Uneducated Group Research Articles

The Prevalence and Management of Diabetes Mellitus Among Educated and Uneducated Populations in Pakistan. A comparative study

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing public health challenge globally, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Education plays a crucial role in DM management and awareness. Objective: The aim of this work was to compare the rate and the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in educated and uneducated people of Pakistan. Methodology: This comparative study was conducted on 500 participants out of which 300 has been given formal education that is at least secondary education whereas 200 has no formal education that is they have dropped out at least at primary level. Diabetes prevalence, awareness, and management and lifestyle practices data were collected using structured questionnaires and blood glucose measurements. Data analysis was done with SPSS v 25.0, where chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to assess the relationship of educational status with DM prevalence and its management. Results: The result showed that DM was higher among the uneducated group which was 32% compare to the educated group which was 18%. The participants who were educated had better understanding of DM, better compliance with the prescribed drug regimen and improved life style changes. On the other hand, the uneducated group had poor disease knowledge and worst management hence poor management of their disease condition. Conclusion: Education has a great effect on the incidence and control of DM. The study implies that there is a significant lack of knowledge about DM among the uneducated population hence the need to conduct health education to create awareness and ensure proper management of DM.

Mobile devices and accessories are reservoir for drug-resistant bacteria among university students a cross-sectional study

One of the most prevalent opportunistic illnesses among Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) positive people is tuberculosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HIV/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is a significant public health issue in India. The World health organization(WHO) advised using Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) in conjunction with Rifampicin resistance to identify pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).This cross-sectional research had 160 patients who were older than 15 years. The bulk of the patients, or 109 (68.12%), were in the middle age range of 26 to 45 years, with 135 (84.66%) of them being from rural areas. Low education status persons (primary and high school, 35% and 33.75% respectively) constitute the demographic that is most frequently impacted; nevertheless, among females, uneducated groups are more frequently afflicted. The shift in the distribution of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis co- infection patients in India's Vindhya Region implies that the HIV/TB co-infection epidemic is spreading. CBNAAT reduces TB detection time while increasing sensitivity and positivity in HIV and TB coinfection. There is an urgent need for intervention to reduce dangerous sexual behaviors.

Clinical and demographical profile HIV and tuberculosis infection with special emphasis on the sputum and CBNAAT positivity in vindhya region of India

One of the most prevalent opportunistic illnesses among Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) positive people is tuberculosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HIV/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is a significant public health issue in India. The World health organization(WHO) advised using Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) in conjunction with Rifampicin resistance to identify pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).This cross-sectional research had 160 patients who were older than 15 years. The bulk of the patients, or 109 (68.12%), were in the middle age range of 26 to 45 years, with 135 (84.66%) of them being from rural areas. Low education status persons (primary and high school, 35% and 33.75% respectively) constitute the demographic that is most frequently impacted; nevertheless, among females, uneducated groups are more frequently afflicted. The shift in the distribution of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis co- infection patients in India's Vindhya Region implies that the HIV/TB co-infection epidemic is spreading. CBNAAT reduces TB detection time while increasing sensitivity and positivity in HIV and TB coinfection. There is an urgent need for intervention to reduce dangerous sexual behaviors.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Bangladeshi urban slum dwellers towards COVID-19 transmission-prevention: A cross-sectional study.

The first COVID-19 case in Bangladesh was detected on March 8, 2020. Since then, efforts are being made across the country to raise awareness among the population for preventing the spread of this virus. We aimed to examine the urban slum dwellers' knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards COVID-19 transmission-prevention. A phone-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in five slums of Dhaka City. Total 476 adult slum dwellers were interviewed between October 31 to December 1, 2020 using a pre-tested questionnaire. During an interview, information was collected on participants' demographic characteristics and KAP items towards COVID-19. We used quartiles for categorization of knowledge and practice score where the first quartile represents poor, the second and third quartiles represent average while the fourth quartile represents good. Attitude score was standardized using z-score and identified as positive and negative attitude. Multiple linear regression models were used separately to identify the socioeconomic predictors of the KAP scores. The results showed that 25% of the respondents had good knowledge and 25% had poor knowledge, 48% had a positive attitude and 52% had a negative attitude, and 21% maintained good practice and 33% maintained poor practice towards COVID-19 transmission-prevention. About 75% respondents relied on television for COVID-19 related information. Regression results showed that knowledge and attitude scores were significantly higher if respondents had primary or secondary and above level of education compared to the uneducated group. Female respondents maintained significantly good practice compared to their male counterparts (β = 6.841; p<0.01). This study has found that one third of the studied slum dwellers maintained poor practice and one fourth had poor knowledge towards COVID-19 transmission-prevention. As KAP domains are significantly correlated, efforts are needed to raise awareness of COVID-19 particularly targeting individuals with average and lower knowledge to improve attitude and practice for the prevention of COVID-19.

Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Antibody Seroprevalence Among Pregnant Women in Baghdad

Millions of pregnancy abnormalities occur throughout the world every year, many of which go unnoticed or untreated. The parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) causes sometimes this infection among expectant mothors. So, the current study's goals are to evaluate the the anti-Toxoplasma IgG seroprevalence and anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies in pregnant women in Baghdad, as well as environmental, psychological, and behavioural factors associated with infection in women. A total of two hundred and twelve (212) pregnant Iraqi women who visited personal laboratories in Baghdad were collected. Their ages ranged from 18 to 33 years. They have all had repeated spontaneous miscarriages in the past. Sera samples were collected, and IgG and IgM levels were estimated for the study participants. 61 samples out of 212 sera examined were IgG-positive (28.8%), whereas 19 tested IgM-positive(42.4%). In (54%) of the IgG-positive patients and (3 % of the IgM cases), a history of spontaneous abortion was mentioned.while there was no significant difference in the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma IgM levels according to maternal age,the IgG levels were considerably higher(p 0.05) in older age groups.the findings showed that IgG seroprevalence tended to be lower in educated participants(11.8%) compared to the uneducated group(17%) (from primary school education up to university graduates). The majority of the study's risk factors did not significantly correlated with the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies, However, there was a positive coerelation between untreated water sources, cat exposure and undercooked meat with the anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. A conclusion can be made that untreated water, cat handling and undercooked meat increase the seroprevalence of anti- toxoplasma antibodies as the correlation reveals a positive relation between these parameters and the anti- toxoplasma antibodies. Keywords: anti- toxoplasma antibodies, IgM, IgG, Iraq.

The impact of therapeutic education in the management of heart failure

This study was conducted to help patients acquire and/or maintain the knowledge and skills to improve understanding of the disease, adherence to treatment to reduce deaths and readmissions to hospital while improving quality of life. We conducted a cohort study, prospective from February to August 2020 at the university hospital of Brazzaville in the department of cardiology and internal medicine. 138 patients were included who met the inclusion criteria. Patients were divided into two groups: a group that has benefited from therapeutic education (51 patients) and a group that was not educated (87 patients). Both groups were reassessed after three months. We noted a female predominance in 58.8% in the educated group and 54% in the uneducated group the mean age was 52.4 in the educated group and 59.5 in the uneducated group in the educated group, the ci was global in 90.2% of cases, left in 9.8% of cases in the uneducated group, the ci was global in 89.7% of cases, left in 4.6% of cases, right in 5.7% of cases among the 138 patients (51 educated and 87 uneducated) in the study, four patients (7.8%) educated and 20 patients (22.9%) had at least one readmission (recurrence). Two patients (3.9%) educated and 17 patients (19.5%) died. 32 (65.3%) educated and 13 (16.9%) uneducated patients were good observers. 41 (83.7%) educated and 29 (40.3%) uneducated patients had good quality of life. 34 (69.4%) educated and 10 (13.9%) uneducated patients had adequate knowledge of ci. Four patients (7.8%) educated and 41 patients (53.2%) uneducated had a diet gap. Therapeutic education of the heart failure patient shows major benefits with a significant difference between educated and uneducated patients in terms of improved patient quality of life, reduced readmissions and overall mortality.

Association between nutrition education, dietary habits, and body image misperception in adolescents.

