource management practices such as appraisal or job design) because it increases public service motivation and indirectly reduces the acceptance of unethical behaviour.

A latent core of dark traits explains individual differences in peacekeepers’ unethical attitudes and conduct

ABSTRACTThe influence of military members’ malevolent personality traits on their ethical attitudes and behaviors has been the subject of research for decades. We investigated the relationship between malevolent individual difference factors (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, the dominance facet of social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism) and aspects of military ethics before and during a peacekeeping mission to Mali. Based on pre-service responses from 175 Swedish soldiers, a factor analysis revealed a latent variable to which all individual difference factors contributed. This latent “core of darkness” was related to being more positive toward unethical behaviors both in a warzone and in the Swedish military organization. Extending these findings using a sub-sample of the soldiers (n = 63), we also found that the latent darkness variable prospectively predicted a higher frequency of self-reported insulting and cursing of noncombatants while in Mali. Our results suggest that malevolent individual difference factors have a common core and that moral transgressions during peacekeeping can be predicted and perhaps minimized by identifying soldiers who score high on this common core. However, more research is needed to understand the unique relations of some malevolent factors and different types of morally questionable warzone behavior.

Organizational culture and perceived effectiveness: a case study of an insurance company

Research question: This paper studies the relation between organizational culture and perceived organizational effectiveness of an insurance company in a developing country with an emerging economy.Motivation: The main objective of the research is to determine whether there is a correlation between organizational culture and climate as a narrower concept, on the one hand and perceived organizational effectiveness on the other hand. Some authors noted a correlation between these organizational aspects. For example, Yan (2016) empirically confirmed that organizational culture positively and significantly correlates with organizational effectiveness. The relationship between organizational culture and organizational effectiveness was also examined by Cox and Trotter (2016), Chen (2017) and Deem, De Lotell and Kelly (2015). Idea: Starting from the findings of other authors that organizational culture indeed affects effectiveness, the authors of this paper wanted to examine whether this relation existed in a state-owned insurance company in an emerging economy and if so, how to use this to improve employees’ performance and overall business results. Data: They conducted the research in June 2017 on the sample of employees of Dunav Insurance Company and obtained six hundred and sixty six valid questionnaires. Tools: The questionnaires consisted of five general questions about demographic variables and twenty-nine closed-ended questions related to the topic. The researchers assessed the correlation between variables by Spearman Rho Coefficient and Chi-Square significance. Findings: The results showed the relationship between a number of aspects of organizational culture and climate on one hand and perceived organizational effectiveness on the other hand. Research results showed that the evaluation of effective utilization of working hours and professional capabilities is largely connected with the aspects of organizational climate that reflect poor working conditions and unethical attitude of employees. However, the evaluation of effective utilization of professional capabilities also relates to the perception of predominant aspects of an organizational climate that inspire positive internal relations. Contribution: The results presented in the paper can be used as the basis for organizational and managerial decision-making to improve work processes in the observed organization.

Relationship Between Authentic Leadership and Classroom Management in Public and Private Sector Universities

The study aims at to explore the authentic leadership attributes (ALA) and its impact on classroom management. The objectives of the study were to investigate ALA of leaders and measure relationship between ALA and classroom engagement at university level. The population of the study was 6975 leaders and teachers. The sample of the study was 967. The mixed method approach (convergent parallel design) was used to collect information from sample through modified form of Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) developed by Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardener, Wernsing, & Peterson (2008) and in-depth interviews. Analysis was done with percentage, Mean, STD, independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson’s rank correlation and thematic analysis. It was found that r value (.426) which was significant at .000 showed significant positive and average level correlations between ALA and classroom engagement at university level. Based on the results, it is recommended that it may be well to conduct research study on the authentic leadership at primary level, secondary level and college level both at private and public sectors as these areas are in great need of authentic leadership because these sectors suffered a lot due to unethical attitude of the leaders. Keywords: authentic leadership; classroom management; organizational development; teacher professional development

Factors Influencing Higher Education Teachers' Attitudes towards Unethical Use of Information Technology: A Review

In this article, we intend to review the factors that contribute to the non-ethical use of information technology by academics. The ultimate goal of this approach is to construct a possible explanatory model of teachers' unethical attitudes. As premises, we consider that such a model of factors must take into account several theoretical and empirical previous variables and achievements, such as: theories or models that explain the relationship between attitudes and behavior; models of ethical decision making; the environment and values of information and communication technologies (ICT); research that highlights the relationship between individual factors and ethical judgment versus ethical behavior; research that highlights the relationship between external factors and ethical judgment versus ethical behavior. Therefore, our presentation will take these support points into account in how content is structured.