In adolescents, adequate nutrition education is essential for making decisions regarding healthy eating habits. We aimed to investigate differences in dietary habits and body image misperception according to nutrition education status. We analyzed 60,389 adolescents aged 12-18 years old, using the 2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data. Participants were divided into nutrition-educated (EDU) and uneducated (non-EDU) groups, according to nutrition education status within the past year. Skipping breakfast was defined as skipping breakfast ≥5 times/week. Desirable dietary behaviors were divided into the frequency of consumption of 3 items: vegetables ≥1 time/day, milk ≥1 time/day, and fruits ≥1 time/day. Participants with normal weight who reported being slightly fat or very fat were defined as having body image misperception. Compared to the non-EDU group, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for desirable dietary behaviors in the EDU group were 1.08 (1.04-1.13), 1.14 (1.09-1.19), and 1.16 (1.12-1.20) for the intake of fruits, milk, and vegetables, respectively. The EDU group was less associated with skipping breakfast than the non-EDU group (OR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.87-0.95, p<0.001). The OR and 95% CI of body image misperception in the EDU group were lower than in the non-EDU group (OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.87- 0.97, p<0.001). Nutrition education have positive effects on healthy dietary behaviors. It also shows a negative association with body image misperception, confirming the importance of nutrition education at school.

DONOR KIR3DL1/RECEPTOR HLA-BW4-80I COMBINATION REDUCES ACUTE LEUKEMIA RELAPSE AFTER UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION WITHOUT IN VITRO T-CELL DEPLETION

BackgroundDonor natural killer (NK) cell alloreactivity in umbilical cord bone marrow transplantation (UCBT) can lead to leukemic relapse. However, NK cell function is calibrated by interaction with human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). This study aimed to investigate graft-resistant leukemia after transplantation and compared specific genotypes of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in donors and human leukocyte antigen ligands in patients.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 232 patients with acute leukemia from a single center. Patients had undergone UCBT with myeloablative conditioning and without anti-thymocyte globulin. We identified the KIR genotypes of cord blood donors using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. All of the donors contained KIR3DL1.ResultsThe patients were divided into three groups according to the HLA-B locus. The donor KIR3DL1 and recipient HLA-Bw4-80I combination was predictive of being highly educated and was associated with a lower relapse (P=0.006) and better overall survival (probability of relapse=0.13, P < 0.001) than the uneducated group. We found no significant increase in the incidence of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the donor KIR3DL1/receptor and HLA-Bw4-80I combination in UCBT results in stronger graft-versus-leukemia effects and improved outcomes in patients with acute leukemia.

Saudi myocardial infarction patients’ learning needs: Implications for cardiac education program

BackgroundProviding information for myocardial infarction patients is an important nursing function and is part of the role of health-care professionals delivering cardiac education. It is essential to acknowledge and incorporate the self-perceived needs of patients into the information they receive. Hospital stays are becoming shorter, reducing the opportunities for nurses to provide pre-discharge information to patients. This highlights the challenge of adequately assessing and meeting patients' Learning needs. Aims and objectivesTo explore the Learning needs of patients who have received treatment for a myocardial infarction before their hospital discharge. Also, to examine differences in learning needs among patients according to their demographic characteristics. Materials and methodsA descriptive, cross-sectional, design was used to answer the research questions. A convenient sample of 55 patients interviewed in a coronary care unit at large north-western hospital in Saudi Arabia. Cardiac Patients Learning Needs Inventory (CPLNI) was used to collect data. ResultsInformation about risk factors, anatomy and physiology, and medication were the most valued information by MI patients prior to discharge. There was a statistically significant difference between patients’ total learning needs according to their socio-demographic characteristics. Younger patients needed more information than older ones. Highly educated patients needed more information than those in the uneducated group. ConclusionThis study suggests that MI patients have high learning needs within 24–48 h before hospital discharge. In addition, patients’ learning needs vary according to their demographic characteristics. Relevance to clinical practiceAssessment of MI patients’ information needs before their discharge from hospital helps in developing effective cardiac educational programme that will help these patients in their recovery at home.

Does antenatal education decrease the cesarean rates in nulliparous women?

Objective: In recent years, cesarean rates have increased and healthcare systems have tried several ways to correct this situation. Antenatal education programs are one of them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of antenatal education on cesarean rates in nulliparous women.Material and Methods: This is a retrospective, cohort study. In total, 200 nulliparous women who were given birth at our hospital (educated group, n = 86 and uneducated group, n = 114) participated in the study. Data were collected from the antenatal education class forms and patient files.Results: The rate of cesarean section in the group receiving antenatal education was found 30.2% and the rate of cesarean section in the uneducated group was 36.8%. It was statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0,05). Conclusion: The rate of cesarean section decreases in nulliparous women who were taken antenatal education. In addition, antenatal education programs must be standardized and the number of participants should be increased all over the world.

The strategy of demagoguery in Donald Trump’s thankful speech

The article is focused on identifying local and speech strategies (tactics) that are subjected to the global strategy of demagoguery in American political discourse. The article concerns analysis of the definitions and synonyms of the term demagoguery. Such analysis confirmed the appropriateness of considering demagoguery as a specific strategy of political discourse. The results of the research ascertain that the term demagoguery is perceived differently in Ukrainian and English linguistic cultures. Ukrainians perceive demagoguery as a tool for deceiving and manipulation, while Englishmen think of it as of a method of leading a political game and broadening the voter base. The recipients of demagoguery in Ukrainian linguistic culture are uneducated groups of people, while in English linguistic culture the recipient is the people as a whole. Demagoguery as a specific strategy of political discourse is mainly used to influence the electorate through appealing to the feelings, instincts, and prejudices and through forming required political views and preferences. The analysis of the American sociologists’ works enabled us to identify the main features of demagoguery. They are the following: the focus on broadening the audience, using propaganda for manipulating the masses and entertaining character. Analysis of empirical evidence, Donald Trump's thankful speech, which was given at the Republican national convention in 2016, allows us to single out local strategies of demagoguery. The local strategies of demagoguery, which are typical for American political discourse, are the following: populism, manipulation, subjectivation, fascination, and information simplification. Moreover, the article identifies and describes speech tactics that are typical for each local strategy. Among them, there are tactics of empty promises, lies, accusing, ridicule, using slogans, vulgarization, intimidation, and a tactic of finding a scapegoat. The research also concerns analysis of the linguistic means used for the realization of every local strategy and speech tactic. The most frequently used linguistic means are usage of expressive language with positive and negative meaning, repetition, anthroponomy, and subjectivation.

Donor KIR3DL1/Receptor HLA-Bw4-80I Combination Reduce Acute Leukemia Relapse after Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation without in Vitro T-Cell Depletion

Objective: How to reduce relapse is still a puzzle in the treatment of acute leukemia patients with allogeneic umbilical cord blood hematopoietic cell transplantation (UCBT). Donor natural killer (NK) cell alloreactivity in UCBT can control leukemic relapse, However, NK cell function is calibrated through education, that is governed by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), our study aim to investigate the Graft-resistant leukemia effect after transplantation of KIR3DL1 and its different ligand HLA-B subtypes(BW6, Bw4-80T, Bw4-80I).Design and method: we retrospectivly analysed single center of 232 acute leukemia patients who underwent UCBT(myeloablative conditioning without ATG). The killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotype of cord blood donors was detected by SSP method, they all contains KIR3DL1. There were 104 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 112 cases of acute myeloid leukemia, 16 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome. 168 cases of transplant patients in remission period, and 64 cases of non-remission. There were 122 males and 110 females with a median age of 13 years (2-45 years). The patients were divided into three groups according to HLA-B locus, 1.patients had BW6 in both two HLA-B locus(group 1, N=86) , which means uneducated; 2.patients had HLA-Bw4-80T in the HLA-B locus(group 2, N=68), which means educated; 3.patients had HLA- Bw4-80I in the HLA-B locus(group 3, N=77), which means highly educated. The receptors were followed-up from July 31, 2012 to December 30,2017, in graft failure, neutrophil engraftment, platelet engraftment, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), relapse, overall survival (OS), and leukemia free survival (LFS).Results: In group 3 patients, donor KIR3DL1 and receptor HLA-Bw4-80I combinations that were predictive of highly educated were associated with significantly lower relapse (hazard ratio [HR], HR = 0.49; P =0 .004) and better LFS (HR = 0.68, p = 0.014), compared with the educated(group2) and uneducated (group3) group, with no significant increase in aGVHD and cGVHD incidence. While no difference was observed in the other index in the three group.Conclusion : Alloreactivity of NK cells demonstrated reproducible patterns of strong or weak graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect against leukemia blast, which is depend on donor KIR3DL1/receptor HLA-B subtype combinations. Our data suggests that donor KIR3DL1/receptor HLA-Bw4-80I combination in UCBT may achieve superior graft versus leukemia effects, lower risk for relapse among patients with acute leukemia.Keywords: KIR, Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation, UCBT, GVL DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Knowledge and Perception of Public Towards Medico Legal Autopsy in Nepal