The Effects of Foreign Scientists in Support of EU Structural Funds Framework and Triple Helix Model in South Eastern European Countries

Many projects, conducted at multiple levels and sought solutions to the socio-economic and socio-cultural issues of the society, take place within the framework of the European Union Structural Funds; such as, European regional development fund (ERDF), European social fund (ESF), Cohesion fund (CF), European agricultural fund for rural development (EAFRD) and European maritime and fisheries fund (EMFF). The purpose of this study is to examine the EU structural funds, triple helix (i.e. government-university-industry collaboration), potential financial assistance and research grants that many foreign scientists working in research institutions require as a necessity to conduct research projects. Thus, it is quite crucial to make an optimal use of these financial instruments by taking into account eligibility criteria, thematic areas and determinants expressed in project calls of the European Commission. At this point, collaborative actions and productive activities in a network of stakeholders that consists of a large set of actors interacting within the scale of innovation system and ranging from government institutions and democratic mass organisations to universities and research institutions can be particularly effective for solving remaining social matters by taking into account multilevel governance perspective and civilian / humanitarian approach. Furthermore, dealing with societal problems also means tackling with social inequality, discrimination, extremist / exaggerated populism and nationalism, unbalanced distribution of wealth and so forth. There is a huge gap between civic participation and migrant inclusiveness in South Eastern European Countries (SEECs). This investigation claimed that foreign scientists play a catalyst role as impartial observers within universities, civil society organisations, voluntary philanthropic institutions and epistemic networks. In particular, cultural richness, neutrality, naivety and varying mentalities of foreign scientists enforce their affiliated research institutions in terms of multiculturalism, multiethnicity and cosmopolitanism. It can be asserted that the scientific contributions of foreign scientists strengthen significantly the triple helix model by means of using EU structural funds in SEECs. Essentially, the strategic importance of internationalisation and regionalisation were emphasised due to the existence of a competitive ecosystem in the acquisition of EU structural funds. Globalisation and internationalisation of education and research standards are quite crucial for the development of research and education system. Global standardisation and accreditation ensure an opportunity to maintain a higher level of quality for education and research. The EU motto (i.e. united in diversity) is very much appropriate for shaping the mission and vision of universities and research centres in SEECs. However, there are many obstacles towards this social and institutional change. For instance, scientific disputes and quarrels should not turn into an ideological positioning or political partisanship. In this context, proliferation and support of foreign scientists within SEECs may facilitate to attain the objectives of universities and research institutions and gaining global standardisation and accreditation through collaborating with key stakeholders. Moreover, well-educated foreign scientists who were graduated from remarkable Western universities are not threats for SEECs; conversely, they ought to be seen as a great opportunity for acquisition of various research grants and financial instruments and in fact they can directly contribute to the development of a specific area. Insularity, ethnocentrism, citizenship-based identity, high level civic-orientation, societal exclusiveness, unethical attitudes, and disconformity in common moral values are likely to have negative influences on components of triple helix model and the synergy and allegiance of foreign scientists to their affiliated research institutions. Likewise, the diversification and optimal academic engagement in universities can be boost by involving foreign scientists in various joint research actions, learning and experimental processes, voluntary or participatory activities and scientific events. The originality of this study is that this investigation highlights to what extent foreign scientists affect the management of financial instruments and research grants that are used in SEECs. A particular attention was drawn to the common interests of government bodies, universities and corporations. This study implies that government bodies, universities and corporations in SEECs ought to collaborate with foreign scientists who have a full expertise and capability of conducting investigations in frame of EU structural funds framework. In this study, case study research, document analysis and normative approach were applied methodologically.