Introduction:&#x0D; Autopsy is an important tool to determine the cause of death. This study was conducted with the objectives to assess the knowledge and perception of Nepalese people towards medico legal autopsy.&#x0D; Methods:&#x0D; It was a questionnaire based cross sectional study performed among the general public of Nepal. A standard pretested questionnaire was used to collect the responses on knowledge and perception of the people about medico legal autopsy. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the mean score of knowledge among the various groups. P value of &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; Mean age of the respondents was 29.06 years (SD = 10.50) and 72.31% were male (n = 188, N = 260). Mean score of knowledge was 6.65 (SD = 1.76) out of a total ten. The score was significantly higher (p = 0.02) among the respondents whose relatives had undergone an autopsy than those whose were not. It was comparable among the educated and uneducated groups. A total of 75.77% respondents (n = 197, N = 260) would not reject the autopsy of their relatives.&#x0D; Conclusion:&#x0D; People lack knowledge mostly in basic elements of medico legal autopsy. Most of the people showed positive perception towards autopsy and those who were negative, feared of disfigurement of the bodies after an autopsy.

Prescribing in Pregnancy

Objective: To assess the prescribing patterns and clinical practices in the use of pharmaceutical agents in pregnancy Study Design: Observational, Cross-sectional study. Study Period: March 2002 to March 2003 Setting: Study was conducted at antenatal clinic, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Materials and Methods: 250 patients from antenatal clinic were interviewed to collect information regarding age, parity, gestational age, any medication, its indication, route, duration and prescriber during current pregnancy on a pre-designed proforma. Sampling Method: Patients were enrolled in this study on first come and enroll basis. Results: Most of the women (90%) visiting the antenatal clinic were in the age group 21-30years. 94% of the women were taking medications and the prescriptions included haematenics (88%), folic acid (61%), calcium supplements (63%), antibiotics (22%), anti-fungals (19%), antiemetics (8%) and laxatives (6%). 6% of women were not taking any medication. Commonest prescribers were general practitioners (46%). Rest of the prescribers were medical officers at antenatal clinic (28%), LHVs/nurses (11%) and specialists (9%). Self-medication was seen in 6%. 47% of the women taking self-medications were among the educated group (Matric and above) and 53% of the women were among the uneducated group (P < 0.001). 28% took treatment from general practitioners and lady health visitors without any certain diagnosis, on symptomatic grounds. Conclusion: The use of drugs in pregnancy is substantial and varied. Information on the use of drugs during pregnancy is scarce and anecdotal. Careful consideration of the benefits to the mother and risks to the fetus is required, when prescribing drugs during pregnancy. All prescriptions or drugs recommended in pregnancy must have solid evidence derived from current literature.

Consistent condom use in HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in northwestern Ethiopia: implication to reduce transmission and multiple infections.

BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the greatest public health problems of sub-Saharan African countries. Consistent condom use, among others, remains the most effective barrier method against HIV transmission. However, existing reports on frequency of consistent condom use have targeted the general public, rather than HIV/AIDS patients due, to the assumption that condom use is not important in HIV-infected persons. Since consistent condom use among HIV/AIDS patients is vital, to prevent the virus transmission from the infected to noninfected as well as to prevent multiple infections among already infected persons, its frequency and determining factors need to be investigated.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2013 to May 2013 among 317 randomly selected patients who were currently taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Logistic regressions were performed to examine predictors of consistent condom use.ResultsA total of 317 HIV/AIDS patients who were currently receiving ART participated in the study, and the mean age of the study population was 31.4 (standard deviation [SD] 10.5) years. Overall, 250 (78.9%) participants reported consistent condom use in the past 6 months. Of these, 140 (88.6%) were males and 110 (69.1%) females. Multivariate analysis indicated that respondents with an advanced level of education were more likely to report regular use of condoms (odds ratio [OR] 8.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.06–14.45) compared with illiterate participants. Being male (OR 6.87; 95% CI 3.84–11.22), living in or around a town (OR 4.65; 95% CI 3.09–9.11), and taking ART for longer time (OR 3.91; 95% CI 2.07–6.25) were also positively associated with consistent condom use.ConclusionFemales, patients living in rural areas, uneducated groups, and new ART users were less likely to use condoms consistently. The importance of consistent condom use should be well-addressed in HIV/AIDS patients, to prevent transmission and multiple infections of HIV.

An evaluation of the 2012 measles mass vaccination campaign in Guinea.

IntroductionTo estimate the post-campaign level of measles vaccination coverage in Guinea.MethodsInterview of parents and observation of measles vaccination cards of children aged 9 to 59 months during the mass measles campaign. A nationwide cluster randomized sample under health District stratification.Results64.2% (95%CI = 60.9% to 67.4%) of children were vaccinated and had their measles vaccination card. With respect to card and history 90.5% (95%CI = 88.3% to 92.3%) were vaccinated. The estimation was found to be between 72.7% and 81.9%. Coverage with card increased from 55.5% to 79.30% with the level of education of parents but that was not statistically significant, (X2(trend) =3.087 P= 0.07). However coverage with card significantly increased with profession from 55.1% for farmers followed by 59.2% for other manual workers to 73.8% for sellers, ending by 74.5% for settled technicians (X2 (trend) =12.16 P= 0.0005). For unvaccinated children, lack of information accounted for the main reason (37.03%) followed by parents’ occupation (23.45%), parents’ sickness (8.6%), children's sickness (4.9%) and others including vaccinators absent in the post or parents’ belief that it was a door to door campaign.ConclusionThe mass measles vaccination campaign achieved an approximate coverage of 75%. Although not enough for effective control of measles, it has covered an important gap left over by the routine immunization coverage 42%. Appropriate measures are needed to improve coverage in routine immunization and specific actions should be taken to target farmers and other manual workers’ families but also uneducated groups for both routine immunization and mass campaigns.

The comparison of parents' educational level on the breastfeeding status between turkman and non-turkman ethnic groups in the north of iran.

Background:Mother's milk plays an important role in infant's health, and World Health Organization (WHO) recommends infants should be breastfed for 2 years or up.Aim:The main objective of this study was to evaluate the breastfeeding status based on parents’ educational level with comparison between Turkman and non-Turkman ethnic groups in the North of Iran in 2010.Subjects and Methods:This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, which was carried out on 6519 subjects (3897 = non-Turkman and 2622 = Turkman) in urban and rural areas. Data have been collected through interviewing with primary school children's mothers. The schools and students were selected using multi-cluster random sampling methods. Breastfeeding was defined based on WHO predominant definition.Results:Of all mothers, 5.8% (377/6519) breastfed for 6 months, 34.8% (2265/6519) for 7-18 months, 57.4% (3745/6519) for 18-24 months and 2% (132/6519) didn’t breastfeed their infants. Breastfeeding prevalence at 19-24 months in Turkman ethnic group (64.7%; 1696/2622) was significantly more than in non-Turkman ethnic group (52.6%; 2049/3897) (P < 0.01) besides early weaning prevalence (at 6 months) in Turkman group was significantly less than in non-Turkman group (4.7%; 123/2622 vs. 6.5%; 254/3897) (P < 0.01). Odds ratio for weaning before 6 months in non-Turkman mothers were 0.563 (0.365-0.786, confidence interval [CI] 95%) in 1-12 years schooling and 0.665 (0.486-0.910, CI: 95%) in uneducated groups compared to college educated. This ratio in Turkman fathers was 3.413 (1.726-6.746, CI: 95%) in 1-12 years schooling compared with college educated.Conclusion:The duration of breastfeeding was longer among Turkman compared with non-Turkman mothers, and longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with higher educational level in the Turkman but not in the non-Turkman mothers.