Ethical Behavior of Romanian Students. Does Gender Matter?

The present research is focused on a quantitative analysis regarding the ethical attitudes of students, future practitioners, on the students’ perception towards some ethically questionable practices, with the specific aim of identifying possible differences among groups with respect to gender. The practical importance of the applicative study is illustrated by the confirmation of the idea, present in many studies, according to which male participants have more unethically as compared to female participants and the fact that unethical attitudes acquired while at university continue after graduation, in the professional activity.

Ethical Sensitivity and The Perception of Accounting Students: Is the Love of Money and Greed the Root of Unethical Attitudes?

Objective - This research aims to investigate the influence of the love of money and greed on the individual's ethical sensitivity. Methodology/Technique - The samples used are 50 students of accounting from Jember University. Path analysis is used to test the hypotheses. Findings - The results show that there is an influence of the Love of Money on Greed. Theoretically, when one has fulfilled one's primary needs, one is able to survive. But human beings are not easily satisfied thus, they would always want to gain more. A person who loves money would be glad when he/she owns money since the person thinks that money can give him/her the comforts of life and the money that he/she has, can be used in whatever way he/she prefers. Novelty - Unlike previous studies, this study looks at the topic from the Islamic perspective. Type of Paper Review Keywords: Accounting; Love of Money; Greed; Ethical Sensitivity; Indonesia. JEL Classification: I21, M41.

Investigating the Risks in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain in Ghana

The study was to investigate the risks in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain in Ghana. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for the data collection and the responses were analysed using SPSS. Sample size of Eighty (80) was used for the analysis. Data analysis was descriptive. The study revealed that Drug Shortages, Pilfering and Expiration of Drugs are the risks associated with the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. The major reasons given for the occurrence of the risks include difficulty in obtaining raw materials, unethical attitude of pharmacists and chemical sellers, low income of consumers, poor inventory management and reverse logistics not being encouraged in the pharmaceutical industry in Ghana. The paper recommends the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in the management of inventory and also the strengthening of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. These measures would go a long way to reduce if not completely eliminated the exposure of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain to risks.

RISE AND FALL OF CIVILIZATION: CAUSES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE QUR’AN

The Qur’an contains voluminous portrayals about past civilizations with an imperative exploration to their causes of their rise and fall. The Qur’anic methodologies to survey the realities and events are grounded on ethical, empirical, spiritual, moral, universal and people-oriented appearances. Thus, Qur’an’s analysis of past nations differs from the modern Western studies on features of earlier civilizations. From the Qur’anic perspective, the acceptance of True, Authentic and Universal Knowledge [revelation] is considered as the foundational factor for the realization of civilizational growth. Qur’an identifies and proves that human beings are the instrumental and decisive actors in the building of civilization or its destruction. The statements of the Qur’an underscore that whenever people established unethical attitude and denied spirituality in their life and committed immoral acts, they and their civilizations tasted severe declination. This paper emphasizes that dissemination of “justice, unity and service for good” are three important moral concepts that have been mentioned in the Qur’an as integral to rise and fall of civilization. Keywords: The Qur’an, civilization, ‘true, authentic and universal knowledge’, rise and fall

Nursing students’ perceptions of faculty members’ ethical/unethical attitudes

Through education, individuals acquire knowledge, skill and attitudes that facilitate professional socialization; it involves intellectual, emotional and psychomotor skill development. Teachers are role models for behaviour modification and value development. To examine students' perceptions of faculty members' ethical and unethical attitudes during interactions in undergraduate nursing. This descriptive study consisted of two phases. In Phase I, we developed an instrument, which was administered to nursing students to assess validity and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 32 items. Cronbach's α was 0.83, and test-retest reliability was good. In Phase II, a 32-item version of the instrument was administered to nursing students from another university. Participants and research context: Participants included 219 nursing students from one university in Phase I and 196 from another university in Phase II. The study was conducted at the universities attended by the participants. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was granted by the institutions involved, and all participants provided informed consent. In Phase I, the instrument demonstrated good psychometric properties for measuring nursing students' perceptions of faculty members' ethical and unethical behaviours. In Phase II, students considered certain professional and personal qualities, including respecting confidentiality and students' private lives and assuming an impartial stance during interactions in the classroom, examinations, or clinical practice, ethical. They considered using obscene examples or unprofessional speech during teaching, selling textbooks in class, using university facilities for personal interests, engaging in romantic relationships with students, and humiliating students in front of patients or staff in clinical settings unethical. Results of this study suggest that nurse educators should be aware of their critical role in the teaching-learning process, and they must scrutinize their attitudes towards students from an ethical point of view.