Relationship of socioeconomic status with health behaviors and self-perceived health in the elderly: A community-based study, Turkey

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of socioeconomic status on health behaviors and perceived health. The present cross-sectional study included 2947 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older. Dependent variables were health behaviors and self-perceived health. The independent variable was socioeconomic status. In men, the risk of unhealthy diet was higher among the uneducated group (OR 4.48) and among those with poor/very poor economic status (OR 3.31). Additionally, in men, having poor/very poor self-perceived health was found to be 3.50-fold significantly higher among the uneducated group than the secondary school and higher-educated group. Lower education level and lower social class were found to be protective factors for smoking in women. In women, the risk of unhealthy diet was found to be 1.54- and 2.18-fold significantly higher, respectively, among those who graduated from primary school and uneducated. There was also a relationship between poor/very poor economic status and unhealthy diet among elderly women (OR 2.80). In women, the risk of physical inactivity was found to be 1.98-fold significantly higher in the uneducated group and 1.79-fold significantly higher in those with poor/very poor economic status, 0.33-fold significantly lower in skilled employees/white collar workers. With regard to self-perceived health status, education level and perceived economic status were significantly related to poor/very poor health status in women (OR 2.09 and OR 4.08, respectively). In older men and women, lower socioeconomic status increases the risk of unhealthy diet and poor health perception. In older women, lower socioeconomic status is a protective factor for smoking, but it also increases physical inactivity.

Predictability of Various Serial Subtractions on Global Deterioration Scale According to Education Level

BackgroundThe serial 100-7s subtraction, an item on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), is well known for being difficult for uneducated people. Therefore, we investigated into alternative serial subtractions for serial 100-7s subtraction in uneducated people.MethodsOne hundred sixty-nine subjects were enrolled by neurologic or neuropsychiatric out-patient clinics in 4 university medical centers. The subjects were divided into two groups: an uneducated group and an educated group (at least primary schooling) by questionnaire. We investigated the correlation between incorrect number of serial subtractions and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) score in both groups and undertook receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. MMSE including serial 40-4s subtraction, serial 20-2s subtraction, and serial 10-1s subtraction instead of serial 100-7s subtraction were arbitrally named MMSE4, MMSE2, and MMSE1.ResultsIn the educated group, serial 100-7s subtraction showed the highest correlation with GDS score (correlation coefficient, 0.465; P < 0.001). In the uneducated group, serial 40-4s subtraction showed the highest correlation with GDS score (correlation coefficient, 0.608; P < 0.001), and serial 100-7s indicated the lowest correlation (correlation coefficient, 0.378; P = 0.023). In ROC curve analysis for MMSE, MMSE4, MMSE2, and MMSE1 to assess the presence of dementia (GDS score ≥ 3) in uneducated subjects, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.648, 0.770, 0.758, and 0.711, respectively, and in educated subjects, AUC for MMSE, MMSE4, MMSE2, and MMSE1 was 0.729, 0.719, 0.716, and 0.714, respectively.ConclusionOut of MMSE items, serial 100-7s is adequate in the educated elderly, but may be less adequate in the uneducated elderly. Serial 40-4s seems to be more appropriate for MMSE in the uneducated elderly.

Perceived learning needs of Yemeni patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

To explore the information needs of Yemeni patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery before hospital discharges and to examine the differences in the patients' learning needs according to age, gender, level of education and working condition. Postcoronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients need more information before their discharge from the hospital. This need of information must be assessed and provided for them before their discharge from hospital to help them with adequate care and recovery at home. Design. A descriptive, correlational design. Data were collected from 120 CABG patients before their discharge from Al- Thawra Hospital, Sana'a, Yemen, by using modified Cardiac Patients Learning Needs Inventory (CPLNI) instrument. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to analyse the collected data. The information about chest and leg wound care, medication information, other pertinent information and complications were indicated to be the most valued by CABG patients prior to discharge. There was a statistically significant difference between patients' total learning needs according to their socio-demographic characteristics. Male patients needed more information than female patients (p=0.004). Younger (p=0.021) and middle-aged (p=0.032) patients needed more information than older ones. Highly educated (p=0.000) and school-level (p=0.002) patients needed more information than those in the uneducated group. Working patients needed more information than non-working ones (p=0.000). This study suggests that CABG patients have high information needs within 24-48 hours before hospital discharge. In addition, the results of this study showed that there are statistically significant differences in patients' learning needs according to their demographic characteristics. Assessment of CABG patients' information needs before their discharge from hospital helps in developing effective educational programme that will help these patients in their recovery at home.