“Alas, Not Yours to Have”: Problems with Audience in High-Stakes Writing Tests and the Promise of Felt Sense

T essay offers a conceptual basis and strategy for teaching an expanded application of felt-sense theory to avoid a standardized approach to written argumentation. Such an approach adopts a limited notion of audience and fails to acknowledge important aspects of the rhetorical situation. In particular, the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) now influence argumentation in primary and secondary school curricula and may thereby shape students’ composing habits, consequently determining how they are placed in college (Smith). My complaint about CCSS-aligned high-stakes testing is that it risks training students over many years to adopt a reductive and potentially unethical attitude toward audiences by privileging a monologic, agonistic brand of argumentation.1 My essay encourages teachers to take counteractive measures, especially postsecondary first-year writing instructors whose students have been brought up on CCSS tests. While I highlight the application of felt sense theory, to help explain my views, I also offer an heuristic example in the myth of Orpheus. I contend Orpheus could have avoided the failure of his one-tracked argumentative mode by means of a rhetorical/ethical application of felt sense. My strategy is not presented as an outright solution to the deeply embedded problems of over-testing and the removal of curriculum and assessment from teachers’ hands in American public education. Rather, I am offering just one counteractive pedagogical measure among others that teachers can implement.2 After examining problems of audience in the treatment of argument by the Common Core’s writing standards, this essay engages theories of audience from rhetoric and composition scholarship, reviews the concept of felt sense, introduces my proposal for its rhetorical applications, and offers a pedagogical model for reconceiving audience more ethically in written argumentation.

The motivation and inhibition of breaking the rules: Personal values structures predict unethicality

We theorized and tested the relationship of personal value systems with unethical attitudes and behavior. Results from three studies using 16 diverse multi-national samples (N=107,087) demonstrated the complexity of motivations underlying unethicality. Across contexts and cultures, for attitudes (Study 1 meta-analysis) and behaviors in the lab (Study 2) and in real-life (Study 3), we consistently found that the values theory circumplex structure predicted the inhibition and motivation of unethicality. Unethicality was positively associated with self-enhancement values and negatively associated with self-transcendence and conservation values. However, self-transcendence and conservation values were associated with the inhibition of different types of unethicality. The relationship of openness-to-change values with unethicality was generally positive but the effect size varied depending on context.

A Super Specialty Hospital: What Went Wrong?

The culture of philanthropy is as old as India itself, which has a history spanning thousands of years. One who enjoys abundance without sharing it with others is indeed a thief, says the Bhagavad Gita. According to the New Companies Act, 2013, corporations need to spend 2% of their last 3 years' average profits on CSR activities starting the current fiscal year. The case study is about a project started by a wealthy family of Kolkata to provide medical facilities to middle-class people. From a modest beginning of a polyclinic to a mega super specialty hospital and the closure of the same within a month is the gist of the case. The case highlighted the unethical and unprofessional attitude of employees, especially the doctors who were supposed to be highly qualified in the field of social work. The case study revealed why being hands-on at a job and technical expertise are a must for the success of any project. A project- social or otherwise - needs people who are sincere and hard working. The doctors and the staff appointed by the management lacked the above qualities. The doctors as well as other employees misused the infrastructure of the hospital for their personal gains, which was disapproved by the management. This led to the closure of the hospital and thus put the middle class needy people in inconvenience.

Stawka podatkowa jako miernik racjonalnego fiskalizmu a nieetyczne postawy przedsiębiorców

Stawka podatkowa jako miernik racjonalnego fiskalizmu a nieetyczne postawy przedsiębiorców